Cardiorespiratory Care – an evidence-based, problem solving approach.

✍ Scribed by HOUGH, A.

• Publisher: Elsevier
• Year: 2018
• Tongue: English
• Leaves: 773
• Edition: 5
• Category: Library

✦ Table of Contents

Front Cover
Evolve page
Hough's Cardiorespiratory Care
Copyright Page
Table Of Contents
Dedication
Preface
Acknowledgements
Contributors List
About the Author
I Physiology and pathology
1 Physiological Basis of Clinical Practice
Outline
Learning Objectives
Defence
Nose
Oral Cavity
Pharynx
Airways
Cough
Other Defences
Control
Mechanics
The Respiratory Muscles
Inspiration
Expiration
Pressures
Resistance
Airflow resistance
Elastic resistance
Compliance
Work of Breathing
Inspiratory muscle fatigue
Inspiratory muscle weakness
Ventilation
Diffusion
Perfusion
Ventilation/Perfusion Ratio
Arterial Blood Gases
Oxygen Dissociation Curve
Upper flat portion of the curve
Steep portion of the curve
Shift of the curve
Hypoxaemia and Hypoxia
Hypoxaemia
Hypoxia
Effects of hypoxaemia and hypoxia
Hypercapnia
Interpretation
Other Indices of Oxygenation
Acid–Base Balance
Buffers
Regulation
Interpretation
The Oxygen Cascade
Variations
Effects of Obesity
Effects of Smoking
Effects of Stress
Effects of Sleep
Effects of Immobility
Turning, Sitting and Standing Up
Effects of Exercise
Case Study: Ms Ll
Relevant medical history
Subjective
Objective
Questions
Response to Case Study
Recommended Reading
2 Assessment
Outline
Learning Objectives
Introduction
Background Information
Handover
Notes
Charts
Biochemistry
Urea and electrolytes
Albumin
Microbiology
Haematology
Cytology and histology
Arterial blood gases
Subjective Assessment
Patient History
Cardiorespiratory Symptoms
Breathlessness
Cough
Secretions
Wheeze
Other Symptoms
Activities of Daily Living
Observation
Breathing Pattern
General Appearance
Confusion
Respiratory rate
Chest shape
Colour
Hands
Oedema
Sputum
Palpation
Abdomen
Chest Expansion
Percussion Note
Hydration
Trachea
Capillary Refill Time
Tactile Vocal Fremitus
Auscultation
Technique
Breath Sounds
Added Sounds
Voice Sounds
Imaging
Systematic Analysis
Preliminary checks
Trachea
Heart
Hila
Diaphragm
Lung fields
Bones
Artefact
Lateral Film
Other Tests
Tomography
Magnetic resonance imaging
Fluoroscopy
Functional respiratory imaging
Respiratory Function Tests
Working Definitions
Airflow Obstruction
Peak flow
Spirometry
Measurements independent of effort
Lung Volumes
Respiratory Muscle Function
Other Tests
O2 and CO2
Maximum oxygen consumption (V̇O2max)
Oxygen cost of breathing
Ventilation/perfusion distribution
Ultrasonography
Exhaled breath
Exercise tests
Case Study: Ms DT
Relevant medical history
Social history
Drug history
Subjective
Objective
Question
Response to Case Study
Recommended Reading
3 Respiratory Disorders
Outline
Learning Objectives
Introduction
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
Causes
Pathophysiology, Clinical Features and Comorbidities
Chronic bronchitis
Emphysema
Alpha1-antitrypsin deficiency
Chronic bronchitis and emphysema
Further comorbidities and clinical features
Tests
General Management
Drug Management
Surgical Management
Physiotherapy
Stable Disease
Exacerbation
End Stage Disease
Outcomes
Asthma
Causes
Pathophysiology
Classification and Clinical Features
Tests
General Management
Medical Management
Drugs for chronic asthma
Drugs for acute asthma
Physiotherapy
Breathing retraining
Exercise
Physical assistance for acute asthma
Outcomes
Bronchiectasis
Causes
Pathophysiology
Clinical Features
Tests
Medical Treatment
Physiotherapy
Cystic Fibrosis
Pathophysiology
Comorbidities
Clinical Features
Tests
General Management
Education
