Clay Composites: Environmental Applications (Advances in Material Research and Technology)

✍ Scribed by Meththika Vithanage (editor), Giuseppe Lazzara (editor), Anushka Upamali Rajapaksha (editor)

• Publisher: Springer
• Year: 2023
• Tongue: English
• Leaves: 582
• Category: Library

✦ Synopsis

This book describes the advantages and disadvantages and characterization techniques of clay-composites for environmental applications. It examines the structure and chemistry of different types of clay-composites and their synthesis, characteristics and applications in detail with a special focus on upscaling and limitations. Various topics covered in this book include overview of clay composites and their environmental applications, clay-biochar composites, clay-surfactants composites, organo-clay composites, clay hybrids and enriched clay composites. This book will be useful for beginners, researchers, material scientists and engineers who are interested in applied research of clay-based composites.

✦ Table of Contents

Preface
Acknowledgments
Contents
Editors and Contributors
Overview (Introduction)
Clays and Clay Minerals: Long-Lasting Applications in Environmental Remediation
1 Introduction
2 Types and Characteristics of Clay and Clay Minerals as Remediating Agents
2.1 Naturally Occurring Clays and Clay Minerals
2.2 Modified Clay Minerals and Clay-Based Composites
2.3 Characteristics of Clay Minerals
3 Contaminants Removal and Their Mechanisms
3.1 Dyes
3.2 Pharmaceutical Products
3.3 Hydrocarbons
3.4 Trace Elements
3.5 Pesticides
3.6 Other Organic and Inorganic Contaminants
3.7 Toxic Gaseous Contaminants
4 Application of Clay-Microbial Interactions in Remediation Technologies
5 Factors that Influence the Remediation Processes
6 Conclusion and Future Remarks
References
Clay Composites: Physicochemical Characterization
1 Introduction
2 Fundamentals, Structure and Properties of Phyllosilicates
3 Major phyllosilicate Groups
3.1 Kaolinite-Serpentine Group
3.2 Talc and Pyrophyllite
3.3 Mica
3.4 Vermiculite
3.5 Smectite
3.6 Chlorite
3.7 Sepiolite and Palygorskite
4 Final Considerations
References
Computational Chemistry Tools for Atomic Level Investigation of Clay Composites
1 Introduction
2 The Energy and the Born–Oppenheimer Surface
3 A (Very) Brief Survey of Wave Function-Based Methods
4 Density Functional Theory
5 Density Functional Tight Binding
6 Hybrid Methods
7 The Approaches for Periodic Systems
8 Molecular Dynamics Simulations
9 Case Studies: Halloysite Nanotubes
10 Final Remarks
References
Advances in the Development and Applications of Clay-Based Composites
1 Introduction
2 Modification of Clay Minerals
3 New Trends in the Application of Clay Composites
3.1 Application in the Environment
3.2 Application in Agriculture
3.3 Application in Biomedical
3.4 Application in Industry
4 Conclusion
References
Clay-Biochar Composites
Synthesis and Characterization of Clay-Biochar Composites
1 Introduction to Clay-Biochar Composites
2 Need to Synthesize Clay-Biochar Composites
3 Techniques to Synthesize Clay-Biochar Composites
4 Types of Clay-Biochar Composites
5 Interactions of Clay and Biochar in Composite Materials
6 Characterization of Clay-Biochar Composite
6.1 X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) Analyses
6.2 Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM)
6.3 Surface Area
6.4 Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopic (FTIR)
6.5 CHNS Analyses and Energy Dispersive X-Ray Spectroscopy (EDX) Spectra
7 Optimization and Tuning of Clay-Biochar Composite for Target Application
8 Future Research Challenges and Prospects
9 Conclusion
References
Application of Clay-Biochar Composites as Adsorbents for Water Treatment
