Chemistry for Biomass Utilization

✍ Scribed by Alén R.

• Publisher: Walter de Gruyter
• Year: 2024
• Tongue: English
• Leaves: 421
• Series: De Gruyter STEM
• Category: Library

✦ Synopsis

Much interest has been directed to the versatile possibilities of using lignocellulosic biomass resources (i.e., “renewable raw materials”) for the full-scale production of various chemicals and other bioproducts together with solid, liquid, and gaseous fuels. Introduces modern aspects and various technologies of lignocellulosic biomass conversion for producing chemicals, biofuels, and other products in a reader friendly way. Starting with fundamentals of biorefi nery, the author further describes chemical, biochemical, and thermal conversion approaches. In addition, the properties and biorefining principles of non-wood biomass feedstock
Gives an overview of the main constituents of biomass feedstock.
Explains how to transform biomass into value-added materials and what approach to utilize for particular product types.

✦ Table of Contents

Cover
Half Title
Also of Interest
Chemistry for Biomass Utilization
Copyright
Preface
Contents
1. Introduction to biorefining
1.1 General approach
1.2 Versatile conversion methods of lignocellulosic biomass materials
References
2. Chemical composition of lignocellulosic biomass materials
2.1 Content of the main chemical constituents
2.2 Fiber dimensions and ultrastructure
2.3 Structural constituents
2.3.1 Cellulose
2.3.2 Hemicelluloses
2.3.3 Lignin
2.3.4 Lignin-hemicellulose bonds
2.4 Nonstructural constituents
2.4.1 Major groups of extractives
2.4.2 Chemical features of extractives
2.4.3 Recovery of extractives from lignocellulosic materials
2.4.4 General principles of extraction methods
2.4.5 Extractives-derived products from stemwood
References
3. Chemical and biochemical conversion
3.1 Acid-catalyzed hydrolysis
3.2 Enzymatic hydrolysis
3.3 Use of carbohydrates in hydrolyzates
References
4. Chemical pulping-based methods
4.1 General aspects
4.2 Kraft pulping
4.2.1 Process description
4.2.2 Reactions of the wood chemical constituents
Lignin
Carbohydrates
Extractives
4.3 Sulfite pulping
4.3.1 Process description
4.3.2 Reactions of the wood chemical constituents
Carbohydrates
Extractives
4.3.3 Spent liquor
4.4 Other delignification methods
4.4.1 Soda pulping
4.4.2 Organosolv pulping
4.5 Oxygen-alkali delignification and delignifying bleaching
4.5.1 Oxygen-alkali delignification
4.5.2 Delignifying bleaching
References
5. Integrated forest biorefining
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Pretreatments of lignocellulosic feedstocks prior to pulping
5.2.1 General approach
5.2.2 Acidic pretreatments
Autohydrolysis
Applications in chemical pulping
5.2.3 Alkaline pretreatments
5.3 Black liquor
5.3.1 Chemical composition
5.3.2 Physical properties
5.3.3 Fractionation
Lignin
Aliphatic carboxylic acids
References
6. Cellulose derivatives
6.1 Approach to the concept of making cellulose derivatives
6.1.1 General background
6.1.2 Reactivity and accessibility of cellulose
6.1.3 Conventional solvents for cellulose
6.1.4 Ionic liquids and deep eutectic solvents for cellulose
6.2 Cellulose reactions with organic acids and carbon disulfide (CS2)
6.3 Cellulose esters of inorganic acids
6.4 Cellulose ethers
6.5 Specific cellulose products
6.5.1 Cross-linking and graft polymerization
6.5.2 Ion exchangers and chromatographic applications
6.5.3 Micro-sized and nano-sized celluloses
References
7. Thermochemical conversion
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Pyrolysis
7.2.1 General aspects
7.2.2 Reactions of lignocellulosic biomass components
Cellulose
Hemicelluloses
Lignin
Extractives
7.2.3 Production instruments and reactors
Laboratory-scale analytical instruments
Larger-scale reactors
7.2.4 Product composition and properties
Main products and product groups
Physical properties of bio-oils
7.3 Gasification
7.3.1 General aspects
7.3.2 Feedstock materials
7.3.3 Gasification process
7.3.4 Principal reaction mechanisms
7.3.5 Production technologies and products from syngas
Reactor types
Product profile description
Fischer-Tropsch process
7.3.6 Gasification of kraft black liquor
7.4 Hydrothermal carbonization and liquefaction
Hydrothermal carbonization
Liquefaction
7.5 Production of bioenergy
References
Index of selected compounds
Index of general subjects