Climate Change Biology

✍ Scribed by Lee Hannah

• Publisher: Academic Press
• Year: 2021
• Tongue: English
• Leaves: 523
• Edition: 3
• Category: Library

✦ Synopsis

Climate Change Biology, Third Edition, addresses how climate change may affect life on the planet, particularly its impact on biology. Presented in three parts, it deals extensively with the physical evidence of climate change and modeling efforts to predict its future. Biological responses are then addressed, from individual physiology, to populations and ecosystems, adaptation and evolution. The final section examines the specific impact climate change may have on natural resources, particularly relating to human livelihood. This book will be a useful asset to the growing number of both undergraduate and graduate courses on climate change.

All sections are updated using the more than 5,000 research papers that have appeared on the topic since the publication of the second edition. Sections on the combined effects of ocean acidification and climate change are especially strengthened, with over six new case studies and end of chapter questions in each chapter.

✦ Table of Contents

Front Cover
Climate Change Biology
Climate Change Biology
Copyright
Dedication
Contents
Acknowledgements
1 -Introduction
1 - A New Discipline: Climate Change Biology
A GREENHOUSE PLANET
BOUNDARIES OF LIFE
SHIFTING INTERACTIONS
CHEMISTRY OF CHANGE
LINKAGES BACK TO CLIMATE
CLIMATE CHANGE BIOLOGY
2 - The Climate System and Climate Change
THE CLIMATE SYSTEM
EVOLUTION OF THE EARTH’S CLIMATE
NATURAL DRIVERS OF CHANGE
MAJOR FEATURES OF PRESENT CLIMATE
STABLE STATES OF THE SYSTEM
HUMAN-DRIVEN CHANGE: RISING CO2
RAPID CLIMATE CHANGE
THE VELOCITY OF CLIMATE CHANGE
MODELING THE CLIMATE SYSTEM
REGIONAL CLIMATE MODELS
COMMONLY USED GCMS
EMISSIONS PATHWAYS
GCM OUTPUTS
BIOLOGICAL ASSESSMENTS WITH DOWNSCALED DATA
FURTHER READING
2 - Impacts of Climate Change on Nature
3 - Biochemical, Cellular, and Organismal Responses to Climate Change
TEMPERATURE EFFECTS ON BIOCHEMISTRY AND CELLS
Q10
Protein Denaturation
Cell Membrane Changes
Temperature Regulation
Temperature Effects on Photosynthesis
CELLULAR CO2 EFFECTS
Temperature plus CO2
Ocean Acidification
Calcium Carbonate Changes
ORGANISM-LEVELRESPONSES IN ANIMALS
Ectotherm, Endotherm
Body Size and Shape
Thermal Performance Curves
“They Are Happiest Next to where They Are Dead”
Critical Maximum and Minimum Temperatures
The Tree, the Fish and the Walrus: Whole Organism Thermoregulation and Energy Balance
The Tree
The Fish
The Walrus
Species Climatic Tolerances
4 - Ecological, Evolutionary, and Biogeographic Implications of Climate Change
NICHE
Niche Filling
NICHE FILLING IN TERRESTRIAL AND MARINE ORGANISMS
NICHE BREADTH AND CLIMATE VULNERABILITY
Individualistic Range Movements
Novel and Disappearing Ecosystems
Novel and Disappearing Climates
POPULATION GROWTH IN RESPONSE TO CLIMATE
Population Ecology
Competition
Allee Effects
Negative Density Dependence
Leading and Trailing Edges
Importance of the Trailing Edge
Leading Edge Genetics
EVOLUTIONARY RESPONSES: ADAPT, MOVE, OR DIE
Evolution Helps Movement
Biogeography of Climate Change
Range Boundaries Change with Climate Change
Legacy of Past Change
Where to Expect Change
Microclimates