1 Introduction
2 Biomass Selection
3 Biochar
4 Clays
4.1 Structure
4.2 Modified Clay Minerals for Environmental Applications
5 Composites: Synthesis and Characteristics
6 Adsorption of Pollutants
6.1 Mechanism of Adsorption
6.2 Dyes, Metals, Emergent Pollutants, Pesticides, and Herbicides
7 Perspective and Future Directions
References
Clay-Biochar Composites: Emerging Applications in Soil
1 Introduction
2 Applications of Clay Minerals and Biochar to Solve the Major Soil Problems
3 Constraints in the Application of Clay and Biochar
4 Application of Clay-Biochar Composites in Soil
4.1 Soil Fertility and Crop Production
4.2 Immobilization of Organic Pollutants
4.3 Immobilization of Inorganic Pollutants
4.4 Mitigation of Climate Change
5 Future Research Challenges and Projections
6 Conclusion
References
Mitigation of Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Emissions Using Clay-Biochar Composites
1 Introduction
2 GHG Emissions Mitigation Using Biochar
3 GHG Emissions Reduction Potential of Clay-Biochar Composites in Water and Wastewater
4 GHG Emissions Reduction Potential of Anaerobic Wastewater Treatment Using Clay-Based Biochar
5 Conclusions
References
Organo-Clay Composites
Surface Modification of Clay with Organics
1 Introduction
2 Halloysite
2.1 Metal Ions Removal
2.2 Organic Pollutants
2.3 Carriers for Pesticides
2.4 Combination of Clays for Environmental Purposes: Covalent Modification of HNTs with Hectorite
3 Conclusions
References
Organoclay with Surfactants: Detoxification of Hazardous Compounds
1 Introduction
2 Modification of Surfactant-Based Organoclay
2.1 Organoclays Modified by Single and Dual Cationic Surfactants
2.2 Organoclays Modified by Zwitterionic Surfactants
2.3 Organoclays Modified by Non-ionic Surfactants
3 Detoxification of Hazardous Compounds
3.1 Organic Pollutants
3.2 Inorganic Pollutants
4 Adsorptive Characteristics of Surfactant-Modified Clays
5 Adsorption Mechanisms
6 Limitations
7 Concluding Remarks and Future Perspectives
References
Surfactant-Modified Clay Composites: Water Treatment Applications
1 Overview
2 Role of Surfactant-Modified Clay Composites in Water Treatment
2.1 Organic Pollutants Removal by Surfactant-Modified Clays
2.2 Inorganic Pollutants Removal by Surfactant-Modified Clays
3 Factors Affecting Absorbance Performance
3.1 Clay Composite Dosage
3.2 Solution pH and Point of Zero-Charge of the Clay
3.3 Surfactant Dosage
4 Adsorption Mechanisms
4.1 Organic Pollutants Removal
4.2 Inorganic Pollutants Removal
5 Summary
References
Clay Polymer Composites
Imaging Methods for Characterization of Polymer Clay Composites
1 Introduction
1.1 Characteristics of Interest of Clay Composites
1.2 Available Imaging Techniques
2 Imaging Techniques
2.1 Electron Microscopy
2.2 Probing Techniques
2.3 Magnetic Imaging Techniques
2.4 Optical Imaging
2.5 X-Ray Techniques
2.6 Other Characterization Techniques of Interest
3 Choosing the Right Technique
4 Prospects of Imaging Techniques of Clay Composites
5 Conclusions
References
Enriched Clay-Polymer Composites and Their Applications
1 Introduction
2 Wastewater Remediation Applications
2.1 Dye Removal
2.2 Pesticides, Pharmaceuticals and Phenolic Contaminants Removal
2.3 Heavy Metal Removal
3 Food Packaging
4 Flame Retardant Materials
5 Biomedical Applications
5.1 Antimicrobial Agents
5.2 Drug Delivery and Other Biomedical Applications
6 Conclusions
References
Clay–Polymer Adsorbents for the Treatment of Industrial Effluents
1 Introduction
2 Clay/Polymer Adsorbents
2.1 Types of Clay/Polymer Adsorbents
2.2 Fabrication Methods of Clay/polymer Nanocomposites
2.3 Characterization Techniques for Clay/polymer Nanocomposites
3 Adsorption of Clay/Polymer Composites