Oxygen therapy
Nutrition
Medication
Assisted ventilation
Surgery
Future therapies
Physiotherapy
Precautions
Outcomes
Primary Ciliary Dyskinesia
Inhaled Foreign Body
Interstitial Lung Disease
Pathophysiology and Comorbidities
Classification
Clinical Features
Tests
General Management
Physiotherapy
Pleural Disorders
Pleurisy
Pleural Effusion
Empyema
Pneumothorax
Types of pneumothorax
Treatment
Neuromuscular Disorders
Clinical Features and Monitoring
Classification
General Management
Management of Chronic Aspiration
Respiratory Physiotherapy
Skeletal Disorders
Kyphosis, Scoliosis and Kyphoscoliosis
Ankylosing Spondylitis
Pigeon Chest and Funnel Chest
Chest Infections
Respiratory Tract Infection
Pneumonia
Mini case study: Ms TP
Background
Subjective
Objective
Questions
Bronchopneumonia
Lobar pneumonia
Aspiration pneumonia
Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia
Legionella pneumonia
BOOP or COP
Hospital-acquired pneumonia
Response to mini case study
Pulmonary Tuberculosis (TB)
Aspergillosis
Abscess
Lung Cancer
Clinical Features
Classification
General Management
Physiotherapy
Complications
Outcomes
Cardiorespiratory Manifestations of Systemic Disease
HIV and AIDS
Sleep Apnoea
Kidney Disease
Liver Disease
Sickle Cell Disease (SCD)
Gastro-oesophageal Reflux disease (GORD)
Diabetes Mellitus
Inflammatory Bowel Disease
Drug-Induced Cardiorespiratory Disease
Respiratory Failure
Case Study: Mr MB
Background
Subjective
Objective
Questions
Response to Case Study
Recommended Reading
4 Cardiovascular Disorders
Outline
Learning Objectives
Introduction
Hypertension
Classification of Systemic Hypertension
Physiology
Pathophysiology of Systemic Hypertension
Clinical Features of Systemic Hypertension
Tests for Systemic Hypertension
Treatment of Systemic Hypertension
Lifestyle
Drugs
Heart Failure
Causes
Classification
Left ventricular failure
Right ventricular failure
Congestive cardiac failure
Pathophysiology
Clinical Features
Pulmonary oedema
Tests
Management
Coronary Heart Disease
Causes
Pathophysiology
Atherosclerosis
Myocardial ischaemia
Myocardial infarction
Classification and Clinical Features
Stable angina
Acute coronary syndrome
Tests
Prevention and Treatment
Drugs
Angioplasty
Surgery
Arrhythmias
Tests
Clinical Implications of Arrhythmias
Peripheral Arterial Disease
Causes
Clinical Features
Tests
Treatment
Aneurysms
Causes
Clinical Features
Complications
Tests
Treatment
Thromboembolism
Thrombosis
Pulmonary Embolism
Case Study: MS GF
Background
Nurse report
Subjective
Objective
Questions
Response to Case Study
Recommended Reading
5 General Management
Outline
Learning Objectives
Oxygen Therapy
Indications and Limitations
Complications
Delivery Devices
Low-flow (variable performance) mask
High-flow (fixed performance) mask
Reservoir systems
Tusk mask
Nasal cannula
High-flow nasal cannula (Fig. 5.8)
Nasopharyngeal catheter
Transtracheal catheter
Head box
T-piece
Acute Oxygen Therapy
Patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
Patients with other conditions
Home Oxygen
Long-term oxygen therapy
Ambulatory oxygen
Palliative oxygen therapy
Short-burst oxygen therapy
Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy
Heliox
Nutrition
Causes of Poor Nutrition in Cardiorespiratory Patients
Effects of Poor Nutrition
Management
Respiratory Drugs
Drugs for Inflammation
Drugs for Bronchospasm
Drugs for Breathlessness
Drugs to Help Clear Secretions
Drugs for Smoking Cessation
Drugs for Infection
Drugs to Inhibit Coughing
Drugs to Improve Ventilation
Drugs to Improve Sleep
Delivery Devices
Inhalers (Fig. 5.15)
Small-volume nebulizers
Inhaler or nebulizer?
