Case-based Approach to Common Neurological Disorders

✍ Scribed by Krishna Kumar Oli, Gentle Sunder Shrestha, Rajeev Ojha, Pramod Kumar Pal, Sanjay Pandey, Bibhukalyani Das

• Publisher: Springer
• Year: 2024
• Tongue: English
• Leaves: 313
• Category: Library

✦ Table of Contents

Contents
About the Editors
Part I: CNS Infections
1: Japanese Encephalitis
Case Scenario
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Epidemiology
1.3 Pathogenesis
1.4 Pathology
1.5 Clinical Manifestation
1.6 Diagnosis
1.7 Differential Diagnosis
1.7.1 Herpes Simplex Encephalitis
1.7.2 Acute Disseminated Encephalomyelitis
1.8 Treatment
1.9 Prognosis
References
2: Herpes Encephalitis
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Epidemiology
2.3 Pathology
2.4 Pathogenesis
2.5 Clinical Manifestation
2.6 Diagnosis
2.7 Differential Diagnosis
2.7.1 Japanese Encephalitis
2.7.2 Brain Abscess
2.7.3 Treatment and Prognosis
References
3: Acute Bacterial Meningitis
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Epidemiology
3.3 Pathogenesis
3.3.1 Clinical Features
3.4 Differential Diagnosis
3.5 Diagnosis
3.6 Treatment
3.7 Prognosis
References
4: Cryptococcal Meningoencephalitis
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Epidemiology
4.3 Pathophysiology
4.4 Clinical Manifestations
4.5 Diagnosis
4.6 Differential Diagnosis
4.7 Treatment
4.8 Prognosis
References
5: Neurocysticercosis
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Epidemiology
5.3 Lifecycle of the Parasite
5.4 Clinical Manifestations
5.4.1 Epilepsy/Seizures
5.4.2 Focal Neurological Deficits
5.4.3 Raised Intracranial Pressure
5.4.4 Cognitive Decline
5.5 Diagnosis
5.6 Neuroimaging
5.7 Laboratory and Immunological Diagnosis
5.8 Diagnostic Criteria
5.9 Degrees of Diagnostic Certainty
5.10 Treatment
5.11 Treatment of Extraparenchymal Neurocysticercosis
5.12 Prevention and Control of Parasites
References
6: Tetanus
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Epidemiology
6.3 Microbiology
6.4 Natural History of Disease
6.5 Pathophysiology
6.6 Clinical Manifestation
6.6.1 Severity Grading
6.7 Diagnosis
6.8 Differential Diagnosis
6.9 Treatment
6.9.1 Intensive Care
6.9.2 Other Adjunct Therapies
6.9.3 Other Supportive Care
6.10 Vaccination
6.11 Complications
6.11.1 Prognosis
References
7: Tubercular Meningitis
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Epidemiology
7.3 Pathophysiology
7.4 Clinical Manifestations
7.5 Neurological Complications in TB Meningitis
7.6 Diagnosis
7.7 Treatment and Prognosis
References
8: Subacute Sclerosing Panencephalitis
8.1 Introduction
8.2 History
8.3 Epidemiology of SSPE Relative to Measles
8.4 Pathogenesis
8.5 Pathology
8.6 Clinical Manifestations
8.6.1 Classical SSPE
8.7 Criteria for Diagnosis of SSPE
8.8 Non-classical or Atypical SSPE
8.9 Fulminant SSPE
8.10 Protracted Course in SSPE
8.11 SSPE in Adults
8.12 HIV and Measles
8.13 Investigations
8.14 Differential Diagnosis
8.15 Missed Diagnosis of SSPE
8.16 Treatment
References
9: Brain Abscess
