Channel Coding in 5G New Radio

✍ Scribed by Jun Xu, Yifei Yuan

• Publisher: CRC Press
• Tongue: English
• Leaves: 330
• Category: Library

✦ Synopsis

This book provides a comprehensive coverage of major channel codes adopted since the 3rd generation of mobile communication. Modulation schemes suitable for 5G mobile communications are also described based on key New Radio application scenarios and performance requirements.

It covers low density parity check (LDPC) codes, Polar codes, tail-biting convolutional codes (TBCC) and Turbo codes. Outer codes and a few advanced coding and modulations are also discussed. In addition, it includes detailed illustration of each channel coding scheme such as the basic code structure, decoding algorithms, performance evaluation and complexity analysis. The book offers insights on why and how channel codes are designed and developed in standardization organizations, which significantly facilitates the reading and understanding of the of 5G channel coding technologies.

Channel Coding in 5G New Radio will be an essential read for researchers and students of digital communications, wireless communications engineers, and those who are interested in mobile communications in general.

✦ Table of Contents

Cover
Half Title
Title Page
Copyright Page
Table of Contents
Foreword
Preface
Authors
Abbreviations
CHAPTER 1 Introduction
1.1 PREVIOUS GENERATIONS OF MOBILE COMMUNICATIONS
1.2 SYSTEM REQUIREMENTS OF 5G NR
1.2.1 Major Scenarios
1.2.2 Key Performance Indicators and Evaluation Methodology
1.2.3 Simulation Parameters for Performance Evaluation of Modulation and Coding
1.3 MAJOR TYPES OF CHANNEL CODES
1.3.1 LDPC Codes
1.3.2 Polar Codes
1.3.3 Convolutional Codes
1.3.4 Turbo Codes
1.3.5 Outer Code
1.3.6 Other Advanced Coding Schemes
1.4 MOTIVATION AND STRUCTURE OF THIS BOOK
REFERENCES
CHAPTER 2 Low-Density Parity Check (LDPC) Codes
2.1 INCEPTION AND DEVELOPMENT OF LDPC
2.2 BASIC PRINCIPLE OF LDPC CODES
2.2.1 Gallager Codes
2.2.2 Regular LDPC and Irregular LDPC
2.2.3 Principle of Belief Propagation and Its Application
2.2.4 Practical Decoding Algorithms
2.2.5 Theoretical Analysis of Performance
2.3 QUASI-CYCLIC LDPC (QC-LDPC)
2.3.1 Matrix Lifting
2.3.2 Basic Structure of Base Matrix
2.3.3 Encoding Algorithms
2.3.4 QC-LDPC Design for Flexible Block Length
2.3.5 Multi-Code Rate Design for QC-LDPC
2.3.6 Fine Adjustment of Code Rate for QC-LDPC
2.3.7 Short Cyclic Structures in LDPC
2.3.8 Short Cycle Characteristics of QC-LDPC
2.4 DECODER STRUCTURES OF QC-LDPC
2.4.1 Full-Parallel Decoding
2.4.2 Row-Parallel Decoding
2.4.3 Block-Parallel Decoding
2.5 STANDARDIZATION OF LDPC CODES IN 5G NR
2.5.1 Design of Lifting Factors
2.5.2 Design of Compact Base Matrix (Base Graph)
2.5.3 Protomatrices (BGs)
2.5.3.1 Base Graph 1 (BG1)
2.5.3.2 Base Graph 2 (BG2)
2.5.4 Rate Matching
2.5.5 Interleaving
2.5.6 Segmentation
2.5.7 Channel Quality Indicator (CQI) Table and Modulation and Coding Scheme (MCS) Table
2.5.7.1 CQI Tables
2.5.7.2 MCS Tables
2.5.8 Determination of Transport Block Size (TBS)
2.5.8.1 Procedure to Determine TBS for PDSCH
2.5.8.2 Scheduling Flexibility
2.5.8.3 MAC Layer Overhead Ratio
2.5.8.4 Design of TBS Tables
2.6 COMPLEXITY, THROUGHPUT, AND DECODING LATENCY
2.6.1 Complexity
2.6.2 Throughput Analysis for the QC-LDPC Decoder
2.6.2.1 Throughput of the Row-Parallel Structure
2.6.2.2 Throughput of Block-Parallel Structure
2.6.3 Decoding Latency
2.7 LINK-LEVEL PERFORMANCE
2.7.1 Short Block Length
2.7.2 Medium Block Length
2.7.3 Long Block Length
2.8 LDPC DESCRIBED IN 3GPP SPECIFICATIONS
2.9 FUTURE DIRECTIONS
2.10 SUMMARY
REFERENCES
CHAPTER 3 Polar Codes
3.1 ORIGIN OF POLAR CODES
3.2 SURVEY OF THE POLAR CODE STUDY
3.3 BASIC PRINCIPLE OF POLAR CODES
3.3.1 Basic Channels
3.3.2 Channel Combining
3.3.3 Channel Splitting
3.3.4 Channel Polarization
3.4 BASICS OF ENCODING AND DECODING OF POLAR CODES
3.4.1 Basics of Encoding
3.4.2 Basics of Polar Code Decoding
3.5 POLAR CODE CONSTRUCTION
3.5.1 Error Detection
3.5.1.1 CRC-Aided Polar Codes (CA-Polar)
