Circuits, Signals, and Systems for Bioengineers: A MATLAB-Based Introduction

✍ Scribed by John Semmlow

• Publisher: Academic Press
• Year: 2005
• Tongue: English
• Leaves: 461
• Series: Biomedical Engineering
• Category: Library

✦ Synopsis

Approaches such as the Transfer Function and the Fourier and the Laplace transforms are important tools for bioengineers that often considered borrowed from electrical engineering. This text allows bioengineering students and bioengineers the ability to foster a sense of ownership of these tools by providing them with a solid foundation in the concepts of linear systems analysis. Circuits, Signals and Systems for Bioengineers guides readers through the basic engineering concepts that underlie biological systems, medical devices, biocontrol, and biosignal analysis. Material important to their study and traditionally taught in an electrical engineering service course can now be embraced by bioengineers. To further enhance the effectiveness of the book, instructive illustrations and MATLAB routines and examples are provided throughout the book with additional material available on a CD-ROM. · Translates important electrical engineering tools such as Fourier Transform, Laplace Transform, analog modeling, systems modeling, and other linear systems analysis techniques for bioengineering students. · Includes MATLAB examples and problems. · Includes CD-Rom with PowerPoint presentations, extra examples, figures, and support routines.

✦ Table of Contents

CIRCUITS, SIGNALS, AND SYSTEMS FOR BIOENGINEERS......Page 1
PREFACE......Page 8
TABLE OF CONTENTS......Page 10
1. BIOENGINEERING SIGNALS AND SYSTEMS......Page 16
2.1 Basic Signals: The Sinusoidal Waveform......Page 46
2.1.1 Sinusoidal Arithmetic......Page 49
2.1.2 Complex Representation......Page 51
2.2 Signal Properties: Basic Measurements......Page 53
2.2.1 Decibels......Page 57
2.3 Advanced Measurements: Correlations and Covariances......Page 59
2.3.1 Standard Correlation and Covariance......Page 60
2.3.2 Autocorrelation and Cross-Correlation......Page 63
2.4.1 Mean, Variance, and Standard Deviation......Page 69
2.4.2 Ensemble Averaging......Page 72
2.4.3 Covariance and Correlation......Page 73
2.4.4 Autocorrelation and Cross-Correlation......Page 76
2.5 Summary......Page 80
Problems......Page 81
3. FREQUENCY TRANSFORMATIONS......Page 84
3.1 Useful Properties of the Sinusoidal Signal......Page 87
3.2 Fourier Series Analysis......Page 90
3.2.1 Symmetry......Page 94
3.3 Frequency Representation......Page 95
3.4 Complex Representation......Page 97
3.5 The Continuous Fourier Transform......Page 100
3.6 Discrete Data: The Discrete Fourier Transform......Page 102
3.6.1 Data Sampling: Sampling Theorem......Page 103
3.6.2 Amplitude Slicing: Quantization (Optional)......Page 108
3.6.3 Data Length: Truncation......Page 110
3.7 Power Spectrum......Page 112
3.7.1 Spectral Averaging......Page 114
3.8 Signal Bandwidth......Page 116
3.9 MATLAB Implementation......Page 117
3.10 Summary......Page 130
Problems......Page 131
4.1 Circuits and Analog Systems......Page 136
4.2 System Variables and Elements......Page 138
4.2.1 Electrical Variables......Page 140
4.2.2 Electrical Elements......Page 142
4.2.3 Active Elements......Page 150
4.2.4 The Fluid Analogy......Page 152
4.3 Phasor Analysis......Page 154
4.3.1 Phasor Representation: Electrical Elements......Page 159
4.4 Mechanical Elements......Page 162
4.4.1 Passive Elements......Page 163
4.4.2 Elasticity......Page 166
4.4.3 Sources......Page 168
4.5 Summary......Page 172
Problems......Page 173
5.1 Conservation Laws: Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law......Page 176
5.1.1 Mesh Analysis: Single Loops......Page 177
5.1.2 Mesh Analysis: Multiple Loops......Page 183
5.1.3 Mesh Analysis: MATLAB Implementation......Page 186
5.2 Conservation Laws: Kirchhoff’s Current Law—Nodal Analysis......Page 188
5.3 Conservation Laws: Newton’s Law—Mechanical Systems......Page 193
5.4 Summary......Page 201
Problems......Page 202
6.1 The Circuit or Mechanical System as a Process......Page 208
6.1.1 Superposition......Page 210
