Foreword
Contents
Contributors
Chapter 1: Introduction: Consequences of Global Warming to Planetary and Human Health
Introduction to Greenhouse Gases and Temperature
Consequences of Climate Change on the Biosphere
Loss of Arctic Ice
Loss of Antarctic Ice
Loss of Glaciers
Risks to Forests
Mean Sea-Level Rise
Bleaching of Coral Reefs
Threat to Biodiversity
Consequences for Human Health
Heat waves
Air Pollution
Vector-Borne Diseases
Implications for Social Stability
Drought, Forest Fires, Food Insecurity, and Migration
Hurricanes and Extreme Weather Events
Insurability for Extreme Events
United States Military
Efforts at Mitigation and Adaptation
Policy: Global
Policy: The United States
Mitigation: Renewables
Mitigation: Cap-and-Trade and Carbon Tax
Efforts to Combat Climate Change by Cities and States
Conclusion
References
Chapter 2: Climate Variability and Change Data and Information for Global Public Health
So What Is Climate Data, How Do I Know What I Need, How Do I Get It, and How Do I Use It?
Data Culture
Defining Terms
Early Warning, Prediction, Forecast, Outlook, Projection, Scenario
How to Think About Climate DataâOr When to Use What?
Scale
Source
Products
Reanalysis
Projections
Assessing Climate Data Partners
Conclusion
Chapter 3: Climate Change: Updates on Recent Global and United States Temperature Anomalies and Impacts to Water, Forests, and Environmental Health
Recent Changes to Global and United States Surface Temperatures
Climate Change Impacts on Water Resources and Water Quality
Climate Change Impacts on Watershed Health
Climate Change Impacts on Forests and Forest Health
Forest Insects
Forest Diseases
Wildfire
Invasive Species
References
Chapter 4: Eyewitness to Climate Change
Eyewitness to Climate Change
Addressing Climate Change at the International Level
The UNFCCC
The Kyoto Protocol
The Bali Road Map
The Copenhagen Accord
COP21: Paris Agreement
Post COP21: Subsequent Action Toward 2020 and Beyond
Education for Action
References
Chapter 5: Arctic Connections to Global Warming and Health
Rapid Environmental and Societal Change in the Arctic
Ecosystems Under Stress
Future Projections and Feedbacks to the Global Climate System
Environmental and Health Policy for a Changing Land
Adapting to a New Arctic
New Frontiers for Development
Threats of Oil and Gas Development in the Arctic Refuge
Food Security
Community Health
Conclusion
References
Chapter 6: Assessing the Health Risks of Climate Change
Introduction
Traditional Risk Assessment Approaches Are Inappropriate for Estimating the Health Risks of Climate Change
Determining the Extent to Which Climate Change Has Affected Health
Risk Management as an Appropriate Framework for Assessing the Health Risks of Climate Variability and Change
Vulnerability, Capacity, and Adaptation Assessments to Estimate Local to Regional Health Risks of Climate Change
Assessments by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)
Discussion
References
Chapter 7: Heat Waves and Rising Temperatures: Human Health Impacts and the Determinants of Vulnerability
Introduction
Vulnerable Populations: Multiple Determinants of Ambient Heat Health Impacts
Populations and Subgroups at Elevated Risk: Insights from Epidemiology
Environmental Health Multiple-Determinants Model of Vulnerability
Biological Adaptations to Heat Stress and Susceptibility and Pathophysiology of Heat Illness
Thermoregulation, Acclimatization, and Thermotolerance
Heat Acclimatization and Thermotolerance
Heat Stress-Related Morbidity and Pathophysiology of Severe Heat-Related Illness
Heat Stroke
Heat-Related Illness: Pathophysiology
Vulnerable Populations: Determinants of Thermoregulatory Capacity
Older Adults
Infants and Children
Determinants of Thermoregulatory Capacity: Additional Population Subgroups
Sex/Gender
Race/Ethnicity
Genetics/Epigenetics
Global Environmental and Societal Challenges Affecting Population Vulnerability
Strategies to Reduce Vulnerability and Incidence of Heat-Related Morbidity/Mortality
Promote Good Health and Access to Quality Healthcare
Reduce/Manage Potential Exposures to Ambient Heat and Other Physical Environmental Stressors
Extreme Heat Event and Warm Season Heat Preparedness and Response Action Plans
Conclusion
References
