Clinical Examples in Pediatric Rheumatology

✍ Scribed by Christian Huemer (editor), Hermann Girschick (editor)

• Publisher: Springer
• Year: 2024
• Tongue: English
• Leaves: 348
• Edition: 2024
• Category: Library

✦ Synopsis

The book provides an introduction to the differential diagnosis and decision-making in pediatric rheumatological diseases through typical and real cases. One of the aspects in the discussion of various case scenarios is the avoidance of errors and error management. The casebook is useful for specialists and trainees in pediatrics, young doctors, and anyone on the path to specialization in pediatric rheumatology.

The translation was done with the help of artificial intelligence. A subsequent human revision was done primarily in terms of content.

✦ Table of Contents

Preface
Contents
List of Contributors
1 A Tired Toddler Who Wants to be Carried, and a Teenage Athlete with a Swollen Knee
1.1  Medical History
1.2  Examination Findings
1.3  Laboratory Values and Imaging
1.3.1  Laboratory Values
1.3.2  Imaging
1.4  Educational Questions
1.5  Further Course
1.6  Educational Answers
1.7  Summary
1.7.1  Definition
1.7.2  Pathogenesis/Clinic
1.7.3  Diagnosis
1.7.4  Therapy
1.7.5  Diagnosis
1.7.6  Prognosis
Conclusion
References
2 A 14-Year-Old Boy with Spinal Pain and Heel Pain
2.1  Medical History
2.2  Examination Findings
2.3  Laboratory Values and Imaging
2.3.1  Laboratory Values
2.3.2  Imaging
2.4  Educational Questions
2.5  Differential Diagnostic Considerations
2.6  Further Progress
2.7  Educative Answers
2.8  Summary
2.8.1  Classification
2.8.2  Etiology
2.8.3  Clinic
2.8.4  Diagnosis
2.8.5  Therapy
2.8.6  Prognosis
Conclusion
References
3 A 16-Year-Old Girl with Swelling of 3 Fingers for Several Months: What’s Going On?
3.1  Medical History
3.2  Examination Findings
3.3  Laboratory Values and Imaging
3.3.1  Laboratory Values
3.3.2  Imaging
3.4  Educational Questions
3.5  Educational Answers
3.6  Further Course
3.7  Summary
3.7.1  Classification
3.7.2  Etiology and Frequency
3.7.3  Clinic
3.7.4  Therapy
3.7.5  Prognosis
Conclusion
References
4 Fever, Rash, and Joint Pain—Just an Infection?
4.1  Medical History
4.2  Examination Findings
4.3  Laboratory Values and Imaging
4.3.1  Laboratory Values
4.3.2  Imaging
4.4  Educational Questions
4.5  Differential Diagnostic Considerations
4.6  Further Course
4.7  Educational Answers
4.8  Summary
4.8.1  Background/Pathogenesis
4.8.2  Clinic
4.8.3  Diagnosis
4.8.4  Therapy
Conclusion
References
5 What to do When the Immune System Goes into a Storm?
5.1  Medical History
5.2  Examination Findings
5.3  Laboratory Values and Imaging
5.3.1  Laboratory Values
5.3.2  Imaging
5.4  Educational Questions
5.5  Differential Diagnostic Considerations
5.6  Further Course
5.7  Educative Responses
5.8  Summary
5.8.1  Etiology
5.8.2  Pathogenesis/Clinic
5.8.3  Diagnosis
5.8.4  Therapy
5.8.5  Diagnosis
Conclusion
References
6 A 10-Year-Old Girl with Visual Impairment
6.1  Medical History
6.2  Examination Findings
6.3  Laboratory Values
6.4  Educational Questions
6.5  Further Course
6.6  Educational Answers
