Climate Change in the Mediterranean and Middle Eastern Region

✍ Scribed by Walter Leal Filho (editor), Evangelos Manolas (editor)

• Publisher: Springer
• Year: 2021
• Tongue: English
• Leaves: 520
• Series: Climate Change Management
• Edition: 1
• Category: Library

✦ Synopsis

This book serves the purpose of showcasing some of the works in respect of applied research, field projects, and best practice to foster climate change adaptation across the region.

Climate change is having a much greater impact in the Mediterranean than the global average. In the Paris Climate Agreement, the UN member states pledged to stop global warming at well below two degrees, if possible at 1.5 degrees. This mark, which is expected elsewhere only for 2030 to 2050, has already been reached in the region. The situation could worsen in the coming years if the global community does not limit its emissions.

The above state of affairs illustrates the need for a better and more holistic understanding of how climate change affects countries in the Mediterranean region on the one hand, but also on the many problems it faces on the other, which prevent adaptation efforts. There is also a perceived need to showcase successful examples of how to duly address and manage the many social, economic, and political problems posed by climate change in the region, in order to replicate and even upscale the successful approaches used.

It is against this background that the book "Climate Change in the Mediterranean and Middle Eastern Region" has been produced. It contains papers prepared by scholars, practitioners, and members of governmental agencies, undertaking research and/or executing climate change projects, and working across the region.