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Etiology
9.3 Bacterial Brain Abscess
9.4 Fungal Brain Abscess
9.5 Protozoal and Helminthic Brain Abscess
9.6 Mycobacterial Abscesses
9.7 Pathogenesis and Pathophysiology
9.8 Clinical Presentation
9.9 Diagnosis
9.10 Differential Diagnosis
9.11 Treatment
References
Part II: Cardiovascular Disorders
10: Acute Ischemic Stroke
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Epidemiology
10.3 Risk Factors
10.4 Clinical Features
10.5 Diagnosis
10.6 Treatment
10.7 Exclusion Criteria for Treatment with t-PA [21*]
10.8 Special Considerations in a Select Group of  Patients [21]
10.9 Secondary Prevention of Acute Ischemic Stroke
References
11: Subarachnoid Hemorrhage
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Epidemiology
11.3 Pathophysiology
11.4 Etiology of SAH
11.4.1 Traumatic SAH
11.4.2 Spontaneous SAH
11.5 Clinical Manifestation
11.6 Grading of SAH
11.7 Diagnosis
11.7.1 Diagnostic Tools
11.7.1.1 Computed Tomography
11.7.1.2 Lumbar Puncture
11.7.2 Angiographic Studies
11.7.2.1 CT Cerebral Angiography
11.7.2.2 Digital Subtraction Angiography
11.7.2.3 Magnetic Resonance Imaging and MR Angiography
11.7.3 Differential Diagnosis
11.8 Management
11.8.1 Acute Phase
11.8.1.1 Initial Stabilization
11.8.1.2 Prevention of Rebleeding
11.8.1.3 Management of Intracranial Hypertension
11.8.1.4 Management of Hydrocephalus
11.8.1.5 Management of Seizure
11.8.1.6 Management of Cardiopulmonary Dysfunction
11.8.2 Subacute Phase
11.8.3 Chronic/Delayed Phase
11.8.3.1 Prevention of Vasospasm and DCI
Nimodipine
Magnesium
Statins
Clazosentan
11.9 Other Treatments
11.9.1 Treatment for Vasospasm and Delayed Cerebral Ischemia
11.10 Recent Advances in the Management of Ruptured Aneurysm
11.10.1 Endovascular Flow Diversion
11.11 Prognosis
References
12: Intracerebral Hemorrhage
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Epidemiology
12.3 Diagnosis
12.3.1 Interpreting the CT Scan
12.4 Management of BP
12.4.1 Correction of Coagulopathy
12.4.2 Surgical Management
12.4.3 Ancillary Management
12.5 Prognosis
References
13: Cerebral Sinus and Venous Thrombosis
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Relevant Anatomy
13.3 Pathophysiology
13.4 Etiology
13.5 Clinical Features
13.6 Diagnosis
13.7 Management
13.7.1 Anticoagulations
13.7.2 Management of Early Complications
13.8 Prognosis
References
14: Large Hemispheric Stroke
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Pathophysiology
14.3 Clinical Features
14.4 Imaging
14.5 Management
14.6 Prognosis
14.7 Future Directions
References
Part III: Epilepsy
15: Childhood Absence Epilepsy
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Epidemiology
15.3 Pathophysiology
15.4 Genetics
15.5 Diagnosis
15.6 Treatment
15.7 Outcomes
References
16: Status Epilepticus
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Etiology and Pathophysiology
16.3 Definition/Classification
16.4 Diagnosis
16.4.1 Continuous EEG Monitoring
16.5 Treatment
16.6 Outcome
References
