Coastal Hypoxia: Consequences for Living Resources and Ecosystems

• Publisher: American Geophysical Union
• Year: 2001
• Tongue: English
• Leaves: 465
• Category: Library

✦ Synopsis

Published by the American Geophysical Union as part of the Coastal and Estuarine Studies Series.

Hypoxia is a condition that occurs when dissolved oxygen falls below the level necessary to sustain most animal life. In U.S. coastal waters, and in the entire western Atlantic, we find the largest hypoxic zone in the northern Gulf of Mexico on the Louisiana/Texas continental shelf. The area affected, which is about the size of the state of New Jersey at its maximal extent, has increased since regular measurements began in 1985. Sediment cores from the hypoxic zone also show that algal production and deposition, as well as oxygen stress, were much lower earlier in the 190Os and that significant increases occurred in the latter half of the twentieth century. We publish this book against the background of such measurements, and to review how the developing and expanding hypoxic zone has affected living resources on this continental shelf.

Content:
Chapter 1 Hypoxia in the Northern Gulf of Mexico: Description, Causes and Change (pages 1–36): Nancy N. Rabalais and R. Eugene Turner
Chapter 2 Impacts of Changing Si/N Ratios and Phytoplankton Species Composition (pages 37–48): Quay Dortch, Nancy N. Rabalais, R. Eugene Turner and Naureen A. Qureshi
Chapter 3 Zooplankton: Responses to and Consequences of Hypoxia (pages 49–60): Nancy H. Marcus
Chapter 4 Distribution of Zooplankton on a Seasonally Hypoxic Continental Shelf (pages 61–76): Naureen A. Qureshi and Nancy N. Rabalais
Chapter 5 Pelagic Cnidarians and Ctenophores in Low Dissolved Oxygen Environments: A Review (pages 77–100): Jennifer E. Purcell, Denise L. Breitburg, Mary Beth Decker, William M. Graham, Marsh J. Youngbluth and Kevin A. Raskoff
Chapter 6 Physiological Responses to Hypoxia (pages 101–114): Louis E. Burnett and William B. Stickle
Chapter 7 Responses of Nekton and Demersal and Benthic Fauna to Decreasing Oxygen Concentrations (pages 115–128): Nancy N. Rabalais, Donald E. Harper and R. Eugene Turner
Chapter 8 Overview of Anthropogenically?Induced Hypoxic Effects on Marine Benthic Fauna (pages 129–145): Robert J. Diaz and Rutger Rosenberg
Chapter 9 Benthic Foraminiferal Communities in Oxygen?Depleted Environments of the Louisiana Continental Shelf (pages 147–163): Emil Platon and Barun K. Sen Gupta
Chapter 10 Effects of Hypoxia and Anoxia on Meiofauna: A Review with New Data from the Gulf of Mexico (pages 165–184): Markus A. Wetzel, John W. Fleeger and Sean P. Powers
Chapter 11 Effect of Hypoxia/Anoxia on the Supply and Settlement of Benthic Invertebrate Larvae (pages 185–210): Sean P. Powers, Donald E. Harper and Nancy N. Rabalais
Chapter 12 Effects of Seasonal Hypoxia on Continental Shelf Benthos (pages 211–240): Nancy N. Rabalais, Lorene E. Smith, Donald E. Harper and Dubravko Justic
Chapter 13 Effects of Low Dissolved Oxygen on the Behavior, Ecology and Harvest of Fishes: A Comparison of the Chesapeake Bay and Baltic?Kattegat Systems (pages 241–267): Denise L. Breitburg, Leif Pihl and Sarah E. Kolesar
Chapter 14 Ecological Effects of Hypoxia on Fish, Sea Turtles, and Marine Mammals in the Northwestern Gulf of Mexico (pages 269–291): J. Kevin Craig, Larry B. Crowder, Charlotte D. Gray, Carrie J. McDaniel, Tyrrell A. Kenwood and James G. Hanifen
Chapter 15 Effects of Hypoxia on the Shrimp Fishery of Louisiana and Texas (pages 293–310): Roger J. Zimmerman and James M. Nance
Chapter 16 Distribution of catch in the Gulf Menhaden, Brevoortia Paironus, Purse Seine Fishery in the northern Gulf of Mexico from logbook information: Are there relationships to the hypoxic zone? (pages 311–320): Joseph W. Smith
Chapter 17 The Effects of Hypoxia on the Northern Gulf of Mexico Coastal Ecosystem: A Fisheries Perspective (pages 321–354): Edward J. Chesney and Donald M. Baltz
Chapter 18 A Brief Overview of Catchment Basin Effects on Marine Fisheries (pages 355–370): John F. Caddy
Chapter 19 Some Effects of Eutrophication on Pelagic and Demersal Marine Food Webs (pages 371–398): R. Eugene Turner
Chapter 20 An Economic Perspective of Hypoxia in the Northern Gulf of Mexico (pages 399–424): Walter R. Keithly and John M. Ward
Chapter 21 Hypoxia, Nutrient Management and Restoration in Danish Waters (pages 425–434): Daniel J. Conley and Alf B. Josefson
Chapter 22 Future Perspectives for Hypoxia in the Northern Gulf of Mexico (pages 435–449): Dubravko Justic, Nancy N. Rabalais and R. Eugene Turner
Chapter 23 Summary: Commonality and the Future (pages 451–454): R. Eugene Turner and Nancy N. Rabalais

