Clinical Neurotechnology meets Artificial Intelligence: Philosophical, Ethical, Legal and Social Implications

✍ Scribed by Orsolya Friedrich, Andreas Wolkenstein, Christoph Bublitz, Ralf J. Jox, Eric Racine

• Publisher: Springer
• Year: 2021
• Tongue: English
• Leaves: 232
• Series: Advances in Neuroethics
• Edition: 1
• Category: Library

✦ Synopsis

Neurotechnologies such as brain-computer interfaces (BCIs), which allow technical devices to be used with the power of thought or concentration alone, are no longer a futuristic dream or, depending on the viewpoint, a nightmare. Moreover, the combination of neurotechnologies and AI raises a host of pressing problems. Now that these technologies are about to leave the laboratory and enter the real world, these problems and implications can and should be scrutinized.

This volume brings together scholars from a wide range of academic disciplines such as philosophy, law, the social sciences and neurosciences, and is unique in terms of both its focus and its methods. The latter vary considerably, and range from philosophical analysis and phenomenologically inspired descriptions to legal analysis and socio-empirical research. This diversified approach allows the book to explore the entire spectrum of philosophical, normative, legal and empirical dimensions of intelligent neurotechnologies.  

Philosophical and legal analyses of normative problems are complemented by a thorough empirical assessment of how BCIs and other forms of neurotechnology are being implemented, and what their measurable implications are. To take a closer look at specific neurotechnologies, a number of applications are addressed. Case studies, previously unidentified issues, and normative insights on these cases complement the rich portrait this volume provides.  

Clinicians, philosophers, lawyers, social scientists and engineers will greatly benefit from the collection of articles compiled in this book, which will likely become a standard reference work on the philosophy of intelligent neurotechnologies. 