Part IV: Neuromuscular Diseases
17: Myasthenia Gravis
17.1 Introduction
17.2 Pathophysiology
17.3 Clinical Presentation
17.4 MuSK Myasthenia
17.5 MGFA Classification of Myasthenia Gravis
17.6 Investigations
17.7 Electrophysiological Test
17.8 Thymus and Myasthenia
17.9 Management
17.9.1 Pharmacological Treatment
17.9.2 Autoimmune Treatment
17.9.3 Plasma Exchange and Intravenous Immunoglobulin
17.9.4 Newer Treatments
17.10 Thymectomy
References
18: Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
18.1 Introduction
18.2 Epidemiology
18.3 Phenotypes and Clinical Features
18.4 Pathogenesis
18.5 Diagnostic Criteria of ALS
18.6 Investigations
18.6.1 Nerve Conduction Studies (NCS)
18.6.2 Electromyography (EMG)
18.6.3 Repetitive Nerve Stimulation and Single-Fiber EMG
18.6.4 Neuroimaging Findings in ALS
18.6.5 Other Investigations
18.7 Familial ALS (FALS)
18.8 ALS Management and Multidisciplinary Approach
18.8.1 Dietary Supplements
References
19: Myotonic Dystrophy
19.1 Introduction
19.2 Epidemiology
19.3 Pathogenesis
19.4 Clinical Manifestations
19.4.1 Diagnosis
19.4.2 EMG
19.4.3 Differential Diagnosis
19.4.4 Treatment and Prognosis
References
20: Guillain-Barré Syndrome
20.1 Introduction
20.2 Epidemiology
20.3 Pathology
20.4 Pathogenesis
20.5 Clinical Manifestation
20.6 Diagnosis
20.7 Differential Diagnosis
20.7.1 Chronic Inflammatory Demyelinating Polyneuropathy (CIDP)
20.7.2 Myasthenia Gravis
20.8 Treatment
20.9 Prognosis
References
21: Inflammatory Muscle Diseases
21.1 Introduction
21.2 Incidence
21.3 Dermatomyositis (DM)
21.4 Polymyositis (PM)
21.4.1 Muscle Pathology
21.5 Necrotizing Myopathy (NM)
21.5.1 Muscle Pathology
21.6 Overlap Myositis (OM)
21.6.1 Muscle Pathology
21.7 Inclusion Body Myositis (IBM)
21.7.1 Muscle Pathology
21.7.2 Pathogenesis
21.8 Laboratory Investigations
21.9 MRI Findings in Inflammatory Muscle Diseases
21.9.1 Course of Illness
21.9.2 Risk of Malignancy and Extramuscular Manifestations in Myositis
21.9.3 Treatment
21.10 Management of Inclusion Body Myositis
References
Part V: Neuroimmunology
22: Optic Neuritis
22.1 Introduction
22.2 Anatomy
22.3 Epidemiology
22.4 Pathophysiology
22.5 Symptoms and Signs
22.6 Investigations and Laboratory Workup
22.7 Differential Diagnosis
22.7.1 Anterior Ischemic Optic Neuropathy (AION)
22.7.2 Compressive and Infiltrative Optic Neuropathy
22.7.3 Infectious Optic Neuropathy
22.7.4 Hereditary Optic Neuropathy
22.8 Management
22.9 Prognosis
References
23: Autoimmune Encephalitis
23.1 Introduction
23.2 Epidemiology
23.3 Pathophysiology
23.4 Clinical Manifestations
23.5 Diagnosis
23.5.1 Electroencephalography (EEG)
23.5.2 Imaging
23.5.3 Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) Analysis
23.5.4 Autoantibody Test
23.5.5 Investigating for Malignancy
23.6 Differential Diagnosis
23.7 Treatment and Prognosis
References
Part VI: Movement Disorders
24: Progressive Supranuclear Palsy
24.1 Introduction
24.2 Aetiopathogenesis
24.2.1 Aetiology
24.2.1.1 Genetics
24.2.1.2 Environmental Factors and Mitochondrial Dysfunction