Chapter 8: Climate, Air Quality, and Allergy: Emerging Methods for Detecting Linkages
Introduction
Case Study 1: Climate, O3, and Heat in the NYC Metropolitan Region
Epidemiologic Analysis of Historical Data
Future Projections of Temperature and O3
Health Impact Assessment
Results
Discussion and Implications
Case Study 2: Spring Pollen Peaks and Over-the-Counter Allergy Medication Sales
Introduction
Data and Methods
Results and Discussion
Summary
References
Chapter 9: The Human Health Co-benefits of Air Quality Improvements Associated with Climate Change Mitigation
Overview
Health Effects of Particulate Matter
Short-Term Exposure Effects of PM
Long-Term Exposure Effects of PM
Health Effects of PM Constituents
Health Effects of Tropospheric Ozone
Short-Term Exposure Health Effects of O3
Long-Term Exposure Mortality Effects of O3
Ancillary Health Benefits of Climate Change Mitigation
Framework of Climate Mitigation Co-benefits Assessment
Studies of Health and Air Pollution Benefits and Costs of Climate Change Mitigation
Monetary Valuations of Mitigation Co-benefits
Implications
References
Chapter 10: Asthma, Hay Fever, Pollen, and Climate Change
Climate Change, Hurricanes, and Respiratory Health
Hurricane Katrina (2005)
Mold
Volatile Organic Compounds
Infectious Disease
Particulate Matter
Floodwater
Large Cohort Studies
PTSD and Asthma/Smoking Behavior
Accessibility to Healthcare Facilities and Medicine
Hurricane Sandy (2012)
Hurricane Maria (2017)
Bibliography
Chapter 11: California and Climate Changes: An Update
Introduction
Summary of Epidemiologic Studies of Temperature and Mortality
Temperature and Mortality Studies in the United States Including California
Temperature and Mortality Studies in California
Vulnerable Subgroups
Mortality Displacement
Heat Waves and Mortality
Summary of Epidemiologic Studies of Temperature and Morbidity
Temperature and Hospitalizations/Emergency Room Visits
Heat Waves and Morbidity
Temperature and Adverse Birth Outcomes
Future Projections for Temperature and Mortality
Biological Mechanisms
Conclusions
References
Chapter 12: Vector-Borne Diseases in a Changing Climate and World
Introduction
Mosquito-Borne Diseases: Drivers, Dynamics, and Risk
Climatic Drivers of Mosquito-Borne Diseases
Non-climatic Drivers of Disease and Their Interactions with Climatic Drivers
Predicting Climate Change Impacts on Mosquito-Borne Diseases: Current Status and Challenges
Linking Climate and Climate Change Research to Health Policy and Programming: Current Initiatives
Future Directions for Research
References
Chapter 13: Dengue Fever and Climate Change
Introduction to Dengue Fever and Climate Change
Dengue Disease
Vectors and Transmission of Dengue
Climatic Effects on Entomological and Viral Parameters in the Dengue Transmission Cycle
Temperature
Relative Humidity
Precipitation
Climatic Influence on Biting Behavior and Extrinsic Incubation Period
Daily Temperature Variation Effects on Vectorial Capacity
Climate-Based, Mechanistic Dengue Transmission Models
Lessons Learned from Observational Studies
Populations at Risk: Present and Future
Non-climatic Risk Factors
Other Indirect Effects of Climate Change on Dengue Risk
Regional Implications
Asia
Australia and Oceania
The Middle East and North Africa
Africa
Europe
Latin America
The United States
References
Chapter 14: Climate Variability and Change: Food, Water, and Societal Impacts
Past Climate Trends and Future Projections
Climate Change, Sea-Level Rise, and Extremes in Climate Variability
Sea Surface Temperatures and Hurricanes
Vulnerable Geographic Regions
Food Productivity and Malnutrition
Food Production and Drought
Fisheries
Extreme Weather Events and Health
Natural Disasters
Floods
Wildfires
Sea-Level Rise and Health
Water- and Food-Borne Diseases
Freshwater
Marine Environments
Land-Use Effects on Weather and Health
The Public Health Response
Mitigation and Adaptation
âCo-benefitsâ from Mitigating Climate Change
Side Effects and Unintended Consequences
Ethical Considerations
Financial Considerations
Summary
References
Chapter 15: Hurricanes and Health: Vulnerability in an Age of Climate Change
Introduction
Physical Health Effects of Hurricanes
Mortality
Injuries
Infectious Diseases
Chronic Diseases
Mold-Related Illness
Mental Health Effects of Hurricanes