3.1 Adsorption Mechanisms
3.2 Factors Affecting the Adsorption
4 Clay/Polymer Adsorbent for the Treatment of Industrial Effluents
4.1 The Removal of Dyes
4.2 The Removal of Heavy Metals
4.3 The Removal of Organic Pollutants
5 Challenges and Future Prospects
6 Conclusion
References
Clays and Their Polymer Nanocomposites
1 Introduction
2 Clay and Their Polymer Nanocomposites
2.1 Types of Polymer Clay Morphologies
2.2 Different Categories of Clays Used to Synthesize Clay–Polymer Nanocomposites
3 Methods of Synthesis
3.1 In Situ Polymerization Method
3.2 Solution Blending Method
3.3 Melt Blending Method
3.4 Sol–Gel Method
4 Characterization of Clay–Polymer Nanocomposites
5 Application
6 Conclusion
References
Environmental Applications
Clay Mineral Composites as Environmental Catalysts
1 Introduction
2 Clay Minerals
2.1 Kaolinite
2.2 Smectite
2.3 Sepiolite
3 Clay Mineral Modifications
3.1 Thermal Treatment
3.2 Acid Leaching
3.3 Exfoliation
3.4 Pillaring
3.5 Clay Mineral Composites and Nanocomposites
4 Environmental Remediation Applications
4.1 Combustion Catalysis
4.2 Water Treatment
4.3 Biodiesel Production
4.4 Photocatalysis
5 Concluding Remarks
References
Environmental Applications of Natural and Surface-Modified Zeolite
1 Introduction
2 Background Study, Origin, Classification, and Critical Properties of the Zeolite Compounds
3 Natural and Surface-Modified Zeolites
3.1 Physical and Chemical Modification
3.2 Composite Modification
4 Zeolites Applications
4.1 Application Efficiency of Natural Zeolite for Environmental Remediation
4.2 Application Efficiency of Surface-Modified Zeolite for Environmental Remediation
5 Sustainable Utilization of Natural and Surface-Modified Zeolite
6 Cost Estimation of Zeolites
7 Conclusion and Future Perspective
References
Application of Clay Composites for Microplastics Removal from Environment
1 Introduction
2 Microplastics: A Potential Environmental Threat
2.1 Occurrence of MPs in the Environment
2.2 Impacts of MPs on Human Health
3 MPs Removal Technologies
4 MPs Removal Through Clay-Based Materials
5 Removal of MPs by Using Clay-Based Composites
6 Conclusion
References
Antimicrobial Applications of Clay Nanotube-Based Composites
1 Introduction
2 Structure and Chemical Composition of Clay Nanotubes
2.1 Composition of Antimicrobial Clay Nanotube-Based Composites
3 Methods for Preparing Clay Nanotube-Based Composites
3.1 Melt Blending
3.2 Solvent Casting
3.3 Electrospinning
4 Imparting of Antimicrobial Properties to Clay Nanotube-Based Composites
4.1 Organic Compounds Loading Inside Clay Nanotubes
4.2 Utilization of Metals as Antimicrobials
5 Clay Nanotube Composite Antimicrobial Applications
5.1 Biomedical Applications of Halloysite Nanotubes
5.2 Liquids and Surfaces Protection and Disinfection by Clay Nanotubes-Based Composites
5.3 Tissue and Bone Engineering
5.4 Antimicrobial Applications of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticle
5.5 Wound Dressing
5.6 Filtration Membranes with Enhanced Antibacterial Activity
5.7 Food Contact Materials
5.8 Dentistry
6 Conclusions
References
Clay-Based Nanocomposites and Hybrid Membrane for the Treatment of Wastewater
1 Introduction
2 Clay Minerals
2.1 Clay Polymer Nanocomposites (CPN)
3 Formulation of Iron Oxide–Clay Nanocomposites
4 Formulation of Clay Nanocomposites Membrane
4.1 Application of Clay Membrane Nanocomposites in Wastewater Treatment
4.2 Removal of Microbial Contaminants
4.3 Removal of Pesticides and Heavy Metals Removal
5 Conclusion
References
Clay-Supported Nanoscale Zero-Valent Iron Composites for Water Purification
1 Introduction
2 Clay Minerals Used in C-nZVI Materials
2.1 Layer Silicates
2.2 Chain Silicates
2.3 Zeolite
