Climate Change, Vulnerabilities and Adaptation: Understanding and Addressing Threats with Insights for Policy and Practice

✍ Scribed by Abha Lakshmi Singh (editor), Saleha Jamal (editor), Wani Suhail Ahmad (editor)

• Publisher: Springer
• Year: 2024
• Tongue: English
• Leaves: 397
• Category: Library

✦ Synopsis

This contributed volume offers a wide variety of cases exploring how humanity can adapt to a changing climate. The volume features a wide variety of contributions from geographers, primarily in India but with plenty of global cases to provide a broad comparative perspective. A primary goal of this book is to bridge the gap from conceptual and data-driven analysis of climate change and adaptation to practical planning approaches and strategies. The book compiles contributions that address human well-being and environmental effects related to climate change, including analysis and modelling of ecosystem services, socio-ecological research and sustainable governance of ecosystems. Results reported in this book are conducive to a better understanding of the climate emergency, climate-related impacts and adaptation and mitigation strategies. The cases here also provide researchers with new examples of applications of vulnerability assessment methods. The volume offers insights regardingvulnerable areas in India, an exploration of how some regions have coped with these issues, and a discussion of the impacts that public policy has had on vulnerability in the regions studied. The focus on vulnerability will assist decision-makers in and outside India in targeting policies aimed at poverty reduction in agricultural communities as well. Though the cases here primarily focus on India, the methodologies presented here are transferable to many other parts of the world.