Bronchoscopy and Lavage
Case Study: Mr FJ
History of present complaint
Medication
Social history
Subjective
Objective
Questions
Response to Case Study
Recommended Reading
II Physiotherapy techniques
6 Physiotherapy to Increase Lung Volume
Outline
Learning Objectives
Introduction to Cardiorespiratory Physiotherapy
What Is Loss of Lung Volume and Does It Matter?
Controlled Mobilization
Positioning
The Physiology of Positioning
Positioning for Lung Volume
Positioning for Gas Exchange
Breathing Exercises to Increase Lung Volume
Deep Breathing
End-Inspiratory Hold
Abdominal Breathing
Sniff
Neurophysiological Facilitation of Respiration
Rib Springing
Incentive Spirometry
Continuous Positive Airway Pressure (CPAP)
Effects and Indications
Complications
Contraindications and Precautions
Technique
Intermittent Positive Pressure Breathing (IPPB)
Indications
Effects
Complications
Contraindications and Precautions
Technique for the Bird
Problems
Outcomes
Case Study: MS MB
Social history
History of present complaint
Subjective
Objective
Questions
Response to Case Study
Recommended Reading
7 Physiotherapy to Clear Secretions
Outline
Learning Objectives
Sputum in Perspective
Are Excess Secretions a Problem?
What is the Specific Problem?
Hydration and Humidification
Classification
Hydration
Hot water humidification
Cold water bubble humidification
Nebulized humidification
Heat–moisture exchange
Complications
Indications
Technique
Exercise
Breathing Techniques
Active Cycle of Breathing Techniques
Mechanism
Technique
Autogenic Drainage
Indications
Effects
Technique
Postural Drainage
Effects
Technique
Indications
Contraindications to Head-Down Postural Drainage
Precautions to Head-Down Postural Drainage
Manual Techniques
Effects
Technique
Contraindications
Precautions
Mechanical Aids
Positive Expiratory Pressure
Indications
Contraindications
Technique
Variations
Oscillatory Positive Expiratory Pressure
Bubble PEP
Flutter
Acapella
Shaker
Cornet
Lung Flute
Machines
High-frequency chest compressors
Intrapulmonary percussors
High-frequency oscillators
Intermittent positive pressure breathing
Hydroacoustic therapy
Cough
Cough Facilitation
Manually assisted cough
Mechanically assisted cough
Cough Control
Suction
Indications
Catheters
Complications
Contraindications
Precautions
Technique
Nasopharyngeal Airway
Minitracheostomy
Home Suction
Outcomes for Airway Clearance
Case Study: MS
Social history
Home management
Subjective
Objective
Questions
Response to Case Study
Recommended Reading
8 Physiotherapy to Decrease the Work of Breathing
Outline
Learning Objectives
Introduction
Breathlessness
Causes
Physiology
Mechanical inputs
Cortical inputs
Chemical inputs
Effects on the Patient
Management
Handling Breathless People
Desensitization to Breathlessness
Fan
Positioning
Mechanical Input
Quality of Movement
Thoracic Mobility
Other Respiratory Problems
Loss of lung volume
Sputum retention
Sleep, Rest and Relaxation
Breathing Re-education
Preliminaries
Rhythmic Breathing
Abdominal Breathing
Square Breathing
Yoga Breathing
Prolonged Exhalation
Pursed Lips Breathing
Exercise and Pacing
Noninvasive Ventilation
Noninvasive Ventilation for Acute Disorders
Noninvasive Ventilation for Chronic Disorders
Criteria
Contraindications, Precautions and Complications
Mode of Action
Interface
Technique
Other Ventilators
Outcomes
Discharge From Physiotherapy
Case Study: Ms Ab
Relevant medical history
History of present complaint
Family history
Social history