3.5.1.2 Parity Check Polar Code (PC-Polar) vs. CA-PC-Polar
3.5.1.3 Distributed CRC-Aided Polar Code (Dist-CA-Polar) and Pre-Encoder Interleaving
3.5.1.4 Hash-Polar Code
3.5.2 Generation of Encoder Matrix
3.5.2.1 Small Nested Polar Code
3.5.2.2 Partial Code
3.5.2.3 Polar Code of Arbitrary Length
3.6 POLAR CODE SEQUENCE
3.6.1 Basic Concept
3.6.2 Description of Several Polar Code Sequences
3.6.2.1 Row-Weight (RW) Sequences
3.6.2.2 Column-Weight (CW) Sequence
3.6.2.3 Polarization Weight (PW) Sequence
3.6.2.4 Mutual Information Based Density Evolution (MI-DE) Sequence
3.6.2.5 Combined-and-Nested (CN) and Optimized Combined-and-Nested (O-CN)
3.6.2.6 SCL-Like Sequence
3.6.2.7 Merged Design
3.6.3 Properties of Sequences
3.6.3.1 Online Computation-Based (OCB)
3.6.3.2 Nestedness
3.6.3.3 Symmetry
3.6.3.4 UPO and Gaussian Universal Partial Order (GUPO)
3.6.4 Criteria for Polar Sequence Down-Selection
3.6.4.1 Error Block Count
3.6.4.2 SNR Spacing in BLER vs. SNR Simulation
3.6.4.3 WinCount
3.6.5 Merged Solution and Final Selection
3.6.6 Pre-Frozen Bits for Rate Matching
3.7 RATE MATCHING FOR POLAR CODES
3.8 INTERLEAVING
3.8.1 Interleaver with Triangle Shape
3.8.2 Double Rectangular Interleaver
3.8.3 Interleaving in Rate Matching
3.9 POLAR CODE RETRANSMISSION
3.10 SEGMENTATION
3.11 SYSTEMATIC POLAR CODES
3.12 2D POLAR CODE
3.13 DECODING ALGORITHMS FOR POLAR CODES
3.13.1 SC Algorithm
3.13.2 SC-L Algorithm
3.13.3 Statistic Ordering-Based Decoding Algorithm
3.13.4 Belief Propagation (BP) Algorithm
3.13.5 Parallel Decoding for Polar Code
3.14 COMPLEXITY, THROUGHPUT AND DECODING LATENCY
3.14.1 Computation Complexity
3.14.2 Memory Complexity
3.14.3 Throughput
3.14.4 Decoding Latency
3.15 PERFORMANCE OF POLAR CODES
3.15.1 Minimum Hamming Distance
3.15.2 Block Error Rate
3.15.3 False Alarm Rate
3.15.4 Performance Comparison with Other Codes
3.15.4.1 Extremely Short Block Length (K ≤ 12 without CRC)
3.15.4.2 Short Block Length (12 ≤ K < 200)
3.15.4.3 Medium Block Length (200 ≤ K < 1000)
3.15.4.4 Long Block Length (K ≥ 1000)
3.16 POLAR CODE IN 3GPP SPECIFICATION
3.17 MERITS, SHORTCOMINGS, AND FUTURE TRENDS OF POLAR CODES
REFERENCES
CHAPTER 4 Convolutional Codes
4.1 BASICS OF CONVOLUTIONAL CODES
4.1.1 Principle of Convolutional Codes and Decoding Algorithms
4.1.2 Basic Performance
4.1.3 Decoding Complexity and Throughput Analysis
4.1.4 Tail-Biting Convolutional Code (TBCC)
4.2 APPLICATION OF CONVOLUTIONAL CODES IN MOBILE COMMUNICATIONS
4.2.1 Convolutional Codes in 3G UMTS (WCDMA)
4.2.2 Convolutional Codes in LTE
4.3 ENHANCEMENTS OF CONVOLUTIONAL CODES
4.3.1 Supporting Multiple Redundancy Versions
4.3.2 Supporting Lower Code Rate
4.3.3 Further Optimized Polynomials
4.3.4 CRC-Aided List Decoding
REFERENCES
CHAPTER 5 Turbo Codes
5.1 PRINCIPLE OF TURBO CODES
5.1.1 Concatenated Codes Prior to Turbo Codes Era
5.1.2 Parallel Concatenated Convolutional Codes
5.1.3 Decoding Algorithms
5.1.4 Fundamental Performance
5.2 TURBO CODES IN LTE
5.2.1 Turbo Encoder of LTE
5.2.2 QPP Interleaver for LTE Turbo Codes
5.2.3 Link-Level Performance
5.2.4 Decoding Complexity Analysis
5.3 TURBO CODES 2.0
5.3.1 Longer Block Length
5.3.2 Even Lower Code Rate
5.3.3 Tail-Biting Turbo Codes
5.3.4 New Puncturing Method
5.3.5 New Interleaver
REFERENCES
CHAPTER 6 Outer Codes
6.1 CHANNEL CHARACTERISTICS AND OUTER CODES
6.2 EXPLICIT OUTER CODES
6.2.1 Common Outer Codes
6.2.2 Packet Coding
6.2.2.1 Solutions of Packet Coding
6.2.2.2 More Details of Bit Selections
6.2.2.3 Decoding Algorithms
6.2.2.4 Performance of Packet Coding in Fading Channels
6.3 IMPLICIT OUTER CODES
6.4 SUMMARY
REFERENCES
CHAPTER 7 Other Advanced Coding Schemes
7.1 NON-BINARY LDPC CODES
7.1.1 Basic Idea
7.1.2 Non-Binary LDPC Design for Bit-Interleaved Coded Modulation (BICM)
7.1.3 Modulations for Non-Binary Codes
7.2 NON-BINARY RA CODES
7.2.1 Interleaver
7.2.2 Weighting Module
7.2.3 Combiner and Accumulator
7.2.4 Decoding
7.3 LATTICE CODE
7.4 ADAPTIVE CHANNEL CODING BASED ON RATE-LESS CODES
7.5 STAIRCASE CODES
7.5.1 Encoding
7.5.2 Decoding
7.5.3 Performance
7.5.4 Future Direction
REFERENCES