✦ Table of Contents

Foreword
Contents
Part I: Climate Change Adaptation in Urban Areas: Linkage Between Research, Perspectives and Practice
Chapter 1: Risk and Resilience in Indian Cities: Floods, Heat Islands and the Work of Professor R.B. Singh
Introduction
R.B. Singh and Studies of Hazards, Livelihoods and Climate Change in India
Floods
Overuse of Groundwater Supplies and Pollution of Watercourses
Urban Heat Islands
Conclusion
Appendix: Professor R B Singh - Principal Publications
References
Chapter 2: Impacts of Extreme Climatic Events on Sustainable Urban Development in Coastal Regions: Selected Case Studies of In...
Introduction
Indian Coastline and Climatic Hazards
Climatic Hazards and Coastal Cities
Nature of Climate Change and City Region
Climate Change and Vulnerability in the Coastal Cities
Resilience Against Vulnerability in Coastal Cities/Regions
Suggested Adaptive Measure to Tackle Flood and Cyclonic Risks in the Indian Coastal Cities/Regions
Conclusion
References
Chapter 3: Climate Change and Cyclones: Its Associated Consequences in Tamil Nadu Coastal Cities of Chennai and Thoothukudi
Introduction
Study Area
Methodology
Datasets to be used
Result and Discussion
Climatic Parameters and Trends of Cyclones in Tamil Nadu
Observed Temperature Changes
Observed Precipitation Changes
Observed Humidity Changes
Trends of the Cyclone Paths and Impacts
Overall Assessment of Cyclone Trends and Climate Change
Conclusion and Recommendation
References
Chapter 4: Climate Change and Weather Extremes in Tourist Towns: Challenges for Livelihood in Himachal Pradesh, India
Introduction
Study Region
Objectives
Database and Methodology
Database
Methodology
Results and Discussion
Patterns of Precipitation Extremes
Patterns of Temperature Extremes
Climate Extremes and Implications for Tourism and Livelihood
Conclusion
References
Chapter 5: Evaluation of the Effect of Urban Heat Island on Local Climatic Zones by Using Remote Sensing and Statistical Analy...
Introduction
Materials and Methods
Description of the Study Area
Datasets
Image Preprocessing
Local Climate Zones Classification
LST Retrieval from Thermal Infrared Data
Conversion of the Digital Number to Spectral Radiance
Conversion of Spectral Radiance to Brightness Temperature
Surface Emissivity (ε) Retrieval
Brightness Temperature to LST
Surface Urban Heat Island Intensity Classification
Simulation of Land Surface Temperature Distribution in Khartoum Using Land Cover Indices
Computation of Urban and Vegetation Indices
Correlation Analyses between LST and Indices
Polynomial Curve Fitting for Land Use and Land Cover Indices Prediction
Accuracy Assessment of Prediction of Land Surface Temperature
Statistical Analyses of LST in LCZs
Results and Discussion
LCZs Mapping
Land Surface Temperature
Local Climate Zones and Land Surface Temperatures
Retrieval of Surface Temperature from the Land Use and Land Cover Indices
Simulated and Predicted LST of LCZ
Conclusion
References
Chapter 6: A Preliminary Investigation into the Social Perceptions of Urban Residents Exposed to River Floods
Introduction
Study Site
Methodology
Design and Sampling Plan
Instrument
Data Collection and Analysis Process
Findings
Sense of Place
Understanding Threat
Flood Experience
Coping Abilities
Social Cohesion
Concluding Remarks
References
Chapter 7: Determining the Impact of Land Use and Land Cover on Microclimate with Reference to Thermal Variability in Srinagar...
Introduction
Database
Methodology
Land Use and Land Cover Indices
Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI)
Modified Normalized Difference Water Index (MNDWI)
Normalized Difference Built-Up Index (NDBI)
Normalized Difference Bareness Index (NDBaI)
Retrieving of Land Surface Temperature from Landsat Data
Calculation of LST from Thermal Band of Landsat 5 TM
Conversion of Digital Number (DN) to Top-of-Atmosphere (TOA) Spectral Radiance
Conversion of Radiance into Brightness Temperature and Land Surface Temperature
Calculation of LST from Thermal Band of Landsat 8 OLI
Conversion of Digital Number (DN) to Top-of-Atmosphere (TOA) Spectral Radiance
Conversion of Top-of-Atmosphere (TOA)/Spectral Radiance to Brightness Temperature
Proportion of Vegetation (PV)
Land Surface Emissivity
Land Surface Temperature (LST)
Conversion of LST Data from Kelvin to Degree Celsius
Statistical Tools
Karl Pearson´s Correlation
Simple Linear Regression
Study Area: Srinagar Municipal Corporation
Results and Discussion
Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI)
Modified Normalized Difference Water Index (MNDWI)
Normalized Difference Built-Up Index (NDBI)
Normalized Difference Bareness Index (NDBaI)
Land Surface Temperature (LST)
Area Under Different LST Categories
Recommendations
Conclusion
References
Part II: Adaptation to Climate Extremes: Human Response to Ecological Changes
Chapter 8: Variations in Rainfall in India: Is It Evidence of Climate Change?
Introduction
Data and Methodology
Mann-Kendall Trend Test
Trends in Annual Rainfall
Epochal Trends in Rainfall
Monthly and Seasonal Variations in Rainfall
Conclusion
References
Chapter 9: Potential Effects of Climate Change in Saline Shallow Lakes in the North of Chile (Salar de Atacama, 23S, Chile) an...
Introduction
Material and Methods
Site Descriptions
Climatic Variables
Download and Satellite Image Preprocessing
Algorithm for Parameters Estimation