3 Clay Incorporated nZVI Materials
3.1 Synthesis of Clay-Supported nZVI Composites
3.2 Advantages of Clay-Supported nZVI Composites
3.3 Engineered C-nZVI Materials
3.4 C-nZVI Materials with Modified Clays
4 Contaminant Remediation by C-nZVI Composites
4.1 Electron Transfer Mechanisms of nZVI
4.2 Effect of pH
4.3 Kinetics of C-nZVI Associated Remediation
4.4 C-nZVI Associated Free Radical Mediated AOPs
5 Limitations and Future Directions
6 Conclusions
References
Silver Applied Ceramic Filters as Point-of-Use Water Treatment Device
1 Introduction
2 Ceramic Water Filters (CWFs) Production
3 Kind of Silver Used in CWF Production
4 Method of Silver Application on CWF
5 The Efficiency of CWF Against Bacteria, Viruses, and Protozoans
5.1 The Efficiency of CWFs Against Bacteria
5.2 The Efficiency of CWF Against Viruses
5.3 The Efficiency of CWF Against Protozoa
6 Other Water Quality Improvement
7 Health Improvements Reported Using CWF
8 Cost of CWF and Acceptability
9 Conclusion
References
Natural and Modified Clay Applications in Remediation of Contaminated Groundwater and Soil Environments
1 Introduction
2 Natural and Modified Clays
3 Clays in Remediation Technologies
4 Heavy Metal Removal by Adsorption on Different Clays
4.1 Adsorption on Montmorillonite
4.2 Adsorption on Bauxite Clay
4.3 Adsorption on Clay Brick
4.4 Adsorption on Clayey Vertisol Soil
5 Conclusions
References
Slow Release-Formulations for Weed and Pest Control by Clay Composites
1 Weed and Pest Control in Agricultural Systems
1.1 Methods of Weed and Pest Control
1.2 Environmental Issues with Conventional Pesticides and Weedicides
2 Slow-Release Formulations of Weedicides and Pesticides
3 Clay-Based Formulations of Pesticides and Weedicides
3.1 Types of Clay and Clay Minerals
3.2 Nanomaterial-Based Clay Composites
3.3 Controlled Release Mechanisms of Clay-Based Pesticide Formulations
4 Emerging Challenges and Future Perspectives
References
Clay Hybrids for Sustained-Release Fertilizer
1 Fertilizer, Agriculture, and the Environment
2 Controlled-Release Fertilizer
2.1 Classification of Controlled/Slow-Release Fertilizer
3 Clay-Based Hybrid Fertilizers
3.1 Hybrid Nanocomposites
3.2 Clay-Coated Fertilizers
3.3 Controlled-Release Mechanism of Clay-Coated Fertilizer
4 Challenges and Future Aspects
References
Nanoclay Composites as Agrochemical Carriers
1 Introduction
2 Nanoclay Mineral
3 Nanoclay Type
3.1 Kaolinite
3.2 Smectite
3.3 Mica
4 Fertilizers Used in Agriculture Ecosystems
5 Nanoclays as Vehicles
5.1 Nanofertilizer
5.2 Nanopesticides
5.3 Nanoherbicides
6 Toxicity and Environmental Impacts
7 Conclusion and Future Perspectives
References
The Environmental Toxicity of Halloysite Clay and Its Composites
1 Introduction
2 Toxicity of Halloysite Toward Wheat
2.1 Characterization of the Raw HNTs
2.2 Effect of HNTs on Wheat Germination and Growth
2.3 Effect of HNTs on Root Development and Leave Size
2.4 Effect of HNTs on Chlorophyll and Oxidative Damage Index
2.5 Uptake and Transport of HNTs by Wheat Root
3 Toxicity of Halloysite Toward Alga
3.1 HNTs Induced Lower Growth Inhibition but Stronger Oxidative Stress
3.2 HNTs Altered FA Compositions of Algal Cells
3.3 Environmental Implications
4 Toxicity of Halloysite Toward Caenorhabditis elegans
4.1 Distribution and Translocation HNTs in Wild-Type Nematodes
4.2 Toxic Effects of HNTs on the Reproduction and Growth of C. elegans
4.3 Toxic Effects of HNTs on the Life Span and ROS of C. elegans
5 Toxicity of Halloysite Toward Zebrafish
5.1 Acute Toxicity of HNTs in Zebrafish Embryos and Larvae
5.2 Sublethal Effects of HNTs on the Development of Zebrafish
5.3 Distribution of HNTs in Zebrafish Embryos and Larvae
6 Conclusion
References
Index