6.7  Summary
6.7.1  Etiology
6.7.2  Clinic
6.7.3  Diagnosis
6.7.4  Therapy
6.7.5  Uveitis Screening
Conclusion
References
7 Cold and Arthritis—Do They Go Together?
7.1  Medical History
7.2  Examination Findings
7.3  Laboratory Values and Imaging
7.3.1  Laboratory Values
7.3.2  Imaging
7.4  Educational Questions
7.5  Differential Diagnostic Considerations and Educative Responses
7.6  Further Course
7.7  Summary
7.7.1  Etiology
7.7.2  Diagnosis
7.7.3  Therapy
Conclusion
References
8 Tonsillitis—What Comes Next?
8.1  Medical History
8.2  Examination Findings
8.3  Laboratory Values
8.4  Educational Questions
8.5  Differential Diagnostic Considerations and Educational Answers
8.6  Further Course
8.7  Summary
Conclusion
References
9 Worm-Like Movement, and the Tonsil was Inflamed
9.1  Medical History
9.2  Examination Findings
9.3  Laboratory Values and Imaging
9.4  Educational Questions
9.5  Diagnostic Considerations for Rheumatic Fever
9.6  Further Progress
9.7  Educative Answers
9.8  Summary
9.8.1  Etiology
9.8.2  Pathogenesis/Clinic
9.8.3  Diagnosis
9.8.4  Therapy
9.8.5  Diagnosis
9.8.6  Prophylaxis
Conclusion
References
10 Rheumatism and the Tick—How are they Connected? A 10-Year-Old Girl with Pronounced Knee Swelling
10.1  Medical History
10.2  Examination Findings
10.3  Laboratory Values and Imaging
10.3.1  Laboratory Values
10.3.2  Imaging
10.4  Educational Questions
10.5  Differential Diagnostic Considerations
10.6  Further Course
10.7  Educative Answers
10.8  Summary
10.8.1  Definition and Frequency
10.8.2  Classification
10.8.3  Clinic
10.8.4  Diagnosis
10.8.5  Therapy
10.8.6  Prognosis
Conclusion
References
11 First Weeks of Joint Pain, Then a Severe Rash
11.1  Medical History
11.2  Examination Findings
11.3  Laboratory Values and Apparative Diagnostics
11.3.1  Laboratory Values
11.3.2  Apparative Diagnostics
11.4  Educational Questions
11.5  Differential Diagnostic Considerations
11.6  Further Course
11.7  Educational Answers
11.8  Summary
11.8.1  Definition
11.8.2  Pathogenesis
11.8.3  Clinic
11.8.4  Diagnosis
11.8.5  Therapy
11.8.6  Prognosis
Conclusion
References
12 When the Skin Just Won’t Heal
12.1  Medical History
12.2  Examination Findings
12.3  Labor Values and Imaging
12.3.1  Laboratory Values
12.3.2  Imaging
12.4  Educational Questions
12.5  Differential Diagnostic Considerations
12.6  Further Course Including Therapy
12.7  Educational Answers
12.8  Summary
12.8.1  Etiology
12.8.2  Pathogenesis/Clinic
12.8.3  Diagnosis
12.8.4  Therapy
12.8.5  Diagnosis
12.8.6  Prophylaxis
Conclusion
References
13 A 2-Year-Old Toddler with Painful Bluish-Livid Discolorations of the Hands and Feet
13.1  Medical History
13.2  Examination Findings
13.3  Laboratory Values
13.4  Educational Questions
13.5  Differential Diagnostic Considerations and Educational Answers
13.6  Further Course
13.7  Summary
13.7.1  Clinical Symptoms
13.7.2  Frequency and Genetics
13.7.3  Therapy/Prognosis
Conclusion
References
14 When Every Movement and Even Laughter Becomes Agony
14.1  Medical History
14.2  Examination Findings
14.3  Laboratory Values and Imaging