Exposure and Post-disaster Mental Health
Risk Factors for Post-Hurricane Mental Health Effects
Social Support and Resilience as Protective Factors
Conclusion
Current Challenges and the Future of Hurricane-Health Research
References
Chapter 16: The Impact of Climate Change and Extreme Weather Conditions on Agricultural Health and Safety in California
Introduction
Climate Change and Occupational Health and Safety
California Agriculture and Its Workforce
Farmworker Occupational Hazards and Health Status
Climate Change and Extreme Weather in California
Impact of Extreme Weather in Agriculture
Perceptions of Risk: Impact of Extreme Weather on Occupational Health and Safety in California Agriculture
Case Study: Drought
Case Study: Heat
Case Study: Wildfires
Discussion
Conclusion
References
Chapter 17: Household Air Pollution from Cookstoves: Impacts on Health and Climate
Cooking Fires and the Role of Women
Common Challenges to Clean Cooking Solutions
Globalization of Clean Cooking Solutions
Cookstove Performance Standards and Testing Centers
Health Impacts of Household Air Pollution
Vulnerable Populations to Adverse Health Outcomes with Household Air Pollution
Regional Environmental Degradation
Contribution of HAP to Outdoor Air Pollution
Role of Black Carbon and Other Short-Lived Climate Forcers
Improved Cookstoves or Fuels as Interventions to Reduce Health Impacts
The Surya Project as a Model of Potential Interventions to Reduce Climate Impacts
Value of Co-benefits for Human Health and Climate
Summary
References
Chapter 18: Biomass Fuel and Lung Diseases: An Indian Perspective
Introduction
Biomass Fuel Use in India
Morbidity and Mortality
Emissions from a Biomass Stove and Exposure-Determining Factors
Architecture of the House and Biomass Smoke Exposure
Respiratory Health Effects of Biomass Fuels
Acute Lower Respiratory Infection (ALRI) in Children Under 5 Years of Age
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)
Lung Cancer
Tuberculosis
Pneumoconiosis and Interstitial Lung Diseases (ILD)
Biomass Fuel Exposure and Lung Functions
Conclusion
References
Chapter 19: Climate Change and Womenâs Health: Risks and Opportunities
Introduction
Heat Impacts
Impacts of Poor Air Quality
Extreme Weather Events and Disasters
Food Insecurity and Malnutrition
Water Scarcity and Waterborne Disease
Vector-Borne Disease
Migration Issues
International Policy Response
Local Solutions: Building from the Ground Up
Empowering Clean Energy Solutions
Leading Community Resilience
Climate-Resilient Farming
Conclusions
References
Chapter 20: The Impact of Climate Change on Public Health in Small Island States and Caribbean Countries
Introduction
The Physical Context: Current and Expected (by 2100) Physical Effects of Climate Change on Small Island States
Atmospheric Temperatures
Sea-Level Rise and Ocean Acidification
Hydrology and Storm Events
Ecosystem Structural Changes
The Socio-Economic Situation: Potential Socio-Economic Effects of CC on Caribbean SIDS
Energy, Water, and Waste Management
Agriculture and Fisheries: Food Security
Tourism
Infrastructure and Population Displacement
Potential Public Health Consequences Related with Climate Change in the Caribbean
Conclusion/Recommendations
References
Chapter 21: Global Climate Change, Desertification, and Its Consequences in Turkey and the Middle East
Greenhouse Gas Emissions
Climate Change
Desertification
Consequences of Climate Change and Desertification
Sandstorms and Dust Storms
Water Use
Loss of Biodiversity
Human Health
Conclusion
References
Chapter 22: Climate Change and the Risk of Desertification with a Focus in the United States
Desert Dust Geochemistry and Its Fingerprints
Dust Size Definitions
Dust Geographic Distribution
Desert Dust Effects on Health
Pulmonary Effects
Neurological Effects
Cardiovascular Effects
Infections
Health Effects of Dust Contaminated with Pesticides and Metals
Harmful Algal Blooms and Health Impact
Impact of Dust Exposure in US War Veterans
Desert Dust and Experimental Studies
Future Directions
References
Chapter 23: Federal Programs in Climate Change and Health Research
Introduction
Federal Climate Change Research Prior to 1990
The Global Change Research Act of 1990 (GCRA) and the United States Global Change Research Program (USGCRP)