CONSERVATION IMPLICATIONS
5 - Climate Change and the Earth System
THE EARTH SYSTEM
Climate-VegetationFeedbacks
Earth System Interactions
CLIMATE CHANGE AND NUTRIENT CYCLES
Nitrogen
Phosphorus
THE CARBON CYCLE
Slow Carbon
Fast Carbon
Ocean Carbon Cycle
Terrestrial Carbon Cycle
HUMAN INFLUENCE ON THE CARBON CYCLE
Recent Trends in Terrestrial Sources and Sinks
PLANETARY BOUNDARIES
3 - Impacts of Climate Change on Nature
6 - Species Range Shifts
FIRST SIGN OF CHANGE: CORAL BLEACHING
FIRST CHANGES ON LAND
MOUNTING EVIDENCE OF RANGE SHIFTS
PATTERNS WITHIN THE PATTERNS
EXTINCTIONS
FRESHWATER CHANGES
PESTS AND PATHOGENS
FURTHER READING
7 - Phenology: Changes in Timing of Biological Events Due to Climate Change
ARRIVAL OF SPRING
FRESHWATER SYSTEMS
SPRING AHEAD, FALL BEHIND
TROPICAL FOREST PHENOLOGY
MARINE SYSTEMS
MECHANISMS: TEMPERATURE AND PHOTOPERIOD
LIFE-CYCLES OF INSECT HERBIVORES
TIMING MISMATCHES BETWEEN SPECIES
FURTHER READING
8 - Ecosystem Change
TROPICAL ECOSYSTEM CHANGES
CLOUD FORESTS
TEMPERATE ECOSYSTEM CHANGE
HIGH MOUNTAIN ECOSYSTEMS
GLACIER AND SNOWPACK-DEPENDENT ECOSYSTEMS
POLAR AND MARINE SYSTEMS
POLAR FOOD WEBS: CHANGES IN THE SOUTHERN OCEAN
TROPICAL MARINE SYSTEMS
PELAGIC MARINE SYSTEMS
OCEAN ACIDIFICATION
ECOSYSTEM FEEDBACKS TO CLIMATE SYSTEM
FURTHER READING
4 - Lessons from the Past
9 - Past Terrestrial Response
Scope of Change
The Earth Moves
Climate Runs Through It
Fast and Far: The Record of the Ice Ages
Ice Racing in North America and Europe
Out of Land: The Southern Temperate Response
North Meets South
Rapid Change: The Younger Dryas
Tropical Responses
Milankovitch Forcing in the Biological Record
Lessons of Past Change
Further Reading
10 - Past Marine Ecosystem Changes
EFFECTS OF TEMPERATURE CHANGE
EFFECTS OF SEA-LEVEL CHANGE
CHANGES IN OCEAN CIRCULATION
CHANGES IN OCEAN CHEMISTRY
Coral Reef Distribution
Deep-Time Reefs
Implications for the Future of Tropical Reefs
FURTHER READING
11 - Past Freshwater Changes
LAKES AS WINDOWS TO PAST CLIMATE
TYPES OF FRESHWATER ALTERATION WITH CLIMATE
FRESHWATER BIOTAS, HABITATS, AND FOOD CHAINS
PRESS AND PULSE-DRIVEN CHANGE: 2 LAKES
Lake Baikal
Lake Victoria
DEEP TIME: PACE OF EVOLUTION AND SPECIES ACCUMULATION
RECENT-TIME (TERTIARY AND PLEISTOCENE) RECORDS OF CHANGE
FAST FORWARD
FURTHER READING
12 - Extinctions
THE FIVE MAJOR MASS EXTINCTIONS
CAUSES OF EXTINCTION EVENTS
CLIMATE AS THE COMMON FACTOR IN MAJOR EXTINCTIONS
IMPACTS AND CLIMATE
DOES CLIMATE CHANGE ALWAYS CAUSE EXTINCTION?
CLIMATE AND EXTINCTIONS IN DEEP TIME
THE PAST 100 MILLION YEARS
THE PAST 2 MILLION YEARS: EXTINCTION AT THE DAWN OF THE ICE AGES AND THE PLEISTOCENE EXTINCTIONS
THE MISSING ICE AGE EXTINCTIONS
PATTERNS IN THE LOSSES
FURTHER READING
5 - Looking to the Future
13 - Insights from Experimentation
THEORY
Warming
Effects of Elevated CO2
Shading and UV Light
LABORATORY AND GREENHOUSE EXPERIMENTS
Ocean Acidification Experiments
Experiments on Terrestrial Systems
FIELD EXPERIMENTS
Warming Methods
Simulation of Drying and Increased Precipitation
Free Air CO2 Methods
RESULTS OF WHOLE-VEGETATION EXPERIMENTS
RESULTS OF FIELD CO2 EXPERIMENTS
FRESHWATER EXPERIMENTS
ARCTIC EXPERIMENTS
FURTHER READING
14 - Modeling Species and Ecosystem Response
TYPES OF MODELS
DYNAMIC GLOBAL VEGETATION MODELS