14.3.1  Laboratory Values Part 1
14.3.2  Educational Questions
14.3.3  Laboratory Values Part 2
14.3.4  Imaging and Functional Examinations
14.4  Differential Diagnostic Considerations
14.5  Further Course
14.6  Educative Responses
14.7  Summary
14.7.1  Etiology
14.7.2  Pathogenesis/Clinic
14.7.3  Diagnosis
14.7.4  Therapy
14.7.5  Diagnosis
14.7.6  Prophylaxis
Conclusion
References
15 When the Skin Hardens and Calcifies
15.1  Medical History
15.2  Examination Findings
15.3  Laboratory Values and Imaging
15.3.1  Laboratory Values
15.3.2  Imaging and Functional Examinations
15.4  Educational Questions
15.5  Immunology and Classification
15.5.1  Immunology
15.5.2  Classification
15.6  Further Progress
15.7  Educative Answers
15.8  Summary
15.8.1  Etiology
15.8.2  Pathogenesis/Clinic
15.8.3  Diagnosis
15.8.4  Therapy
15.8.5  Diagnosis
15.8.6  Prophylaxis
Conclusion
References
16 A Feverish 7-Year-Old Turkish Girl
16.1  Medical History
16.2  Examination Findings
16.3  Laboratory Values
16.4  Educational Questions
16.5  Differential Diagnostic Considerations
16.6  Further Course
16.7  Educational Answers
16.8  Summary
16.8.1  Etiology
16.8.2  Clinic/Diagnosis
16.8.3  Diagnostic
16.8.4  Therapy
16.8.5  Prognosis
Conclusion
References
17 A Seriously Ill 15-Year-Old Girl—A Few Weeks After a Covid-19 Infection, the Fever Rises Again
17.1  Medical History
17.2  Examination Findings
17.3  Laboratory Values and Imaging
17.3.1  Laboratory Findings at Admission
17.3.2  Imaging
17.4  Educational Questions
17.5  Differential Diagnostic Considerations and Educative Responses
17.6  Further Course
17.7  Summary
17.7.1  Etiology and Frequency
17.7.2  Pathogenesis/Clinic
17.7.3  Diagnosis
17.7.4  Therapy
Conclusion
References
18 A 7-Year-Old Patient with Gastroenteritis and Petechiae
18.1  Medical History
18.2  Examination Findings
18.3  Laboratory Values and Imaging
18.3.1  Initial Laboratory Values
18.3.2  Imaging
18.4  Further Course
18.5  Educational Questions
18.6  Educational Answers
18.7  Summary
18.7.1  Etiology
18.7.2  Pathophysiology
18.7.3  Diagnosis/Clinic
18.7.4  Diagnostics
18.7.5  Therapy
18.7.6  Prognosis
Conclusion
References
19 An 11-Year-Old Patient After Stem Cell Transplantation with Head and Chest Pain
19.1  Medical History
19.2  Examination Findings
19.3  Laboratory Values and Imaging
19.3.1  Laboratory Values
19.3.2  Educational Questions—Part 1
19.3.3  Imaging
19.3.4  Educational Questions—Part 2
19.4  Further Course
19.5  Differential Diagnostic Considerations
19.6  Educative Answers
19.7  Summary
19.7.1  Etiology
19.7.2  Clinic
19.7.3  Diagnosis
19.7.4  Therapy
Conclusion
References
20 Much More than just a Blocked Nose
20.1  Medical History
20.2  Examination Findings
20.3  Labor Values and Imaging
20.3.1  Labor Values
20.3.2  Imaging
20.4  Educational Questions
20.5  Differential Diagnostic Considerations
20.6  Further Course
20.7  Educational Answers
20.8  Summary
20.8.1  Background/Definition/Classification Criteria
20.8.2  Pathogenesis
20.8.3  Clinic
20.8.4  Diagnosis
20.8.5  Therapy
20.8.6  Prognosis
Conclusion
References