Data Analysis
Results
Discussion
Conclusion
References
Chapter 10: Spatiotemporal Analysis of the Karakoram Dynamics: A Case Study of the Ghulkin Glacier, Gilgit Baltistan, Pakistan
Introduction
Materials and Methods
Study Area
Data Sets
Remote Sensing Data
Elevation Data
Mass Balance Data
Methods
Glacier Volume Calculation
Estimating Land Cover Change of the Ghulkin Glacier
Delineation of Water Bodies at the Ablation Zone of the Glacier
Land Cover Classification of the Ghulkin Glacier
Extraction of Surface Temperature on the Ghulkin Glacier
Weighted Overlay Analysis
Results
Volume/Mass Loss at the Ablation Zone of the Ghulkin Glacier
Estimating Land Cover Change of the Ghulkin Glacier due to Climate Change Through Remote Sensing
Topographic Analysis of the Ghulkin Glacier
Discussion
Conclusion
References
Chapter 11: Monitoring Spatio-Temporal Pattern of Meteorological Drought Stress Using Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) o...
Introduction
Study Area
Material and Methods
Data Used
Method
Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI)
Results and Discussion
Conclusion
References
Chapter 12: Climate Change and Forest Fire in Eastern Himalaya: A Case Study of Sikkim and Darjeeling Himalayas of West Bengal
Introduction
Materials and Methods
Study Area
Results and Discussion
Climatic Variability
Forest Fire Incidences
Conclusion
References
Chapter 13: Flood Disaster Risk Governance in Changing Climate Contexts
Introduction
Disaster Risk Governance: Concept and Meaning
A Paradigm Shift in Disaster Risk Reduction Policy at the Global Level
Change in Approach: From Reactive to Proactive
Declaration of 1990s as the International Decade for Disaster Risk Reduction
International Strategy for Disaster Reduction and Hyogo Framework for Action 2005-2015
From Disaster Management to Disaster Risk Management
Understanding Disaster Risk Governance in Kashmir Context
Conclusion
References
Chapter 14: Modelling Potential Zones of Gangotri Glacier Using GIS and ML in the Wake of Physico-Climatic Factors
Introduction
Study Area
Database and Methods
Database (Table 14.1)
Rationale of Selection
Elevation
Slope
Insolation
Land Surface Temperature
Normalized Difference Snow Index
Methods
Principle Component Analysis
Random Forest Regression (RFR)
Fuzzy Overlay
Results
PCA
Collinearity in Data
RFR
Fuzzy Product
Discussion and Conclusion
References
Part III: Livelihood Adaptation to Climate Change: Insight for Socio-Ecological Sustainability
Chapter 15: Analysing the Household-Level Adaptation to Flood Hazard in Bhagirathi Sub-basin of West Bengal, India: A Concern ...
Introduction
Study Area
Methods
Sampling Criteria
Cross Tabulation
Results
Perception of Adaptation Strategies Adopted by Local Communities
Effectiveness of Early Warning Systems
Adaptation Strategies During Flood Hazard
Post Flood Adaptation Strategies
Flood Protection Strategies
Role of Stakeholders
Preferred Adaptation Strategies
Discussion
Conclusion
References
Chapter 16: Farmers in the Environment of Climate Change: A Study of Adaptation and Coping Strategies in West Bengal
Introduction
Methods and Materials
Results and Discussion
Farmers´ Perception on Climate Change
Evidences of Climate Change Observed by the Farmers
Difficulties Faced by the Farmers
Sector-Wise Impacts Witnessed
Coping Strategies Adopted by the Farmers
Climate Change and Cropping Pattern
Trend of Climatic Elements and Yield of Crops
Government Initiatives Demanded by the Farmers
Strategies to Reduce the Severity of Climate Change
Adaptive Measures to Overcome the Causes of Climate Change
Conclusion
References
Chapter 17: Modelling the Impact of Climatic Parameters on Dynamics of Malaria Transmission in Chhattisgarh State of India
Introduction
Data and Methods
Study Area
VECTRI Model Description
Result and Discussion
Conclusion
References
Chapter 18: Statistical Analysis of Rainfall and Temperature Variability in Chotanagpur Plateau, India
Introduction
The Study Area
Methodology and Data Used
Results and Discussion
Trend Analysis of Precipitation
Trend Analysis of Temperature
Adaptive and Mitigation Measures
Conclusion
References
Chapter 19: Experience of Climate Change and Adaptation in Daily Living: Evidence from the Suru Valley of Ladakh Region
Introduction
Methods and Materials
Study Area
Methods of Data Collection
Results
Perceived Climate Change, Its Impacts and Adaptive Measures
Seasonal Calendar of the Region
Community Ranking of Hazard
Discussion
Conclusions
References
Chapter 20: Unveiling Precipitation and Temperature Patterns in Kashmir Valley, India
Introduction
Literature Review
Study Area
Material and Method
Data Used
Mann-Kendall Test
Theil-Sen´s Estimator
Results and Discussion
Monthly Trends of Precipitation (mm)
Seasonal and Annual Trends of Precipitation (mm)
Monthly Trends of Mean Temperature (C)
Seasonal and Annual Trends of Temperature
Conclusions
References
Chapter 21: The Review of Potential Applications and Modification Approaches of SWAT for Efficient Environmental Management, a...
Introduction
Potential Applications of SWAT
Limitations of the SWAT Model
Modifications Made in SWAT
Modelling Depression-Dominated Regions
GHG Emission
Improved Simulation of Dry and Wet Periods
Sediment Yield Modelling and Dynamics
Modelling Watersheds with Karst Hydrology
Conclusions
References
Index