SPECIES DISTRIBUTION MODELS
GAP MODELS
MODELING AQUATIC SYSTEMS
EARTH SYSTEM MODELS
FURTHER READING
15 - Estimating Extinction Risk from Climate Change
EVIDENCE FROM THE PAST
ESTIMATES FROM SPECIES DISTRIBUTION MODELING
SPECIES–AREA RELATIONSHIP
A QUESTION OF DISPERSAL
THE PROBLEM WITH ENDEMICS
CHECKING THE ESTIMATES
NOT JUST ABOUT POLAR BEARS ANYMORE
ARE A MILLION SPECIES AT RISK?
WHY THE FUTURE MAY NOT BE LIKE THE PAST
FURTHER READING
16 - Ecosystem Services
FOOD PROVISION—MARINE FISHERIES
WATER PROVISIONING
CARBON SEQUESTRATION
FIRE
TOURISM
ECOSYSTEM-BASED ADAPTATION
COASTAL PROTECTION
WATER SUPPLY
FOOD PRODUCTION
DISASTER RISK REDUCTION
FURTHER READING
6 - Implications for Conservation
17 - Adaptation of Conservation Strategies
EARLY CONCEPTS OF PROTECTED AREAS AND CLIMATE CHANGE
PROTECTED AREA PLANNING
PLANNING FOR PERSISTENCE
RESISTANCE AND RESILIENCE
PROTECTED-AREA MANAGEMENT
MARINE PROTECTED AREAS
PROTECTED AREAS FOR CLIMATE CHANGE
FURTHER READING
18 - Connectivity and Landscape Management
AREA-DEMANDING SPECIES
MIGRATORY SPECIES
SPECIES RANGE SHIFTS
PLANNING FOR CONNECTIVITY
MANAGING CONNECTIVITY IN HUMAN-DOMINATED LANDSCAPES
CHANGING DISTURBANCE REGIMES
PLANNING FOR CLIMATE “BLOWBACK”
REGIONAL COORDINATION
MONITORING
FURTHER READING
19 - Species Management
THREATENED SPECIES
CLIMATE CHANGE IMPACTS ON THREATENED SPECIES
SPECIES THREATENED BY CLIMATE CHANGE
ASSESSING SPECIES THREATENED BY CLIMATE CHANGE
AN ICONIC EXAMPLE
MANAGING SPECIES THREATENED BY CLIMATE CHANGE
Removing Other Stressors
In Situ Management
Assisted Migration
Species Rescue
RESOURCES FOR THE JOB
FURTHER READING
7 - Finding solutions: International Policy
20 - International Climate Policy
UNITED NATIONS FRAMEWORK CONVENTION ON CLIMATE CHANGE
THE PARIS AGREEMENT
INTERGOVERNMENTAL PANEL ON CLIMATE CHANGE
CARBON MARKETS
REDUCED EMISSIONS FROM DEFORESTATION AND DEGRADATION
ADAPTATION
WHY IS IT TAKING SO LONG?
FURTHER READING
21 - Mitigation: Reducing Greenhouse Gas Emissions, Sinks, and Solutions
STABILIZING ATMOSPHERIC GREENHOUSE GAS CONCENTRATIONS
PRACTICAL STEPS FOR THE NEXT 50 YEARS
ENERGY EFFICIENCY
RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES
RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES
Solar Energy
Wind Energy
Biofuels
Hydropower, Tidal Power, and Geothermal Power
NATURAL CLIMATE SOLUTIONS
NUCLEAR POWER
THE END OF OIL
CLEAN COAL?
TAR SANDS, OIL SHALES, AND FRACKING
GETTING CO2 BACK
CARBON CAPTURE AND STORAGE
GETTING TO NET ZERO
EXTINCTION RISK FROM CLIMATE CHANGE SOLUTIONS
Wedges Beyond 50years
Past Experience
LAND-USEREQUIREMENTS OF ALTERNATE ENERGY
Solar and Wind
Biofuels
Hydropower, Tidal Power, and Geothermal Power
Nuclear Power
Extinction Risk from Renewables
GETTING TO 1.5° OR 2.0°
BECCS
GEOENGINEERING
SHORT-TERMWEDGES AND LONG-TERMPATHWAYS
FURTHER READING
22 - Assessing Risks, Designing Solutions
IMPACTS, RISKS, AND ADAPTATION
THE ASSESSMENT PROCESS
DOMAIN AND GRAIN
BIOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT
STAND-ALONE BIOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT
DESIGN OF ADAPTATION SOLUTIONS
TWO EXAMPLES OF ADAPTATION SOLUTIONS
AND DO IT AGAIN
References
Index
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
K
L
M
N
O
P
Q
R
S
T
U
V
W
Y
Z