21 When the Skin Turns Blue, Bleeds, and Then Turns Black
21.1  Medical History
21.2  Examination Findings
21.3  Laboratory Values and Imaging
21.3.1  Laboratory Values
21.3.2  Imaging and Functional Tests
21.4  Educational Questions
21.5  Immunology and Classification
21.6  Further Progress
21.7  Educative Answers
21.8  Summary
21.8.1  Etiology
21.8.2  Pathogenesis/Clinic
21.8.3  Diagnosis
21.8.4  Therapy
21.8.5  Diagnosis
21.8.6  Prophylaxis
Conclusion
References
22 Recurrent Mouth Ulcers
22.1  Medical History
22.2  Examination Findings
22.3  Laboratory Values
22.4  Educational Questions
22.5  Differential Diagnostic Considerations and Educational Answers
22.6  Further Course
22.7  Summary
22.7.1  Diagnosis
22.7.2  Clinic
22.7.3  Therapy
Conclusion
References
23 A 4-Year-Old Girl with Fever Spikes and Mouth Blisters, and it Happens Every Few Weeks
23.1  Medical History
23.2  Examination Findings
23.3  Laboratory Values
23.4  Educational Questions
23.5  Differential Diagnostic Considerations and Educational Answers
23.6  Further Course
23.7  Summary
23.7.1  Etiology
23.7.2  Clinic
23.7.3  Diagnosis
23.7.4  Therapy
23.7.5  Prognosis
Conclusion
References
24 When the Infant Doesn’t Thrive Because He has a Fever
24.1  Medical History
24.2  Examination Findings
24.3  Laboratory Values and Imaging
24.3.1  Initial Laboratory Values
24.3.2  Imaging
24.3.3  Educational Questions—Part 1
24.4  Further Course
24.5  Educational Questions—Part 2
24.6  Educational Answers
24.7  Summary
24.7.1  Etiology
24.7.2  Pathophysiology
24.7.3  Diagnosis/Clinic
24.7.4  Diagnostics
24.7.5  Therapy
24.7.6  Prognosis
Conclusion
References
25 When Cold Causes Rash and Many Complaints
25.1  Medical History
25.2  Investigation
25.3  Laboratory Values and Imaging
25.3.1  Laboratory Values
25.3.2  Imaging and Further Investigations
25.4  Educational Questions
25.5  Differential Diagnostic Considerations
25.6  Further Course
25.7  Educative Answers
25.8  Summary
25.8.1  Etiology/Pathogenesis
25.8.2  Clinic
25.8.3  Diagnosis
25.8.4  Therapy
Conclusion
References
26 The Muscle Taut and Abdominal Pain
26.1  Medical History
26.2  Examination Findings
26.3  Laboratory Values and Imaging
26.3.1  Laboratory Values
26.3.2  Imaging
26.4  Educational Questions
26.5  Differential Diagnostic Considerations
26.6  Educational Answers
26.7  Further Progress
26.8  Summary
26.8.1  Etiology
26.8.2  Pathogenesis/Clinic
26.8.3  Diagnosis
26.8.4  Therapy
26.8.5  Diagnosis
26.8.6  Prophylaxis
Conclusion
References
27 Is Every Early Childhood Polyarthritis with Uveitis also a JIA?
27.1  Medical History
27.2  Examination Findings
27.3  Labor Values and Imaging
27.3.1  Laboratory Values
27.3.2  Imaging
27.4  Educational Questions
27.5  Differential Diagnostic Considerations
27.6  Further Progress Including Therapy
27.7  Educational Answers
27.8  Summary
27.8.1  Etiology
27.8.2  Pathogenesis/Clinic
27.8.3  Diagnosis
27.8.4  Therapy
27.8.5  Diagnosis
27.8.6  Prophylaxis
Conclusion
References
28 A 16-Year-Old Boy with the Symptom Picture of Recurring Evening Episodes of Chills As Well As Weakness and Weight Loss