✦ Table of Contents

Preface
Contents
Climate Change Models and Impacts
Assessment of Future Climate Trend Based on Multi-RCMs Models and Its Impact on Groundwater Recharge of the Mediterranean Coastal Aquifer of Ghis-Nekkor (Morocco)
1 Introduction
2 Study Area
2.1 Characterization of Ghis-Nekkor Climate
2.2 Past Climate Trend
3 Data and Methodology
3.1 Climate Data
3.2 Limitations of the Study
3.3 Choice of Scenarios
3.4 Methodology
4 Results and Discussions
4.1 Projections of Precipitation and Temperature
4.2 Computing AI and SPI Indices
4.3 Impact of Climate Change on the Aquifer Groundwater Recharge
5 Conclusion
References
Species Distribution Based-Modelling Under Climate Change: The Case of Two Native Wild Olea europaea Subspecies in Morocco, O. e. subsp. europaea var. sylvestris and O. e. subsp. maroccana
1 Introduction
2 Methodology
2.1 Study Area
2.2 Occurrence Records
2.3 Current and Future Climatic Data
2.4 Habitat Suitability Modelling
2.5 Model Evaluation
3 Results
3.1 Climatic Variables Used for Maxent Models
3.2 Models Performance
3.3 Jackknife Test and Environmental Variable Importance
3.4 Predicted Habitat Suitability for the Olea europaea Subspecies in Morocco
4 Discussion
5 Conclusion
References
The Frequency of Rare Cyclones in the Eastern Mediterranean and Northeastern Africa as a Sign of Climate Change Using Satellite Imagery, Climate Data Models and GIS-Based Analysis
1 Introduction
2 Data and Methods
2.1 Satellite Images
2.2 Climatic Models
2.3 Rain Data
3 Analysis and Discussion
3.1 Medicane Oct. 2019
3.2 Dragon Mar. 2020
3.3 Changing in Strength, Frequency, and Tracks of Cyclones Under Study About the General Behavior of the Atmospheric Depressions in Egypt
3.4 Factors Affecting the Occurrence of Rare Cyclones in Egypt
4 Conclusion
References
Climate Change Impacts on Hydrology in the Mediterranean Part of Slovenia
1 Introduction
2 Methodology
2.1 Study Area
2.2 Methods
3 Data
3.1 Climate Data
3.2 Hydrological Data
4 Results
4.1 Climate Variables
4.2 Hydrological Variables
4.3 Discharge Regimes
4.4 Floods
5 Discussion
6 Conclusion
References
Climate Change Impacts and the Role of Forestry: Insights from the Mediterranean Region
1 Introduction
2 Methods
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Paris Agreement—A Cleaner Path—Through Article 5
3.2 Climate-Based Forest Policy in Mediterranean Countries
3.3 How Much do we Know About the Contribution of Forestry to Global Warming?
3.4 Forest Industry, a Brother in Arms Towards Climate Neutrality
4 Conclusions
5 Limitations
References
Energy Impacts on Climate Change: Issues, Challenges and Solutions with Clean Conversion Technology
1 Introduction
2 Climatic Overview in the Middle East and North Africa
2.1 Cause of Climate Change
2.2 Impact of Climate Change
2.3 Effect of Conventional and Renewable Resources on Power Generation
3 Methodology
3.1 Location Analysis
3.2 Block Diagram Analysis
3.3 Analysis of Case Study Data
3.4 Simulation Model Configuration
4 Result and Discussion
4.1 Production Analysis
4.2 Performance Analysis
5 Conclusion and Recommendations
References
Montenegro and World: Climate Change and Biodiversity Conservation
1 Introduction
2 Aims and Objectives
3 Materials and Methods
4 World: Climate Change and Biodiversity
5 Montenegro: Brief Information
6 Results and Discussion
7 Conclusions
8 Recommendations
References
Portrayals of Climate Change and Drought in the Politically Oriented Turkish Press: Socialist, Islamist, and Nationalist Accounts of Extreme Weather in 2007 and 2014
1 Introduction
1.1 Droughts in Turkey
1.2 Drought and Global Warming in the Media
1.3 Climate Change Policy and Communication in Turkey
2 Aims and Objectives
3 The Material and Method
4 Results
4.1 Ideology and Global Warming Coverage
5 Conclusion
References
Climate Changes and Insolation in the Mediterranean Basin: The Case of Montenegro
1 Introduction
2 Aims and Objectives
3 Research Area, Data and Methodology
4 Results and Discussion
5 Conclusion
References
The Conservation Challenge of Traditional Agroecosystems in Morocco: The Case Study of Six Oases Agroecosystems
1 Introduction
2 Methodology
2.1 Study Area
2.2 Agro-Diversity Surveys
2.3 Climate Change and Aridity Impacts on Traditional Oases Agroecosystems (TOAE)
3 Results
3.1 Composition of Traditional Oases Agroecosystems (TOAE) in Morocco
3.2 Oases Cropping System Characteristics
3.3 The Structure of TOAE in Morocco
3.4 Drought Incidence and Climate Change on Traditional Oases Agroecosystems
4 Discussion
4.1 Traditional Oases Agroecosystems
4.2 Drought Incidence in Traditional Oases Agroecosystems (TOAE)
4.3 Climate Change and the Challenge of Conservation
5 Conclusion
References
Climate Change Adaptation and Resilience Initiatives
Enhancing the Resilience of Oasis Agrosystems to Climate Change in Morocco
1 Introduction
2 Water Mobilization and Distribution in Oases
3 Land Management and Agricultural Production in Oases
4 Moroccan Oases and Climate Change
4.1 Climatic Characteristics of Moroccan Oases
5 Challenges Facing Moroccan Oases
6 Enhancing the Resilience of Moroccan Oases
6.1 Better Water Mobilization
6.2 Better Water Distribution and Use
6.3 Crops with High Value Added
6.4 Better Land Management
6.5 Better Animal Production
6.6 Encouraging Ecotourism and Valorisation of Local Products
6.7 Increasing Attractiveness
6.8 Improving Innovation Capacity
7 Conclusion
References
Climate Change and Agricultural Production in Algeria
1 Introduction
2 Energy and Greenhouse Gas in Algeria
2.1 Energy
2.2 Greenhouse Gas Emissions
3 Algeria’s National Climate Plan
3.1 Mitigation Actions