Subjective
Objective
Questions
Response to Case Study
Recommended Reading
9 Pulmonary Rehabilitation
Outline
Learning Objectives
Introduction
Effects
Participants
The Setup
Resources
Structure and timing
Assessment
Background Information
Subjective
Exercise Tests
Six-minute walk distance
Incremental shuttle walk test
Endurance shuttle test
Other tests
Education
Motivation
Understanding Reactions to the Disease
Exercise Training
Effects
Mechanism of Training
Safety
Technique
Preliminaries
Exercise prescription
Progression
Respiratory Muscle Training
Rationale
Effects
Indications and Precautions
Technique
Energy Conservation
Activities of Daily Living
Stress Reduction
Relaxation
Complementary therapies
Follow-Up
Outcomes
Case Study: Mr Eh
Background
Subjective
Objective
Questions
Response to Case Study
Recommended Reading
10 Physiotherapy for People With Cardiovascular Disorders
Outline
Learning Objectives
Introduction
Physiotherapy for People With Heart Failure
Education
Exercise
Management of Patients With Acute Disease
Physiotherapy for People With Coronary Heart Disease – Overview
Physiotherapy for People With Peripheral Arterial Disease
Education
Exercise
Case Study: Mr BG
Background
Nurse report
Subjective
Objective
Questions
Response to Case Study
Recommended Reading
11 Cardiac Rehabilitation
Outline
Learning Objectives
Introduction
Structure
Inpatient Period
Early Postdischarge Period
Intermediate Postdischarge Period
Long-Term Maintenance
Education
Exercise
Assessment
Safety
Procedure
Relaxation
Follow-Up
Outcomes
Exercise Capacity
Quality of Life
Case Study: Mr Te
Background
Nurse report
Subjective
Objective
Questions
Response to Case Study
Recommended Reading
III Surgery
12 Complications
Outline
Learning Objectives
Introduction to Surgery
Cardiorespiratory Complications
Atelectasis
Hypoxaemia
Chest Infection
Haemodynamic Instability
Ventilatory Instability
Obstructive Sleep Apnoea
Thromboembolism
Other Complications
Case Study: Mr MF
From notes
Subjective
Objective
Questions
Response to Case Study
Recommended Reading
13 Physiotherapy for Surgical Patients
Outline
Learning Objectives
Preoperative Physiotherapy
Preoperative Teamwork
Pain Management
Effects of Pain
Assessment
Handling Patients in Pain
Medication
Postoperative Physiotherapy
Mobility
Positioning
Breathing Exercises
Prevention of Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT)
Discharge and Outcomes
Case Study: Mr MW
Social history
Subjective
Objective
Questions
Response to Case Study
Recommended Reading
14 Modifications for Different Types of Surgery
Outline
Learning Objectives
Abdominal Surgery
Complications
Oxygen, Fluids and Nutrition
Physiotherapy
Lung Surgery
Procedures
Complications
Physiotherapy
Pleural Surgery
Chest Drains
Procedure
Mechanism
Management
Complications
Heart Surgery
Procedures
Complications
Physiotherapy
Transplantation
Procedures
Complications
Heart
Lung
Physiotherapy
Repair of Aortic Coarctation
Oesophagectomy
Breast Surgery
Head and Neck Surgery
Head and Neck Cancers
Complications
Physiotherapy
Tracheostomy
Tracheostomy Tubes
Complications
Management
Humidification
Communication
Nutrition
Inner tube change
Blocked Tracheostomy Tube
Discharge
Case study: Mr LS
Subjective
Objective
Questions
Response to Case Study
Recommended Reading
IV Physiotherapy for specific groups of people
15 Infants
Outline
Learning Objectives
Introduction
How the Neonatal Cardiorespiratory System Works
Prematurity
Care of the Family