28.1  Medical History
28.2  Examination Findings
28.3  Labor Values and Imaging
28.3.1  Laboratory Values
28.3.2  Imaging
28.4  Educational Questions
28.5  Differential Diagnostic Considerations and Educative Responses
28.6  Summary
28.6.1  Etiology and Frequency
28.6.2  Pathophysiology
28.6.3  Clinic
28.6.4  Diagnosis
28.6.5  Therapy
28.6.6  Prognosis
Conclusion
References
29 Recurring Fever Spikes, But not Always an Infection
29.1  Medical History
29.2  Examination Findings
29.3  Laboratory Values and Imaging
29.3.1  Laboratory Values
29.3.2  Imaging
29.4  Educational Questions
29.5  Differential Diagnostic Considerations
29.6  Further Course
29.7  Educative Answers
29.8  Summary
29.8.1  Etiology
29.8.2  Pathogenesis/Clinic
29.8.3  Therapy
29.8.4  Diagnosis
Conclusion
References
30 When Sweating and Drafts Repeatedly Cause Fever
30.1  Medical History
30.2  Examination Findings
30.3  Laboratory Values and Imaging
30.3.1  Laboratory Values
30.3.2  Imaging
30.4  Educational Questions
30.5  Differential Diagnostic Considerations
30.6  Further Course
30.7  Educational Answers
30.8  Summary
30.8.1  Etiology
30.8.2  Pathogenesis/Clinic
30.8.3  Diagnosis
30.8.4  Therapy
30.8.5  Diagnosis
30.8.6  Prophylaxis
Conclusion
References
31 Back Pain in School Children—Overuse or More?
31.1  Medical History
31.2  Examination Findings
31.3  Laboratory Values and Imaging
31.3.1  Laboratory Values
31.3.2  Imaging
31.4  Educational Questions
31.5  Differential Diagnostic Considerations
31.6  Further Course
31.7  Educational Answers
31.8  Summary
31.8.1  Pathogenesis
31.8.2  Clinic
31.8.3  Diagnosis
31.8.4  Therapy
31.8.5  Prognosis
Conclusion
References
32 When a Child’s Hip Hurts and It’s not Rheumatism
32.1  Medical History
32.2  Examination Findings
32.3  Laboratory Values and Imaging
32.3.1  Laboratory Values
32.3.2  Imaging
32.4  Educational Questions
32.5  Differential Diagnostic Considerations
32.6  Further Course
32.7  Educative Answers
32.8  Summary
32.8.1  Etiology
32.8.2  Pathogenesis/Clinic
32.8.3  Diagnosis
32.8.4  Therapy
32.8.5  Diagnosis
32.8.6  Prophylaxis
Conclusion
References
33 Immediate Hip Pain After Sports and Jumping
33.1  Medical History
33.2  Examination Findings
33.3  Laboratory Values and Imaging
33.3.1  Laboratory Values
33.3.2  Imaging
33.4  Educational Questions
33.5  Differential Diagnostic Considerations
33.6  Further Course
33.7  Educative Answers
33.8  Summary
33.8.1  Etiology
33.8.2  Pathogenesis/Clinic
33.8.3  Diagnosis
33.8.4  Therapy
33.8.5  Diagnosis
33.8.6  Prophylaxis
Conclusion
References
34 A 15-Year-Old Boy with Episodically Occurring Severe Back Pain
34.1  Medical History
34.2  Examination Findings
34.3  Laboratory Values and Imaging
34.3.1  Laboratory Values
34.3.2  Imaging
34.4  Educational Questions
34.5  Differential Diagnostic Considerations and Educational Answers
34.6  Further Course
34.7  Summary
Conclusion
References
35 A Toddler with an Unusually Early Tibia Fracture—What’s Behind It?
35.1  Medical History
35.2  Examination Findings
35.3  Laboratory Values and Imaging
35.3.1  Laboratory Values
35.3.2  Imaging
35.4  Educational Questions
35.5  Differential Diagnostic Considerations and Educative Responses
35.6  Further Course
35.7  Summary
35.7.1  Pathogenesis
35.7.2  Classification
35.7.3  Clinic
35.7.4  Diagnosis
35.7.5  Therapy
Conclusion
References
36 A Walk Like Charlie Chaplin
36.1  Medical History
36.2  Examination Findings
36.3  Laboratory Values and Imaging
36.3.1  Laboratory Values
36.3.2  Imaging and Functional Examinations
36.4  Educational Questions
36.5  Differential Diagnostic Considerations
36.6  Further Progress
36.7  Educative Responses
36.8  Summary
36.8.1  Etiology
36.8.2  Pathogenesis/Clinic
