---------------------Note: This study is meant for inspiration for scientific circles around the world with respect to scientific inquiry. The hypothesis, results, data and so forth of this study shall not be subjected to any interpretation, truncation or obfuscation in order to serve the purposes of certain groups of interest. The authors that contributed to this study are granted full copyright to the results, innovations and data used hereof.
This is part of a series of studies published in order to better understand the global issue of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. The origins of the virus are yet unknown.
-COVID-19 is just an umbrella term for what has been named as 2019-nCov, meaning novel coronavirus disease that originated in 2019, and has been classified further as SARS-CoV-2.
Any misuse of this term is strictly forbidden as it creates confusion and misinterpretation, misunderstanding of the roots and original structure of the virus.
The intent of the authors should not be subjected to any misrepresentation either.
Unacreditted interpretation of this study is strictly forbidden under international law.------------------------
It was discovered almost 20 years ago that plasmid DNA, when injected into the skin or muscle of mice, could
induce immune responses to encoded antigens. Since that time, there has since been much progress in
understanding the basic biology behind this deceptively simple vaccine platform and much technological
advancement to enhance immune potency. Among these advancements are improved formulations and
improved physical methods of delivery, which increase the uptake of vaccine plasmids by cells; optimization of
vaccine vectors and encoded antigens; and the development of novel formulations and adjuvants to augment
and direct the host immune response. The ability of the current, or second-generation, DNA vaccines to induce
more-potent cellular and humoral responses opens up this platform to be examined in both preventative and
therapeutic arenas. This review focuses on these advances and discusses both preventive and immunotherapeutic
clinical applications.