✍ Scribed by Małgorzata Falarz (editor)
No coin nor oath required. For personal study only.
This edited book provides a comprehensive overview of the past, present and future climate development in Poland. The book consists of three main parts. The first part presents the results of the study of climate change before instrumental measurements in Poland in the last millennium. The second part analyses the long-term changes and variability of 36 climate characteristics for 14 climate elements, indices, meteorological phenomena and weather types using data from 79 weather stations in the base period 1951–2018 and for long series up to 239 years (1780–2018). The particular attention is paid to climate extremes. The third part of the book deals with projected changes in temperature, precipitation and thermal indices related to the agriculture and energy sectors. Two future time horizons are carried out: 1) near future: 2021–2050 and 2) far future: 2071–2100. The results for Poland are compared to those from Europe and other parts of the world.
The book is addressed to scientists (climatologists, geographers, etc.), academic teachers, students, journalists and all those interested in Poland and climate change in Poland.
Preface
Contents
Contributors
Part I Background
1 Introduction
References
2 Initial Research of Climate Change in Poland
References
3 Data and Methods of Investigation
4 Homogeneity of Climate Series
References
Part II Long-Term Climate Change
5 Climate Change Before Instrumental Measurements
Introduction
Documentary Evidence
Climate Reconstructions Based on Direct Man-Made Observations of Weather
Climate Reconstruction Based on Early Instrumental Meteorological Measurements
Dendrochronological Records
Tree Rings Definition, Formation and Climatic Potential
Distribution of Dendroclimatological Records in Poland
Climate Reconstructions Based on Tree Rings
Varved Sediment Records
Varve Definition, Formation and Preservation
Potential of Varves for Climatic Reconstructions
Distribution of Varved Sediments in Northern Poland
Reconstruction of Climatic Conditions in Northern Poland from Varves of Lake Żabińskie
Discussion
Conclusions and Final Remarks
References
Part III Recent Climate Change
6 Change of Atmospheric Circulation
Introduction
Data and Research Methods
Circulation Types for Southern Poland
Circulation Indices for Southern Poland
Other Circulation Indices
Research Results Concerning Changes of Atmospheric Circulation in Poland
Changes of Circulation Indices in Southern Poland (1873–2019)
Comparison of Circulation Indices in Southern Poland with Other Regions of the Country
Changes of Circulation Conditions According to Other Indices
Conclusions
References
7 Air Pressure Change
Introduction
Data and Methods
Spatial and Temporal Atmospheric Pressure Changes
Annual Course and Extreme Values of Atmospheric Pressure
Number of Days with Pressure ≤ 990 hPa and ≥ 1030 hPa
Discussion and Conclusions
References
8 Solar Radiation Change
Introduction
Data and Methods
Results
Conclusion and Discussion
References
9 Change of Sunshine
Introduction
Terminology
Results
Actual Sunshine Duration
Multi-annual Course
Long Series Analysis
Relative Sunshine Duration
Number of Days Without Sunshine
Discussion and Conclusion
References
10 Change of Cloudiness
Introduction
Data and Methods
Results
Total Cloudiness
Clear Days
Cloudy Days
Cloud Type
Discussion and Conclusions
References
11 Air Temperature Change
Introduction
Air Temperature Climatological Background
Air Temperature Changes During the Instrumental Measurement Period
Long-Term Variability of the Daily Mean Air Temperature
Long-Term Variability of Extreme Daily Air Temperatures
Maximum Daily Temperature
Minimum Daily Temperature
Number of Days with the Particular Air Temperature Thresholds
Conclusions
References
12 Air Humidity Change
State of the Art
Data and Methods
Moisture Content (Specific Humidity)
Relative Humidity
Conclusions
References
13 Precipitation Change
Precipitation Change
Data and Methods
Total Precipitation
Number of Days with Precipitation
Discussion
Conclusions
References
14 Snow Cover Change
Introduction
Data and Methods
Number of Days with Snow Cover
Maximum Seasonal Snow Cover Depth
Long-Term Snow Cover Variability and Trends
Discussion and Conclusion
References
15 Change of Wind
Introduction
Data
Average Wind Speed
Frequency of Calms
Frequency of Wind in Different Speed Classes
Wind Direction
Extreme Winds
Long-Term Changes of Extreme Wind Speed
Long-Term Changes of Wind Direction
Summary
References
16 Change of Thunderstorms and Tornadoes
Introduction
Data and Methods
Number of Days with Thunderstorms and Tornadoes
Days with Thunderstorms
Days with Tornadoes
Atmospheric Conditions Leading to the Occurrence of Thunderstorms and Tornadoes
Concluding Remarks
References
17 Change of Hail Frequency
Introduction
Data
Number of Days with Hail
Conclusions and Discussion
References
18 Change of Fog Frequency
Introduction
Data and Methods
Number of Days with Fog
Number of Days with Fog with a Given Duration
Number of Days with Fog of a Given Intensity
Discussion and Conclusion
References
19 Changes in Bioclimatic Indices
Introduction
Methods
Spatial Distribution of Bioclimatic Conditions in Poland
Changes of Bioclimatic Conditions in Poland, 1951–2018
Changes of Universal Thermal Climate Index (UTCI)
Changes of Physiological Subjective Temperature (PST)
General Assessment of Bioclimatic Conditions’ Changes
Discussion and Conclusions
References
20 Change of Weather Types
Introduction
Data and Methods
Mean Annual Number of Days with Particular Weather Types
Long-Term Variability of Days with Particular Weather Types
Number of Weather Types in a Year
Conclusions
References
Part IV Future Climate Change
21 Projections of Temperature Changes in Poland
Introduction
Data and Methodology
Results
Changes in Mean Annual Temperature
Changes in Extreme Temperature
Changes in Number of Days with Specific Thermal Conditions
Discussion and Conclusion
References
22 Projections of Precipitation Changes in Poland
Introduction
Data and Methodology
Results
Changes in Mean Precipitation and Wet Periods
Changes in Extreme Precipitation
Changes in Dry and Dry and Hot Spells
Conclusions
References
23 Projected Changes in Thermal Indices Related to the Agriculture and Energy Sectors
Introduction
Data and Methodology
Results
Indices Important for Agriculture
Indices Important for Energy Demands
Summary and Discussion
References
Part V Discussion and Conclusion
24 Climate Change in Poland—Summary, Discussion and Conclusion
References
Correction to: Climate Change in Poland
Correction to: M. Falarz (ed.), Climate Change in Poland, Springer Climate, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-70328-8
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