36.8.3  Diagnosis
36.8.4  Therapy
36.8.5  Diagnosis
36.8.6  Prophylaxis
Conclusion
References
37 When the Skin and Neck Stretch
37.1  Medical History
37.2  Examination Findings
37.3  Laboratory Values and Imaging
37.3.1  Laboratory Values for Neo and Toni
37.3.2  Imaging and Functional Examinations
37.4  Educational Questions
37.5  Classification
37.6  Further Course
37.7  Educational Answers
37.8  Summary
37.8.1  Etiology
37.8.2  Pathogenesis/Clinic
37.8.3  Diagnosis
37.8.4  Therapy
37.8.5  Diagnosis
37.8.6  Prophylaxis
Conclusion
References
38 A 3-Year-Old Toddler with Recurrent Fever Spikes, Maculopapular Exanthema, Polyarthritis, and Acute Neurological Symptoms Since Infancy
38.1  Medical History
38.2  Examination Findings
38.3  Laboratory Values, Further Findings and Imaging
38.3.1  Laboratory Values and Further Findings
38.3.2  Imaging
38.4  Educational Questions
38.5  Differential Diagnostic Considerations and Educational Answers
38.6  Further Course
38.7  Summary
Conclusion
References
39 A 2-Year-Old Boy with Severe Nocturnal Leg Pain
39.1  Medical History
39.2  Examination Findings
39.3  Laboratory Values and Imaging
39.3.1  Laboratory Values
39.3.2  Imaging
39.4  Educational Questions
39.5  Differential Diagnostic Considerations and Educational Answers
39.6  Further Course
39.7  Summary
39.7.1  Etiology
39.7.2  Clinic
39.7.3  Therapy
Conclusion
References
40 A 9-Year-Old Girl with Elevated Body Temperature, Clear Protective Posture, and Pain in the Right Hip
40.1  Medical History
40.2  Examination Findings
40.3  Laboratory Values and Imaging
40.3.1  Laboratory Values
40.3.2  Imaging
40.4  Educational Questions
40.5  Differential Diagnostic Considerations and Educational Answers
40.6  Further Progress
40.7  Summary
40.7.1  Etiology
40.7.2  Clinic
40.7.3  Diagnosis
40.7.4  Therapy
Conclusion
References
41 From Nail Bed Inflammation Straight to the Wheelchair—and When the Newborn No Longer Moves Its Leg
41.1  Medical History
41.2  Examination Findings
41.3  Laboratory Values and Imaging
41.3.1  Laboratory Values
41.3.2  Imaging
41.4  Educational Questions
41.5  Differential Diagnostic Considerations
41.6  Further Course Including Therapy
41.7  Educational Answers
41.8  Summary
41.8.1  Etiology/Pathogenesis
41.8.2  Clinic
41.8.3  Diagnosis
41.8.4  Therapy
41.8.5  Diagnosis
41.8.6  Prophylaxis
Conclusion
References
42 Bone Pain, Suspicion of Leukemia—And Yet the Blood Count is Unremarkable
42.1  Medical History
42.2  Examination Findings
42.3  Laboratory Values and Imaging
42.3.1  Laboratory Values
42.3.2  Imaging
42.4  Educational Questions
42.5  Differential Diagnostic Considerations
42.6  Further Progress
42.7  Educational Answers
42.8  Summary
42.8.1  Etiology
42.8.2  Pathogenesis/Clinic
42.8.3  Therapy
42.8.4  Diagnosis
Conclusion
References
43 Severe Bone Pain and Subfebrile Temperatures—Osteomyelitis?
43.1  Medical History
43.2  Examination Findings
43.3  Laboratory Values and Imaging
43.3.1  Laboratory Values
43.3.2  Imaging
43.4  Educational Questions
43.5  Differential Diagnostic Considerations
43.6  Further Course
43.7  Educational Responses
43.8  Summary
43.8.1  Etiology
43.8.2  Pathogenesis/Clinic
43.8.3  Therapy
43.8.4  Diagnosis
Conclusion
References
44 A 7-Year-Old Patient with Known Leukodystrophy and Skin Abnormalities
44.1  Medical History
44.2  Examination Findings
44.3  Labor Values
44.3.1  Labor Values at Admission
44.3.2  Educational Questions—Part 1
44.4  Further Course
44.5  Educational Questions—Part 2
44.6  Educational Answers
44.7  Differential diagnostic considerations
44.8  Summary
44.8.1  Etiology
44.8.2  Pathogenesis/Clinic
44.8.3  Diagnosis
44.8.4  Therapy
44.8.5  Prevention
Conclusion
References
Abbreviations