Cell biology: a short course

✍ Scribed by Steven R. Bolsover

• Publisher: John Wiley and Sons
• Year: 2004
• Tongue: English
• Leaves: 554
• Edition: 2
• Category: Library

✦ Synopsis

This text tells the story of cells as the unit of life in a colorful and student-friendly manner, taking an "essentials only" approach. By using the successful model of previously published Short Courses, this text succeeds in conveying the key points without overburdening readers with secondary information. The authors (all active researchers and educators) skillfully present concepts by illustrating them with clear diagrams and examples from current research. Special boxed sections focus on the importance of cell biology in medicine and industry today. This text is a completely revised, reorganized, and enhanced revision of From Genes to Cells.

✦ Table of Contents

CELL BIOLOGY SECOND EDITION......Page 4
CONTENTS IN BRIEF......Page 8
CONTENTS......Page 10
PREFACE......Page 18
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS......Page 20
INSTRUCTOR NOTES......Page 22
1 CELLS AND TISSUES......Page 24
Principles of Microscopy......Page 25
The Light Microscope......Page 26
The Electron Microscope......Page 31
Only Two Types of Cell......Page 32
Viruses......Page 34
Epithelia......Page 35
Nervous Tissue......Page 36
Muscle......Page 37
Plants......Page 38
Review Questions......Page 39
Answers to Review Questions......Page 40
The Chemical Bond: Sharing Electrons......Page 42
Acids Are Molecules That Give H(+) to Water......Page 44
A Hydrogen Bond Forms When a Hydrogen Atom Is Shared......Page 48
An Assortment of Sweets......Page 50
Disaccharides......Page 51
Out of the Sweet Comes Forth Strength......Page 53
Modified Sugars......Page 54
Nucleosides, Phosphate, and Nucleotides......Page 58
Amino Acids, Polypeptides, and Proteins......Page 60
Lipids......Page 62
Hydrolysis......Page 67
Summary......Page 69
Review Questions......Page 70
Answers to Review Questions......Page 71
Basic Properties of Cell Membranes......Page 74
Beyond the Cell Membrane: The Extracellular Matrix......Page 76
Cell Junctions......Page 77
The Nucleus......Page 79
Organelles Bounded by Single-Membrane Envelopes......Page 81
Peroxisomes......Page 82
Golgi Apparatus......Page 83
Summary......Page 84
Review Questions......Page 85
Answers to Review Questions......Page 86
The Structure of DNA......Page 88
The DNA Molecule Is a Double Helix......Page 91
The Two DNA Chains Are Complementary......Page 92
Eukaryotic Chromosomes and Chromatin Structure......Page 94
Prokaryotic Chromosomes......Page 96
Viruses......Page 97
The Genetic Code......Page 98
Start and Stop Codons and the Reading Frame......Page 102
Missense Mutations......Page 103
Summary......Page 104
Review Questions......Page 107
Answers to Review Questions......Page 108
DNA Replication......Page 110
DnaA Protein......Page 111
DNA Synthesis Requires an RNA Primer......Page 113
The Self-Correcting DNA Polymerase......Page 115
Repair Processes......Page 117
Introns and Exons—Additional Complexity in Eukaryotic Genes......Page 121
The Major Classes of Eukaryotic DNA......Page 122
Summary......Page 124
Review Questions......Page 125
Answers to Review Questions......Page 126
Structure of RNA......Page 128
Bacterial RNA Synthesis......Page 129
Control of Bacterial Gene Expression......Page 132
lac, an Inducible Operon......Page 134
trp, a Repressible Operon......Page 139
Messenger RNA Processing......Page 141
Control of Eukaryotic Gene Expression......Page 142
Glucocorticoids Cross the Cell Membrane to Activate Transcription......Page 144
Further Reading......Page 148
Review Questions......Page 149
Answers to Review Questions......Page 150
DNA Cloning......Page 152
Introduction of Foreign DNA Molecules into Bacteria......Page 153
Selection of cDNA Clones......Page 157
Genomic DNA Clones......Page 162