Medical Conditions
Meconium Aspiration Syndrome
Persistent Pulmonary Hypertension of the Newborn
Intraventricular Haemorrhage
Pulmonary Haemorrhage
Respiratory Distress Syndrome
Chronic Lung Disease (CLD) of Prematurity
Bronchiolitis
Tracheobronchomalacia
Spinal Muscular Atrophy
Gastro-Oesophageal Reflux
Surgical Conditions
Congenital Heart Disease (CHD)
Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia
Necrotizing Enterocolitis
Oesophageal Atresia With Tracheo-Oesophageal Fistula
Neonatal Intensive Care
Stress Management
Noise and light
Sleep
Pain
Support Systems
Humidification and temperature regulation
Oxygen therapy
Nutrition
Drugs
Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP)
Noninvasive ventilation
Mechanical ventilation
Physiotherapy
Consent
Assessment
History
Subjective
Objective
Monitoring
Indications for Treatment
Contraindications
Precautions
Methods to Increase Lung Volume
Positioning
Hyperinflation
Methods to Reduce the Work of Breathing
Methods to Clear Secretions
Assisted autogenic drainage
Postural drainage
Percussion and vibrations
Mechanical insufflation–exsufflation
Suction
Nonbronchoscopic bronchoalveolar lavage (NBBAL)
Exercise and Rehabilitation
Case Study: Holly
Questions
Response to Case Study
Case Study: Jack
Observations
Auscultation
Questions
Response to Case Study
Recommended Reading
16 Children
Outline
Learning Objectives
Introduction
Differences Between Children and Adults
Cardiorespiratory Conditions
Cystic Fibrosis
Asthma
Chest Infections
Croup
Epiglottitis
Pneumonia
Pertussis (whooping cough)
Paediatric Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS)
Inhaled Foreign Body
Hypertension
Conduction Disorders
Hyperventilation Syndrome
Conditions With Cardiorespiratory Complications
Gastro-oesophageal Reflux Disease
Neuromuscular Conditions
Trauma
Surgery
Preoperative Care
Postoperative Care
Paediatric Intensive Care Unit (PICU)
Pain Management
Oxygen Therapy
Respiratory Drugs
Continuous Positive Airway Pressure and Noninvasive Ventilation
Mechanical Ventilation
Extubation
Tracheostomy
Physiotherapy
Consent
Assessment
Subjective
Objective
Precautions
Methods to Increase Lung Volume
Methods to Reduce the Work of Breathing
Methods to Clear Secretions
Mucociliary clearance
Cough
Suction
Exercise and Rehabilitation
Transition
Palliative Care
Case Study: Mark
Questions
Response to Case Study
Case Study: Hannah
Questions
Response to Case Study
Recommended Reading
17 Hyperventilation Syndrome
Outline
Learning Objectives
Introduction
Causes, Triggers and Effects
Pathophysiology
Clinical Features
Assessment
Subjective
Objective
Questionnaires
Tests
Education
Breathing Retraining
Awareness of Breathing
Nose Breathing
Relaxation
Abdominal Breathing
Reducing the Minute Volume
Variations
Management of Panic Attacks
Progression and Integration
Outcomes
Case Study: Ms SJ
Relevant medical history
History of present complaint
Social history
Subjective
Objective
Questions
Response to Case Study
Outcomes: sequence
Recommended Reading
18 Elderly People With Cardiorespiratory Disease
Outline
Learning Objectives
Normal Effects of Ageing
Preventable Effects of Ageing
Needs of Older People
Specific Environments
Outcomes
Case Study: Mr MM
Social history
Subjective
Objective
Questions
Response to Case Study
Recommended Reading
19 Palliative Respiratory Physiotherapy
Outline
Learning Objectives
Introduction
Reactions of Patients
Reactions of Relatives
Reactions of Staff
Where to Die?
