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08 Steam raising (boiler operation~design) 02/02101 Removal of organic chlorine compounds by catalytic dehydrochlorination for the refinement of municipal waste plastic derived oil Lingaiah, N. et al. Fuel, 2001, 80, (13), 1901-1905. Municipal waste plastic derived oil was prepared by thermal degradation of municipal waste plastics at 410ยฐC. During the degradation of these waste plastics containing polyvinyl chloride, organic chlorine compounds were produced in the oil. The chloro-organic compounds were dehydrochlorinated by using various catalysts such as iron oxide, iron oxide-carbon composite, ZnO, MgO and Redmud. The catalysts were characterized by N2 adsorption and X-ray diffraction. The iron oxide catalysts were effective in removing the chloro-organic compounds. MgO and ZnO catalysts were deactivated during the reaction by HCI, which is produced by the dehydrochlorination of chloroorganic compounds. Iron oxide and its carbon composite were found to be stable in the dehydrochlorination of municipal waste plastic derived oil.
Berry, T. and Jaccard, M. Energy Policy, 2001, 29, (4), 263-277. Renewables have social and environmental benefits compared to conventional electricity sources, but are rarely competitive on a strict financial cost basis. This is because conventional sources are sometimes subsidized, their full pollution costs are ignored, and renewables involve newer, higher-cost technologies whose relative costs will fall with commercialization. Governments use several mechanisms to support renewables, including direct financial support (grants, loans), indirect support (R&D, demonstrations), reform of financial costs of conventional sources (subsidy removal, pollution taxes), and the Renewable Portfolio Standard (RPS). The RPS requires a minimum share of electricity from renewable energy sources. Its use is spreading because it maintains an incentive for renewable producers to reduce cost, links the regulated market outcome to an environmental target, and reduces government involvement. Although it is too early to evaluate fully its effectiveness, the survey for this study explored implementation issues in three European countries, nine US states, and Australia, and found the following. The RPS target is usually set to have environmental benefits without causing significant price increases (cost caps are sometimes used). Most jurisdictions limit eligibility to grid-connected, domestic renewables. The RPS is usually applied to producers rather than consumers, and to energy output not capacity. Flexibility mechanisms are desired but a challenge to implement. Administration in the US an Australia is by government with delegation to independent utility regulators, while in Europe it is more the responsibility of government. Everywhere, the RPS is applied alongside other mechanisms of renewables support.
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