DNA Sequencing......Page 166
Southern Blotting......Page 169
In situ Hybridization......Page 170
Northern Blotting......Page 171
Protein Engineering......Page 172
Polymerase Chain Reaction......Page 173
Reverse Genetics......Page 175
Ethics of DNA Testing for Inherited Disease......Page 180
Summary......Page 181
Review Questions......Page 182
Answers to Review Questions......Page 183
Attachment of an Amino Acid to Its tRNA......Page 186
Transfer RNA, the Anticodon, and the Wobble......Page 187
The Ribosome......Page 188
Ribosome-Binding Site......Page 191
Chain Initiation......Page 192
Elongation of the Protein Chain......Page 194
The Polyribosome......Page 196
Termination of Protein Synthesis......Page 197
Eukaryotic Protein Synthesis Is a Little More Complex......Page 198
Antibiotics and Protein Synthesis......Page 199
Summary......Page 201
Review Questions......Page 202
Answers to Review Questions......Page 203
9 PROTEIN STRUCTURE......Page 206
The Amino Acid Building Blocks......Page 207
The Unique Properties of Each Amino Acid......Page 211
Other Amino Acids Are Found in Nature......Page 214
The Three-Dimensional Structures of Proteins......Page 215
Hydrogen Bonds......Page 218
Disulfide Bonds......Page 222
Tertiary Structure: Domains and Motifs......Page 223
Quaternary Structure: Assemblies of Protein Subunits......Page 227
Prosthetic Groups......Page 228
The Primary Structure Contains all the Information Necessary to Specify Higher-Level Structures......Page 229
Further Reading......Page 232
Review Questions......Page 233
Answers to Review Questions......Page 234
Three Modes of Intracellular Protein Transport......Page 236
Transport to and from the Nucleus......Page 238
Gated Transport Through the Nuclear Pore......Page 239
GTPases in Nuclear Transport......Page 241
Transport to Peroxisomes......Page 244
Synthesis on the Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum......Page 246
Glycosylation: The Endoplasmic Reticulum and Golgi System......Page 248
The Principle of Fission and Fusion......Page 249
Coatomer-Coated Vesicles......Page 251
The Trans-Golgi Network and Protein Secretion......Page 252
Targeting Proteins to the Lysosome......Page 253
Fusion......Page 254
Summary......Page 255
Review Questions......Page 256
Answers to Review Questions......Page 257
How Proteins Bind Other Molecules......Page 260
Allosteric Effects......Page 261
Chemical Changes That Shift the Preferred Shape of a Protein......Page 263
Enzymes Are Protein Catalysts......Page 264
The Initial Velocity of an Enzyme Reaction......Page 265
Effect of Substrate Concentration on Initial Velocity......Page 267
The Effect of Enzyme Concentration......Page 268
Enzyme Catalysis......Page 270
Cofactors and Prosthetic Groups......Page 272
Enzymes Can Be Regulated......Page 274
Further Reading......Page 277
Review Questions......Page 278
Answers to Review Questions......Page 279
12 ENERGY TRADING WITHIN THE CELL......Page 280
Cellular Energy Currencies......Page 281
Nucleoside Triphosphates (ATP plus GTP, CTP, TTP, and UTP)......Page 282
The Hydrogen Ion Gradient Across the Mitochondrial Membrane......Page 284
The Sodium Gradient Across the Plasma Membrane......Page 285
Exchange Mechanisms Convert Between the Four Energy Currencies......Page 286
Electron Transport Chain......Page 288
ATP Synthase......Page 292
Sodium/Potassium ATPase......Page 293
Photosynthesis......Page 294
All Carriers Can Change Direction......Page 298
Review Questions......Page 301
Answers to Review Questions......Page 302
13 METABOLISM......Page 304
The Krebs Cycle: The Central Switching Yard of Metabolism......Page 306
From Glucose to Pyruvate: Glycolysis......Page 307
Glycolysis Without Oxygen......Page 309
Glycogen Can Provide Glucose for Glycolysis......Page 311
Glucose May Be Oxidized to Produce Pentose Sugars......Page 312
From Fats to Acetyl-CoA: β Oxidation......Page 313