6.1.2 The Transfer Function......Page 211
6.1.3 Transfer Function Characteristics......Page 212
6.2 Transfer Function Frequency Plots: The Bode Plot......Page 213
6.2.1 Frequency Characteristics of Bode Plot Primitives......Page 216
6.3 Filters......Page 228
6.3.1 Filter Types......Page 229
6.3.2 Filter Bandwidth......Page 230
6.3.3 Filter Order......Page 231
6.3.5 Evaluating Filter Frequency Characteritics......Page 232
6.3.6 Filter Design......Page 234
6.4.1 Transfer Function......Page 236
6.4.2 System Identification......Page 242
6.4.3 The Transfer Function and Fourier Series Decomposition......Page 245
Problems......Page 249
7.1 System Simplifications: Passive Network Reduction......Page 254
7.1.1 Series Electrical Elements......Page 255
7.1.2 Parallel Elements......Page 257
7.1.3 Network Reduction: Passive Networks......Page 259
7.2.1 The Voltage–Current or v-i Plot......Page 267
7.2.2 Real Voltage Sources: The Thévenin Source......Page 270
7.2.3 Real Current Sources: The Norton Source......Page 273
7.2.4 Thévenin and Norton Circuit Conversion......Page 276
7.3 Thévenin and Norton Theorems: Network Reduction with Sources......Page 279
7.4 Measurement Loading......Page 284
7.4.1 Ideal and Real Measurement Devices......Page 285
7.4.2 Maximum Power Transfer......Page 288
7.5 Mechanical Systems......Page 290
7.6 Multiple Sources: Revisited......Page 296
Problems......Page 298
8.1 The Laplace Transform......Page 304
8.1.1 Definition of the Laplace Transform......Page 305
8.1.2 Laplace Representation of Elements: Calculus Operations in the Laplace Domain......Page 307
8.1.3 Initial Conditions......Page 308
8.1.4 Voltage–Current and Force–Velocity Relationships in the Laplace Domain......Page 309
8.1.5 Sources: Common Signals in the Laplace Domain......Page 311
8.1.6 Converting the Laplace Transform to the Frequency Domain......Page 313
8.1.7 The Time-Delay Element......Page 314
8.2 Laplace Analysis: The Laplace Transfer Function......Page 315
8.2.1 First-Order Processes......Page 317
8.2.2 Second-Order Processes......Page 321
8.3 Nonzero Initial Conditions......Page 331
8.4 Initial and Final Value Theorems......Page 335
8.5 The Laplace Domain and the Frequency Domain......Page 336
Problems......Page 345
9.1 The System Model......Page 350
9.1.1 Feedback......Page 352
9.2 The Convolution Integral......Page 355
9.2.1 MATLAB Implementation......Page 358
9.3 Resonance......Page 369
9.3.2 Resonant Bandwidth, Q......Page 370
9.4 Summary......Page 380
Problems......Page 382
10. BASIC ANALOG ELECTRONICS: OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIERS......Page 386
10.1 The Amplifier......Page 387
10.2 The Operational Amplifier......Page 389
10.3 The Noninverting Amplifier......Page 391
10.4 The Inverting Amplifier......Page 394
10.5 Practical Operational Amplifiers......Page 396
10.5.1 Limitations in Transfer Characteristics of Real Operational Amplifiers......Page 397
10.5.2 Input Characteristics......Page 404
10.5.3 Output Characteristics......Page 411
10.6 Power Supply......Page 413
10.7 Operational Amplifier Circuits, or 101 Things to Do with an Operational Amplifier......Page 414
10.7.1 The Differential Amplifier......Page 415
10.7.2 The Adder......Page 416
10.7.3 The Buffer Amplifier......Page 417
10.7.4 The Transconductance Amplifier......Page 418
10.7.5 Analog Filters......Page 420
10.7.6 Instrumentation Amplifier......Page 422
Problems......Page 426
A.1 Derivation of Euler’s Formula......Page 430
A.2 Confirmation of the Fourier Series......Page 431
A.3 Derivation of the Transfer Function of a Second-Order Op Amp Filter......Page 432
A.4 Derivation of the Transfer Function of an Instrumentation Amplifier......Page 433
APPENDIX B: Laplace Transforms......Page 436
APPENDIX C: Trigonometric and Other Formulas......Page 438
APPENDIX D: Units......Page 440
APPENDIX E: Complex Arithmetic......Page 444
E.1.2 Multiplication and Division......Page 445
APPENDIX F: LF 356 Specifications......Page 448
APPENDIX G: Determinants and Cramer’s Rule......Page 450
BIBLIOGRAPHY......Page 452
INDEX......Page 454

✦ Subjects

Биологические дисциплины;Матметоды и моделирование в биологии;