3.2 Adaptation Actions
4 Methodology
5 Data and Descriptive Analysis
6 Results and Discussion
7 Conclusion
References
Ready for Climate Change? An Assessment of Measures Adopted by 45 Mediterranean Coastal Cities to Face Climate Change
1 Introduction
2 The EU Covenant of Mayors as the Framework of Analysis
3 Methodology
4 Actions at the Local Level in the Mediterranean
4.1 Croatia
4.2 Cyprus
4.3 France
4.4 Greece
4.5 Italy
4.6 Portugal
4.7 Spain
4.8 Turkey
5 Results and Discussion: Improving the Reduction of Emissions but Lagging in Adaptation Measures
6 Conclusions
References
Climate Change or Climate Crisis? Investigating the Views of Forestry Students on the Causes, Consequences and Tools for the Mitigation of Climate Change
1 Introduction
2 Theoretical Background
3 Methodology
4 Results
4.1 Demographic Characteristics
4.2 Causes of Climate Change
4.3 Impacts of Climate Change
4.4 Measures for Confronting Climate Change
5 Discussion
6 Conclusions
References
Development of a Water Security Index Incorporating Future Challenges
1 Introduction
2 Materials and Methods
2.1 Conceptualizing an Index for Water Security
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Calculating the WSI
3.2 Applying the WSI Index
3.3 Representing Future Scenarios in the Water Security Index
3.4 Data Challenges
4 Conclusion
References
An Approach to Adapting Urban Drainage Design to Climate Change: Case of Northern Morocco
1 Introduction
2 Methodology
2.1 Concept and Principles
2.2 Study Area and Data Analysis
2.3 Peak Discharge Assessment
3 Results and Discussion
4 Conclusions
References
Mainstreaming Climate Change Adaptation into Water Development Plan Case of Morocco
1 Introduction
2 Methodology and Tool
2.1 Combination of Qualitative and Quantitative Approaches
2.2 Adopted Strategy
2.3 Design of the TMCC’s Steps
3 Results
3.1 Presentation of the Loukkos and Tensift River Basins
4 Limitations
5 Conclusion
References
Consumption Patterns and Public Attitudes Toward Organic Foods: The Role of Climate Change Awareness
1 Introduction
2 Materials and Methods
2.1 Data Selection
2.2 Measures
2.3 Methodology
3 Results
3.1 Descriptive Analysis
3.2 Factors Analysis Results
3.3 Cluster Analysis Results
3.4 Ordered Probit Model Results
4 Discussion
4.1 Limitations
5 Concluding Remarks
Appendix
References
Climate Change in Lebanon and the Impact to Water Resources
1 Introduction
2 Aims and Objectives
3 Materials and Methods
4 Climate of Lebanon
5 Results and Discussion
5.1 Climate Parameters Variation
5.2 Origin of Climate Change
5.3 Impact of Climate Change to Water Resources
6 Conclusions
7 Recommendations
8 Limitations of the Work
References
Enhancing Urban Microclimates Towards Climate-Resilient Cities: The Potential of Courtyards
1 Introduction
2 Methodology
2.1 Materials and Methods
2.2 Study Areas
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 The Relevance of Courtyards in the Two Mediterranean Cities
3.2 The Benefits of Courtyard Microclimate as a Passive Cooling Solution
3.3 Enhancing Courtyard Performance to Create Climate-Resilient Cities
3.4 Need for New Approaches for Courtyard Microclimate Simulation
3.5 Limitations of the Study
4 Conclusions
References
Sustainable Land Management for Rural Adaptation in the Mediterranean and Middle Eastern Watersheds
1 Introduction
2 The Mediterranean Basin: Land and Water Feedbacks
3 Methods
4 Asessment of Sustainable Land Practices, Ecosystem Services, and Social Functions
4.1 Forestland
4.2 Mixedland
4.3 Grazingland
4.4 Cropland
4.5 Water Bodies
4.6 Other or Several Land Uses
5 Conclusions
References
Climate Change Impacts on North Africa: Public Health Perspectives
1 Introduction
1.1 Demographics and Socioeconomics
1.2 Water Scarcity
1.3 Rise in Seawater Levels and Increased CO2 Emissions
2 Aims and Objectives
3 Methods
4 Results
5 The Effects of Climate Change on Health
5.1 Infectious Diseases
5.2 Chronic Diseases
6 Discussions
6.1 Redesigning National and Regional Policies
6.2 Methods of Adaptation and Mitigation
7 Limitations
8 Conclusions and Future Perspectives
References
Exploring the Beliefs, Concerns and Understandings About Climate Change of Greek University Students from the Social Sciences and Humanities
1 Introduction
2 Method
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Beliefs About Climate Change
3.2 Concern About Climate Change
3.3 Self-reported Knowledge About Climate Change
3.4 Understanding the Science of Climate Change
3.5 Understanding of Climate Science Facts
3.6 Beliefs About Factors Contributing to Global Warming
3.7 Beliefs About Actions to Mitigate Global Warming
4 Conclusions
References
Hydrological Impacts of Projected Climate Change on Northern Tunisian Headwater Catchments—An Ensemble Approach Addressing Uncertainties
1 Introduction
1.1 Assessing Impacts of Climate Change
1.2 Hydroclimatology of Tunisia
1.3 Expected Climatological Changes in Tunisia
1.4 Climate Change Impacts on Hydrology in Tunisia
2 Data
2.1 Study Areas
2.2 In-Situ Hydro-Climatic Data
2.3 High-Resolution Climate Simulations
3 Methods
3.1 Hydrological Models
3.2 Bias Correction of GCM-RCM Climate Variables
3.3 Analysis of Variance of Hydrological Projection (ANOVA)
4 Results and discussion
4.1 Calibration of RRM for the Reference Period
4.2 Climate Projection
4.3 Hydrological Projections in Future Hydroclimatology
4.4 Analysis of Variance of Hydrological Projection (ANOVA)
5 Conclusion
References
Addressing Climate Change in the Mediterranean Basin: Some Thoughts for the Future
1 Introduction
2 Climate Change and the Mediterranean Basin
3 Conclusions and Recommendations
References