✦ Table of Contents

Title Page......Page 1
Copyright......Page 2
Contents......Page 3
Preface......Page 5
Abstract......Page 8
Introduction......Page 9
Causes......Page 12
Dimensions and Variability of Hypoxia......Page 14
Mississippi River Discharge, Nutrient Load and Hypoxia......Page 20
Nutrient Sources and Changes......Page 24
Historical Trends in Productivity and Hypoxia......Page 29
Consequences to Living Resources......Page 34
References......Page 36
Introduction......Page 44
Hypotheses about Impacts of Changing Si/N Ratios......Page 45
Evidence from the Louisiana Shelf......Page 46
Evidence from Other Eutrophic Coastal Areas......Page 51
Conclusions and Management Implications......Page 52
References......Page 53
Introduction......Page 56
Zooplankton Responses to Hypoxia/Anoxia......Page 57
Consequence......Page 63
Recommendations......Page 64
References......Page 65
Abstract......Page 68
Introduction......Page 69
Methods......Page 70
Results......Page 72
Discussion......Page 79
References......Page 83
Introduction......Page 84
Distributions of Jellyfish Relative to Dissolved Oxygen......Page 86
Effects of Low Dissolved Oxygen on Survival of Jellyfish......Page 97
Effects of Low Dissolved Oxygen on Trophic Interactions of Jellyfish......Page 98
Discussion and Conclusions: Ecosystem Implications......Page 100
References......Page 102
Introduction......Page 108
Physiological and Behavioral Response......Page 109
Hypercapnic Hypoxia......Page 115
Future Directions......Page 117
References......Page 118
Introduction......Page 122
Methods......Page 123
Conclusions......Page 133
References......Page 134
Abstract......Page 136
Introduction......Page 137
Linkage Between Nutrients, Eutrophication and Hypoxia......Page 138
Oxygen Budgets Around the Globe......Page 141
Hypoxia and System Response......Page 144
References......Page 146
Introduction......Page 153
Foraminiferal Response to Low Oxygen Concentrations......Page 154
Methods......Page 155
Hypoxia and Foraminiferal Distribution Patterns on the Louisiana Continental Shelf......Page 157
Conclusions......Page 167
References......Page 168
Introduction......Page 170
Tolerancea nd Adaptations to Low Oxygen......Page 172
Effect on Meiobenthic Communities......Page 177
New Data from the Gulf of Mexico......Page 180
Conclusions......Page 183
References......Page 184
Abstract......Page 190
Introduction......Page 191
Methods and Materials......Page 193
Results......Page 196
Discussion......Page 208
References......Page 212
Abstract......Page 216
Study Areas......Page 217
Methods......Page 220
Results......Page 221
Implications for Fisheries Resources......Page 238
References......Page 242
Abstract......Page 246
Introduction......Page 247
Effects of Low Dissolved Oxygen on Chesapeake and Baltic-Kattegat Fishes......Page 251
Synthesis......Page 264
References......Page 268
Abstract......Page 273
Effects of Low Dissolved Oxygen on Mobile Species......Page 274
Effects of Hypoxia on Mobile Speciesin the Gulf of Mexico―What is Known......Page 276
Methods......Page 278
Results and Discussion......Page 282
Conclusions......Page 289
References......Page 290
Abstract......Page 296
Introduction......Page 297
Shrimp Fishery Statistical Methods......Page 300
Catch and Effort in Texas and Louisiana......Page 302
Relationship of Catch to Hypoxia......Page 305
Jurisdictiona Flisheries and Shrimp Populations......Page 308
Consequences of Hypoxic Zone Expansion......Page 310
References......Page 312
Abstract......Page 314
Results and Discussion......Page 317
References......Page 322
Abstract......Page 324
Introduction......Page 325
Current Status of the Fisheries in the Northern Gulf of Mexico......Page 326
Eutrophication, Hypoxia and Fisheries Production: A Dynamic Interplay......Page 329
How is Hypoxia Likely to Affect Coastal Nekton of the Gulf of Mexico?......Page 336
Ecosystem Function and Effects of Hypoxia in the Gulf of Mexico......Page 344
Conclusions and Recommendations......Page 349
References......Page 350
Introduction......Page 358
Coastal Marine Ecosystems are Subject to Contemporaneous Influences......Page 359
The Marine Catchment Basin as an Ecosystem......Page 361
Global Fisheries Production under Different Nutrient Regimes......Page 362
Examples of MCB Fishery/Nutrient Interactions......Page 364
The Ratio of Catchment Area to Semi-Enclosed Sea......Page 367
Policy Changes and Nutrient Runoff......Page 368
Two Simple Models for a Multi-Species Fishery Subject to Eutrophication......Page 369
Conclusions......Page 370
References......Page 371
Abstract......Page 374
Introduction......Page 375
Ecosystem Models......Page 376
Pelagic Biomass Spectra......Page 385
Trophic Transfer Efficiencies......Page 388
Comparative Analyses of Eutrophication Effectso n Food Webs......Page 389
Si:DIN Ratios......Page 391
Predictions About Eutrophication, Hypoxia/Anoxia and Food Webs......Page 395
References......Page 397
Introduction......Page 402
Defining the Problem......Page 404
Why is There a Problem?......Page 406
Economic Information Needs for Rational Public Policy......Page 411
Is the Cure Worth the Cost?......Page 413
Minimizing the Costs......Page 421
Summary and Discussion......Page 423
References......Page 425
Introduction......Page 428
The Extent of the Problem......Page 429
Links between Nutrient Loading and Bottom-Water Oxygen Concentrations......Page 432
Nutrient Reductions and Prospectus for the Future......Page 434
References......Page 435
Introduction......Page 438
Linkages Between Global Climate Change and Riverine Nutrient Delivery......Page 439
Stoichiometric Ratios of Riverine Nutrients......Page 442
Implications for Coastal Productivity and Hypoxia......Page 445
Nutrient Management and Hypoxia......Page 449
Conclusions......Page 450
References......Page 451
23 Summary: Commonality and the Future......Page 453
References......Page 456
Index......Page 457
List of Contributors......Page 463