24.2.2 Neuropathology
24.3 Clinical Features
24.3.1 Motor Symptoms
24.3.1.1 Postural Instability and Falls
24.3.1.2 Extrapyramidal Signs
24.3.2 Ocular Motor Abnormalities
24.3.2.1 Early Stage
24.3.2.2 Middle Stage
24.3.2.3 Late Stage
24.3.3 Behavioural and Cognitive Features
24.3.4 Speech, Swallowing and Other Neurological Signs
24.4 Diagnostic Criteria
24.5 Differential Diagnosis
24.6 Investigations
24.7 Management
24.7.1 Medication
24.7.2 Physical Therapy and Other Supportive Measures
24.8 Conclusion
References
25: Multiple System Atrophy
25.1 Introduction
25.2 Epidemiology
25.3 Pathology
25.3.1 Macroscopy
25.3.2 Histopathology
25.4 Pathogenesis
25.5 Clinical Manifestation
25.6 Autonomic Dysfunction
25.6.1 Pyramidal Signs
25.6.2 Cognitive Dysfunction and Behavioral Disturbances
25.6.3 Sleep Disturbances
25.6.4 Red Flags
25.7 Diagnosis
25.7.1 Clinical Diagnostic Criteria
25.7.2 Imaging
25.7.3 Cardiac Autonomic Function Tests
25.7.4 Sudomotor Testing
25.7.5 Urological Evaluation
25.7.6 Olfactory Tests
25.7.7 Other Investigations
25.7.8 Unified MSA Rating Scale (UMSARS)
25.8 Differential Diagnosis
25.9 Treatment and Prognosis
25.9.1 Parkinsonism
25.9.2 Camptocormia
25.9.3 Focal Dystonia
25.9.4 Cerebellar Dysfunction
25.9.5 Orthostatic Hypotension
25.9.6 Supine Hypertension/Nocturnal Hypertension
25.9.7 Postprandial Hypotension (PPH)
25.9.8 Urological Dysfunction
25.9.9 Sexual Dysfunction
25.9.10 Respiratory Dysfunction
25.9.11 Gastrointestinal Dysfunction
25.9.12 REM Behavior Disorder
25.9.13 Depression
25.10 Prognosis of MSA
References
26: Lower-Body Parkinsonism
26.1 Introduction
26.1.1 Vascular (Arteriosclerotic) Parkinsonism (VP)
26.1.1.1 Epidemiology
26.1.1.2 Clinical Features
26.1.1.3 Aetiology
26.1.1.4 Pathology
26.1.1.5 Mechanism
26.1.1.6 Diagnostic Criteria
26.1.1.7 Imaging in VP
26.1.1.8 Treatment of VP
26.1.2 Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus (NPH)
26.1.2.1 Epidemiology
26.1.2.2 Clinical Presentation
26.1.2.3 Imaging
26.1.2.4 Comorbidities
26.1.2.5 CSF Tap Test/Lumbar Drainage
26.1.2.6 CSF Infusion Test
26.1.2.7 Treatment of NPH
References
27: Childhood Dystonia
27.1 Introduction
27.2 Common Causes of Acquired Dystonia
27.3 Dystonia Mimics
27.3.1 Spasmus Nutans
27.3.2 Sandifer Syndrome
27.3.3 Satoyoshi Syndrome
27.4 Genetic Dystonia
27.5 Approach to Childhood Dystonia
27.6 Treatment
References
28: Neurodegeneration with Brain Iron Accumulation
28.1 Introduction
28.2 Epidemiology
28.3 Etiology
28.4 Pathogenesis
28.5 Clinical Features
28.6 Pantothenate Kinase-Associated Neurodegeneration (PKAN)
28.7 Phospholipase A2-Associated Neurodegeneration (PLAN)
28.8 Mitochondrial Membrane Protein-Associated Neurodegeneration (MPAN)
28.9 Beta-Propeller Protein-Associated Neurodegeneration (BPAN)
28.10 Fatty Acid Hydroxylase-Associated Neurodegeneration (FAHN)
28.11 Coenzyme A Synthase Protein-Associated Neurodegeneration (CoPAN)
28.12 Kufor-Rakeb Syndrome
28.13 Neuroferritinopathy
28.14 Aceruloplasminemia
28.15 Woodhouse-Sakati Syndrome