Amino Acids as Another Source of Metabolic Energy......Page 315
Making Glucose: Gluconeogenesis......Page 318
Making Glycogen: Glycogenesis......Page 321
Synthesis of Amino Acids......Page 323
Carbon Fixation in Plants......Page 325
Feedback and Feedforward......Page 326
Feedforward Control in Muscle Cells......Page 327
Further Reading......Page 329
Review Questions......Page 330
Answers to Review Questions......Page 331
The Potassium Gradient and the Resting Voltage......Page 332
Potassium Channels Make the Plasma Membrane Permeable to Potassium Ions......Page 333
Concentration Gradients and Electrical Voltage Can Balance......Page 334
General Properties of Channels......Page 337
The Glucose Carrier......Page 339
The Sodium–Calcium Exchanger......Page 340
Carriers with an Enzymatic Action: The Calcium ATPase......Page 341
Review Questions......Page 345
Answers to Review Questions......Page 347
Effect of Egg Transmembrane Voltage on Sperm Fusion......Page 348
The Voltage-Gated Calcium Channel......Page 350
The Calcium Action Potential......Page 351
The Voltage-Gated Sodium Channel......Page 353
Electrical Transmission down a Nerve Cell Axon......Page 355
Myelination and Rapid Action Potential Transmission......Page 357
Summary......Page 360
Review Questions......Page 361
Answers to Review Questions......Page 362
Calcium Can Enter from the Extracellular Medium......Page 364
Calcium Can Be Released from the Endoplasmic Reticulum......Page 367
Processes Activated by Cytosolic Calcium Are Extremely Diverse......Page 371
Cyclic Adenosine Monophosphate......Page 373
Receptor Tyrosine Kinases and the MAP Kinase Cascade......Page 376
Protein Kinase B and the Glucose Transporter: How Insulin Works......Page 379
Crosstalk—Signaling Pathways or Signaling Webs?......Page 380
Summary......Page 382
Review Questions......Page 383
Answers to Review Questions......Page 384
Classifying Transmitters and Receptors......Page 386
Ionotropic Cell Surface Receptors......Page 387
Intercellular Communication in Action: The Gastrocnemius Muscle......Page 388
Telling the Muscle to Contract: The Action of Motoneurones......Page 390
Controlling the Blood Supply: Paracrine Transmitters......Page 391
New Blood Vessels in Growing Muscle......Page 394
Synapses Between Neurons......Page 395
Summary......Page 399
Review Questions......Page 400
Answers to Review Questions......Page 401
Microtubules......Page 404
Cilia and Flagella......Page 409
Intracellular Transport......Page 412
Microfilaments......Page 413
Muscle Contraction......Page 416
Cytoplasmic Streaming......Page 418
Anchoring Cell Junctions......Page 419
Review Questions......Page 421
Answers to Review Questions......Page 423
19 CELL CYCLE AND CONTROL OF CELL NUMBER......Page 424
Stages of Mitosis......Page 425
Meiosis and Fertilization......Page 427
Meiosis......Page 428
Fertilization and Inheritance......Page 429
Control of the Cell Division Cycle......Page 431
Molecular Regulation of the G2/M (Interphase/Mitosis) Cell Cycle Control Point......Page 433
What About the G1/S Control Point?......Page 435
Apoptosis......Page 438
Default Death: Absence of Growth Factors......Page 439
The Sick Are Left to Die: Stress-Activated Apoptosis......Page 440
Summary......Page 442
Review Questions......Page 443
Answers to Review Questions......Page 444
Cystic Fibrosis is a Severe Genetic Disease......Page 446
The Fundamental Lesion in Cystic Fibrosis Lies in Chloride Transport......Page 447
Homing in on the CF Gene......Page 448
The CFTR Gene Codes for a Chloride Ion Channel......Page 449
Gene Therapy for CF......Page 450
Diagnostic Tests for CF......Page 454
The Future......Page 455
Further Reading......Page 456
Review Questions......Page 457
Answers to Review Questions......Page 458
APPENDIX: CHANNELS AND CARRIERS......Page 460
GLOSSARY......Page 464
INDEX......Page 524