Early Federal Activities Related to Climate Change and Health
Founding of the GCRP Interagency Climate Change and Human Health Group
Integrated Climate and Health Data Products: MATCH and data.gov
Climate Resilience Toolkit
2016 GCRP Climate Health Assessment
Workshop Report on Climate-Sensitive Infectious Disease
International Scientific Activities on Climate Change and Health
Current Federal Agency Activities in Climate Change and Health
Department of Health and Human Services (HHS)
The National Institutes of Health (NIH)
NIH Climate Change and Health Research Funding
NIEHS Climate Change and Health Program
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)
Building Resilience Against Climate Effects (BRACE) Framework
Climate-Ready States and Cities Initiative (CRSCI)
National Environmental Public Health Tracking Network
Partnerships and Outreach
National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)
Health and Air Quality Applied Sciences Team (HAQAST)
TOOL: SERVIR
U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID)
TOOL: Enhancing National Climate Services (ENACTS)
National Science Foundation (NSF)
The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)
Department of Agriculture (USDA)
References
Chapter 24: Management of Climate Change Adaptation at the United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
Overview of CDCâS Climate and Health Program
Adaptive Management and Its Role
Building Resilience Against Climate Effects (BRACE)
The Five Steps of BRACE
Step 1: Anticipating Climate Impacts and Assessing Vulnerabilities
Step 2: Projecting the Disease Burden
Step 3: Assessing Public Health Interventions
Step 4: Developing and Implementing a Climate and Health Adaptation Plan
Step 5: Evaluating Impact and Improving Quality of Activities
CDC National Environmental Public Health Tracking Network
Climate-Ready States and Cities Initiative
CDC Science Symposium on Climate and Health
Conclusion
References
Chapter 25: Rules, Rulings, and Repeals: The Shifting State of Climate Policy at U.S. EPA
Serve: Climate Policy Under the Bush EPA
Return: The Supreme Courtâs Decision in Massachusetts v. EPA
Serve: Climate Policy Under the Obama EPA, Part 1
Endangerment and Contribution Findings
Mobile Source Regulation: Vehicle Emission Standards and California Waiver
Stationary Source Regulation: Triggering and Tailoring Rules
Return: The Supreme Courtâs Decision in Utility Air Regulatory Group v. EPA
Serve: Climate Policy Under the Obama EPA, Round 2
Mobile Source Regulation: More Vehicle Standards and Another California Waiver
Stationary Source Regulation: Carbon Dioxide Standards for New and Existing Power Plants and Methane Standards for the Oil and Gas Sector
ReâŚtraction: Climate Policy Under the Trump EPA
Mobile Sources: Freezing Vehicle Standards and Revoking the California Waiver
Stationary Sources: Weakening New Source Performance Standards and Replacing the Clean Power Plan
Conclusion
References
Chapter 26: Californiaâs Integrated Approach to Air Quality and Climate Change
References
Chapter 27: Climate Change and Public Health Interventions
Introduction
Adapting Public Health Conceptual Models for Climate and Health Interventions
Practitioners for Climate and Health Interventions
Climate and Health Interventions in Practice
Building an Evidence Base of Climate and Health Interventions
Conclusion
References
Chapter 28: Integrating Climate Change, the Environment, and Sustainability Themes Into Professional Health Sciences Courses: A Case Study Across a University System
Background and History
Pathways and Models for SHE Inclusion
The Faculty Training Workshop
University of California Leadership
The Workshop Concept
Executive Sponsorship
Faculty Leads
Training Workshop for Faculty Leads
Agenda, Speakers, and Group Exercise
Timelines
Library of Resources
Creating SHE Communities at Each Campus
Linking Deans and Vice Deans of Education
Evaluation Framework
Budgets and Forms of Support
Conclusion
Appendix A
Appendix B
Appendix C
Climate Change and Sustainability Across the Curriculum
Module Exercise - University of California Courses
Appendix D: Evaluation Instruments, Details, and Program Objectives Addressed
References
Chapter 29: The Physicianâs Response to Climate Change
References
Index