Communicating With Dying People
Management of Symptoms
Breathlessness
Fatigue
Weakness
Immobility
Cough
Difficulty Swallowing
Dehydration and Thirst
Stridor
Depression
Anxiety
Discomfort
Pain
Intractable Hiccups
Nausea or Vomiting
Agitation
Delirium
Insomnia
Secretions and the Death Rattle
Terminal Restlessness
Deathbed Phenomena
On Dying Well
Outcomes
Case Study: Ms Iu
Social history
Subjective
Objective
Questions
Response to Case Study
Recommended Reading
V Critical care
20 Critical Care, Support and Monitoring
Outline
Learning Objectives
Introduction
Environment
Effects on the Patient
Effects on Relatives
Effects on Staff
Patients’ Rights
Consent
Moral rights
End-of-life decisions
Infection Control
Teamwork
Mechanical Ventilation
Indications
Airway
The Breath Cycle
Trigger: start of the breath
Control: delivery of the breath
Cycle: end of the breath
Modes of Ventilation
Controlled mandatory ventilation (CMV)
Assist-control
Intermittent mandatory ventilation (IMV)
Synchronized intermittent mandatory ventilation (SIMV)
Pressure support ventilation (PSV)
Proportional assist ventilation
Assist mode
Neurally adjusted ventilatory assist (NAVA)
Bilevel positive airway pressure (BiPAP)
Biphasic positive airway pressure (BIPAP)
Airway pressure release ventilation (APRV)
Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP)
Mandatory minute ventilation
Variable ventilation
Strategies of Ventilation
Inverse-ratio ventilation
Lung protective ventilation
Settings
Complications
Impaired cardiac output
Barotrauma
Ventilator-induced lung injury
Gastro-oesophageal reflux
Weakness and muscle damage
Perfusion gradient
Ventilation gradient
Atelectasis
Increased dead space
Ventilation/perfusion (V̇A/Q̇) mismatch
Discomfort
Breathlessness
Gut and kidney dysfunction
Excess secretions and sputum retention
Intrinsic PEEP
Positive End-Expiratory Pressure (PEEP)
Benefits
Complications
Best PEEP
Precautions
High-Frequency Ventilation
Mechanism
Advantages
Disadvantages
Indications
Physiotherapy
Weaning
Intermittent Reduction in Ventilatory Support
Spontaneous Breathing Trial (SBT)
Extubation
Decannulation of Tracheostomy
Support Systems
Oxygen
Fluids
Nutrition
Causes of malnutrition
Effects of malnutrition
Management
Critical Care Drugs
Cardiovascular drugs
Diuretics.
Inotropes.
Vasodilators.
Vasoconstrictors.
Beta-blockers.
Pulmonary vasodilators.
Sedatives
Analgesics
Muscle relaxants
Inhaled drugs
Advanced Life Support
Advanced cardiac support
Advanced pulmonary support
Advanced cardiopulmonary support
Monitoring
Ventilator Waveforms
Gas Exchange
Haemodynamic Monitoring
Fluid status
Blood pressure
Cardiac output (CO)
Central venous pressure (CVP)
Pulmonary artery wedge pressure (PAWP)
Electrocardiography (ECG)
Tissue Oxygenation
Mixed venous oxygenation ()
Central venous oxygenation (ScvO2)
Cerebral oximetry
Case Study: Mr FA
Relevant medical history
On examination
Questions
Response to Case Study
Recommended Reading
21 Physiotherapy for Critically Ill Patients
Outline
Learning Objectives
Introduction
Assessment
Notes and Charts
The Patient
Monitors
Ventilator
Imaging
Handling People Who Are Critically Ill
Minimizing Oxygen Consumption
Preliminaries
Orientation
Sleep and rest
Family
Communication
Helplessness
Touch
Handling Unconscious or Paralysed People
Turning
Pressure Area Care
Techniques to Increase Lung Volume
Positioning
Deep Breathing on the Ventilator
Manual Hyperinflation
Terminology
Effects
Complications
Equipment
Technique
Pressures
Contraindications
Precautions and modifications
Ventilator Hyperinflation or Recruitment Manoeuvre
Techniques to Clear Secretions
Humidification
Postural Drainage
Manual Techniques
Flow Bias
Manual and Ventilator Hyperinflation