✦ Table of Contents

Preface
Contents
Contributors
1: Introduction: Ethical Issues of Neurotechnologies and Artificial Intelligence
1.1 Neurotechnology + Artificial Intelligence = Intelligent Neurotechnologies (INT)
1.2 Novel Philosophical, Ethical, Legal, and Sociological Approaches to INT: An Overview
References
2: Actions, Agents, and Interfaces
2.1 Introduction
2.2 BCIs and the Decoding of Movement Intention
2.3 Basic and Non-basic Actions
2.4 Action, Belief, and Reliability
2.5 Action, BCIs, and Identification
2.6 Conclusion
References
3: Skilled Action and the Ethics of Brain-Computer Interfaces
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Do BCI Actions Differ from Ordinary Actions?
3.2.1 How Does Acting with a BCI Work?
3.2.2 What Is Peculiar About BCIs?
3.3 Is Acting with a BCI a Skill Users Can Acquire?
3.3.1 What Is Skilled Acting?
3.3.2 Learning Effects and BCI Skills
3.3.3 Skilled Acting in Action Theory
3.4 The Normative Implications of Skilled BCI Use
3.5 Conclusion
References
4: Augmenting Autonomy Through Neurotechnological Intervention à la Kant: Paradox or Possibility?
4.1 Introduction: The Basis for Augmenting Autonomy Through Brain-Computer Interfacing
4.2 Instrumental Autonomy and Moral Autonomy
4.3 Advancing from the Enhancement of Instrumental to Moral Autonomy in a Naturalistic Framework
4.4 Escaping the Paradox: Extending the Notion of Self-Legislation
4.5 Conclusion
References
5: Can BCIs Enlighten the Concept of Agency? A Plea for an Experimental Philosophy of Neurotechnology
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Neuroadaptation and Symbiotic Technology
5.3 Sense of Agency
5.4 Experimental Philosophy
5.5 Me and My Subconscious Brain States in Action
5.6 Conclusion: A Call for ST-Based Experimental Philosophy
References
6: Brain-Computer Interfaces: Current and Future Investigations in the Philosophy and Politics of Neurotechnology
6.1 Introduction
6.2 BCIs: Technology and Applications
6.3 Ethical, Social, and Legal Implications of BCIs: State of the Art
6.3.1 Generic Issues
6.3.2 Results from Conceptual Research from the Project INTERFACES
6.4 A Look Ahead: Focusing on Procedures in the Ethics of BCIs
6.5 Conclusion
References
7: Pragmatism for a Digital Society: The (In)significance of Artificial Intelligence and Neural Technology
7.1 Introduction: Waves of Technology (Ethics)
7.2 The Digital Society Is Here, Again: Parallel Trends in Academia and in Society
7.2.1 Neural Technologies
7.2.2 Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning
7.3 Two Wrong Answers: Significance-as-Consensus and Reduction to Hype
7.4 Significant Technologies? Insights from STS and Pragmatism
7.4.1 Economies of Promising: Transactions and Vanguard Visions
7.4.2 Emerging Publics and Their Problems
7.5 Significance and Our Responsibility as Researchers
7.6 Conclusion
References
8: Brain-Computer Interface Use as Materialized Crisis Management
8.1 Background
8.2 Sociology of Brain-Computer Interfaces
8.3 Methods
8.4 BCI Use as Materialized Crisis Management
8.4.1 What Is a Crisis?
8.4.2 BCI Training as Repetitive Action Crisis
8.4.2.1 Traumatic Crises
8.4.2.2 Crises of Decision-Making
8.4.2.3 Crises of Leisure
8.4.2.4 Traumatic Crises 2.0
8.4.2.5 Mini Crises
8.4.3 Routinizing BCI Use
8.4.4 Recommendations for Future BCI Development
8.5 Conclusion
References
9: The Power of Thoughts: A Qualitative Interview Study with Healthy Users of Brain-Computer Interfaces
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Methods
9.2.1 Study Design
9.2.2 Recruitment and Sample
9.2.3 Data Collection and Analysis
9.3 Results
9.3.1 BCIs from a Healthy User Perspective
9.3.2 Ethical Evaluation of BCIs
9.3.3 Expectations and Fears Towards BCIs for Healthy Users
9.4 Discussion
References
10: Diffusion on Both Ends: Legal Protection and Criminalisation in Neurotechnological Uncertainty
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Problem Analysis
10.3 Legal Protection by Criminalisation
10.3.1 Protecting Patients
10.3.2 Diffusions
10.3.3 Some Reflections on Future Debates
References
11: Data and Consent Issues with Neural Recording Devices
11.1 Questions and Scope
11.2 How Neurotechnologies Work
11.3 Neural-Signal Recording
11.4 The GDPR
11.5 Is Brain Data Personal Data?
11.6 Is Personal Data Processed in Neurotechnological Devices?
11.7 Recording Brain Signals and the GDPR
11.8 Consent
11.9 Conclusion
References
12: Ethical Implications of Brain-Computer Interface and Artificial Intelligence in Medicine and Health Care
12.1 Introduction
12.2 The Importance of Neuropsychiatric Disorders for the Development of Health Care Technology
12.3 Ethical Implications of Medical Research Using Brain-Computer Interface
12.4 Clinical Use of Artificial Intelligence: Ethical and Anthropological Implications
References
13: Practical, Conceptual and Ethical Dimensions of a Neuro-controlled Speech Neuroprosthesis
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Neuro-controlled Technology
13.3 Neural-Signal Driven Speech Devices
13.4 Risk Factors with Intracortical Probes
13.5 Processing Brain Signals for Speech
13.6 Control over Synthetic Speech
References
14: The Emperor’s New Clothes? Transparency and Trust in Machine Learning for Clinical Neuroscience
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Opportunities for Applied Machine Learning in Clinical Neuroscience
14.3 The Ideal of Transparency
14.4 Trust and Trustworthiness
14.5 The Paradox Relation of Trust and Transparency
14.6 Trust and Transparency of Applied ML for Neuroimaging
References
15: The Security and Military Implications of Neurotechnology and Artificial Intelligence
15.1 Introduction
15.2 The Security Implications of Artificial Intelligence
15.3 Data Bias and Accountability
15.4 Manipulations
15.5 Social Control and Discrimination
15.6 Military Applications of AI
15.7 Security Implications of Democratization of Access
15.8 The Security Implications of Neurotechnology
15.9 Data Bias, Agency and Accountability
15.10 Manipulations
15.11 Social Control and Discrimination
15.12 Military Applications of Neurotechnology
15.13 Security Implications of Democratization of Access
15.14 Conclusion
References
16: Connecting Brain and Machine: The Mind Is the Next Frontier
16.1 The Rise of Artificial Intelligence: Technologies for the Interaction Between Human and Machine
16.2 Embodied and Situated Minds: How We Use, Act and Think with Technology
16.3 Connecting Brain and Machine: Brain-Computer Interfaces
16.4 Measurement Technologies and Applications of Brain-Computer Interfaces
16.5 Neuroadaptive Technology and Its Potential for Future Human-Computer Interaction Applications
References