28.16 Idiopathic NBIA
28.17 Diagnosis
28.18 Differential Diagnosis
28.19 Treatment
References
29: Frontotemporal Dementia
29.1 Introduction
29.2 Epidemiology of Frontotemporal Dementia
29.3 Clinical Features of FTD
29.4 Behavioural-Variant Frontotemporal Dementia (bvFTD)
29.5 Diagnostic Criteria
29.6 Molecular Pathology
29.7 Genetics in FTD
29.8 Clinical, Pathological, and Genetic Correlations in FTD
29.9 Imaging in bvFTD
29.10 Patient Management and Future Challenges
References
30: Parkinson’s Disease
30.1 Introduction
30.2 Classification
30.3 Clinical Features
30.3.1 Motor
30.3.2 Non-Motor
30.4 Causes
30.4.1 Environmental Factors and Genetics
30.5 Epidemiology
30.6 Pathophysiology
30.7 Diagnosis
30.8 Imaging
30.9 Management
30.10 Gene Therapy
30.11 Prognosis
References
Part VII: Others
31: Trigeminal Neuralgia
31.1 Introduction
31.2 Clinical Picture
31.3 Epidemiology
31.4 Pathophysiology
31.5 Diagnostic Criteria and Sub-classification as per International Association for the Study of Pain (IASP)
31.6 Differential Diagnosis of TN
31.7 Management
References
32: Hypoxic Ischemic Encephalopathy
32.1 Introduction
32.2 Epidemiology
32.3 Pathophysiology
32.4 Clinical Manifestations
32.5 Management and Prognostication
References
33: Coma and Vegetative State
33.1 Introduction
33.2 Anatomy and Pathophysiological Basis of Coma
33.3 Etiology of Coma
33.4 Immediate Assessment of the Comatose Patients
33.5 Fundoscopy in a Comatose Patient
33.6 Neurological Assessment in Coma
33.7 Pupils in Comatose Patient
33.8 Ocular Movements in a Comatose Patient
33.9 Coma and Respiration
33.10 Assessment of the Motor Function
33.11 Rapid Management of the Comatose Patients
33.12 Prognosis of Coma
References
34: Metabolic Syndromes in Neurology
34.1 Introduction
34.2 Small-Molecule Disorders
34.3 Large-Molecule Disorders
References
35: Traumatic Brain Injury
35.1 Introduction
35.2 Epidemiology
35.3 Pathophysiology
35.4 Classification
35.4.1 Mild TBI/Concussion
35.4.2 Moderate and Severe TBI
35.5 Types of Injury
35.6 Management of TBI
35.6.1 ICP Monitoring and Management
35.6.2 Cerebral Perfusion Pressure
35.6.3 Post-traumatic Seizures
35.6.4 Nutrition
35.7 Rehabilitation and Outcome
References
36: Spinal Cord Injury
36.1 Introduction
36.1.1 Classification
36.1.2 Initial Stabilization
36.1.3 Evaluation
36.1.4 Instability
36.1.5 Neurological Classification
36.1.6 Imaging
36.1.7 Airway Management
36.1.8 Cardiovascular Management
36.2 Decompressive Surgery
36.3 The Surgical Timing
36.3.1 Intravenous Methylprednisolone
36.3.2 Neuroprotection
36.3.3 Neurodegeneration
References
37: Alzheimer’s Disease
37.1 Introduction
37.2 Epidemiology
37.3 Clinical Features
37.3.1 Diagnostic Criteria
37.3.2 Role of Biomarkers in the Diagnosis of AD
37.4 Genetics
37.4.1 Pathology
37.4.2 Differential Diagnosis
37.4.3 Treatment
References
38: Intracranial Hypertension
38.1 Pathophysiology of Intracranial Hypertension
38.2 Clinical Features
38.3 Monitoring of ICP
38.4 Management of Raised ICP
References