Mechanical Aids
Suction
Complications
Catheters
Preliminaries
Technique for closed-circuit suction
Modifications for open suction
Reducing hypoxaemia
Saline instillation
Exercise and Rehabilitation
Passive Exercise
Active Exercise
Mobilization
End of Treatment Session
Transfer From the Intensive Care Unit
Follow-Up
Physiotherapy Outcomes
Recognition and Management of Emergencies
Cardiac Arrest
Anticipation
Recognition
Action
Respiratory Arrest
Anticipation
Recognition
Action
Seizure
Anticipation
Recognition
Action
Haemorrhage
Anticipation
Recognition
Action
Massive Haemoptysis
Anticipation
Action
Cardiac Tamponade
Anticipation
Recognition
Action
Tension Pneumothorax
Anticipation
Recognition
Action
Air Embolism
Anticipation
Recognition
Action
Anaphylaxis
Ventilator Malfunction or Disconnection
Alarms
Arterial Line or Central Line Disconnection
Unplanned Extubation
Distress in a Ventilated Patient
Action
On Calls
Education of Medical Staff
Education of Nursing Staff
Education of Physiotherapists
Case Study: Ms CM
Background
Nurse report
Subjective
Objective
Day 2
Questions
Response to Case Study
Recommended Reading
22 Modifications for Different Disorders
Outline
Learning Objectives
Lung Disease
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
Asthma
Neurological Conditions
Traumatic Brain Injury
Effect on oxygen delivery
Effect on the brain
Factors which increase intracranial pressure or decrease cerebral perfusion pressure
General management
Immediate management.
Monitoring.
Head elevation.
Fluid management.
Sleep.
Nutrition.
Temperature control.
Drug therapy.
Mechanical ventilation.
Physiotherapy
Assessment
Positioning.
Manual hyperinflation.
Manual techniques.
Suction.
Exercise
Teamwork
Acute Quadriplegia
Pathophysiology, clinical features and medical treatment
Physiotherapy
Respiratory care.
Musculoskeletal care.
Other Neurological Conditions
ICU-acquired weakness
Guillain-Barré syndrome
Physiotherapy
Myasthenia gravis
Trauma
Rib Fracture
Lung Contusion
Diaphragmatic Rupture
Burns and Smoke Inhalation
Pathology and clinical features
Medical management
Physiotherapy
Fat Embolism Syndrome
Non-fatal Drowning
Poisoning and Parasuicide
Systems Failure
Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation
Acute Kidney Injury
Acute Liver Injury
Acute Pancreatitis
Abdominal Compartment Syndrome
Multisystem Failure
Sepsis
Shock
Multisystem Failure
Causes
Pathophysiology
Medical management
Physiotherapy
Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome
Pathophysiology
Clinical Features
Medical Management
Mechanical ventilation
Physiotherapy
Positioning
Hyperinflation
Manual techniques
Suction
Rehabilitation
Case Study: Mr AP
Social history
On admission
Medical treatment
Progression
On examination
Questions
Response to Case Study
Recommended Reading
VI Does it work?
23 Evaluation of Cardiorespiratory Physiotherapy
Outline
Learning Objectives
Introduction
Definitions
Research
Literature Appraisal
Examples
Example 1.
Example 2.
Example 3.
Example 4.
Example 5.
Example 6.
Example 7.
Standards
Outcomes
Subjective Measurement
Objective Measurement
Successes Folder
Cost Effectiveness
The Audit Cycle
Education and Continuing Education
Needs of Students and Junior Staff
Competencies for On-Calls and Weekends
Clinical Reasoning – Learnt or Taught?
Case Study: Mr FF
History of present complaint
Subjective
Phase 1 questions (Fig. 23.5A)
Response to Case Study Phase 1
What happened
Management and progress
Phase 2 questions
Response to Case Study Phase 2
Outcome
Recommended Reading
Glossary of Abbreviations, Definitions, Symbols and Values
Index
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
K
L
M
N
O
P
Q
R
S
T
U
V
W
Y
Z
References