Title Page......Page 1
Preface......Page 3
Contents......Page 6
1.1 Introduction......Page 18
1.2 Alite......Page 21
1.3 Belite......Page 30
1.4 Aluminate......Page 36
2.2 Systems containing CaO with SiO2 or AI2O3 or both......Page 46
2.3 Systems containing Fe2O3......Page 53
2.4 Systems containing MgO or FeO......Page 59
2.5 Systems containing alkalis or SO3 or both......Page 63
2.6 Systems with other components......Page 67
2.7 Laboratory preparation of high-temperature phases......Page 69
3.1 General considerations......Page 71
3.2 Raw materials and manufacturing processes......Page 76
3.3 Reactions below about 1300 C......Page 81
3.4 Reactions at 1300-1450 C......Page 86
3.5 Reactions during cooling, grinding or storage......Page 93
3.6 Effects of minor components......Page 100
4.1 Macroscopic and surface properties......Page 104
4.2 Light microscopy......Page 108
4.3 Scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction and other techniques......Page 112
4.4 Calculation of quantitative phase composition from bulk chemical analysis......Page 117
4.5 Physical methods for determining quantitative phase composition......Page 121
4.6 Reactivities of clinker phases......Page 124
5.1 Introduction......Page 128
5.2 Composition, density and other data for C-S-H gel......Page 133
5.3 Microstructure, microanalysis and electron diffraction......Page 138
5.4 More highly ordered phases related to C-S-H gel......Page 143
5.5 Silicate anion structure......Page 149
5.6 The nanostructures of C-S-H gel and related materials......Page 155
5.7 Equilibria......Page 160
5.8 Kinetics and mechanisms......Page 165
6.1 AFm phases......Page 172
6.2 AFt phases......Page 181
6.3 Other hydrated phases......Page 185
6.4 Equilibria and preparative methods......Page 191
6.5 Hydration reactions of the aluminate and ferrite phases......Page 197
7.1 Evidence from X-ray diffraction, thermal analysis and infrared spectroscopy......Page 202
7.2 Microstructure......Page 206
7.3 Analytical data for cement pastes......Page 212
7.4 Interpretation of analytical data......Page 220
7.5 Calorimetry, pore solutions and energetics......Page 227
7.6 Actions of calcium sulfate and of alkalis......Page 233
7.7 Kinetics and modelling of the hydration process......Page 237
8.1 Fresh pastes......Page 241
8.2 Hardened cement pastes: models of structure......Page 245
8.3 Mathematical modelling of microstructure and properties......Page 251
8.4 Experimental methods for studying pore structure......Page 257
8.5 Strength......Page 266
8.6 Deformation......Page 269
8.7 Permeability and diffusion......Page 272
9.1 Introduction......Page 274
9.2 Blastfurnace slag......Page 275
9.3 Flyash (pulverized fuel ash) low in CaO......Page 285
9.4 Natural pozzolanas......Page 293
9.5 Silica fume (condensed silica fume, microsilica)......Page 297
9.6 Other mineral additions......Page 299
9.7 Pore structures and their relation to physical properties......Page 303
10.1 Calcium aluminate cements......Page 307
10.2 Expansive cements......Page 325
10.3 Other cements......Page 329
11.2 Organic retarders and accelerators......Page 335
11.3 Air-entraining agents and grinding aids......Page 340
11.4 Water reducers and superplasticizers......Page 342
11.5 Inorganic accelerators and retarders......Page 346
11.6 Effects of high or low temperatures at atmospheric pressure......Page 351
11.7 High-pressure steam curing......Page 353
12.1 Cement paste in concrete......Page 363
12.3 Carbonation, chloride penetration and corrosion of reinforcement......Page 368
12.4 Alkali silica reaction......Page 373
12.5 Sulfate attack......Page 380
12.6 Delayed ettringite formation......Page 386
12.7 Other forms of attack......Page 391
Appendix: Calculated X-ray powder diffraction patterns for tricalcium silicate and clinker phases......Page 397
References......Page 404
Index......Page 449