Carbon Nitrides: Structure, Properties and Applications in Science and Technology

✍ Scribed by Savateev O., Antonietti M., Wang X. (ed.)

• Publisher: Walter de Gruyter
• Year: 2023
• Tongue: English
• Leaves: 386
• Series: De Gruyter STEM
• Category: Library

✦ Synopsis

Graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) is one of the oldest functional materials reported in literature and has recently had a renaissance as researchers explore the breadth of its functionality. This book explores this active material from its history, structure, preparation, catalytic activity, and applications. This fundamental text is an ideal introduction to this fascinating material and gives a holistic overview of its preparation and potential.
Details sample preparation and characterization of graphitic carbon nitride.
Highlighs its photocatalytic and electrocatalytic activity and synthetic applications
Explores its use as a semiconductor and optical material.

✦ Table of Contents

Cover
Half Title
Also of interest
Carbon Nitrides: Structure, Properties and Applications in Science and Technology
Copyright
Preface
Contents
Contributing authors
1. Celebrating 200 years of carbon nitride
References
2. Classification, synthesis and structure of carbon nitrides
2.1 Introduction
2.2 From molecules to materials
2.3 Derivatives of heptazine
2.4 Classification and structure of carbon nitrides
2.4.1 Covalent heptazine-based carbon nitrides
2.4.1.1 Melem or triamino-tri-s-triazine
2.4.1.2 Melem hydrate
2.4.1.3 Melon-type carbon nitride
2.4.1.4 Melamine-templated poly(heptazine imide)
2.4.1.5 Fully condensed heptazine-based graphitic carbon nitride
2.4.2 Ionic metal poly(heptazine imides)
2.4.3 Triazine-based graphitic carbon nitride
2.4.3.1 Poly(triazine imide) intercalated with LiCl and HCl
2.5 Comparative summary of synthesis, structure and properties of graphitic carbon nitrides
2.6 Summary
References
3. Photocatalytic water splitting by carbon nitride polymers
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Thermodynamics and kinetics of photocatalytic water splitting
3.3 Fundamentals of carbon nitride polymers for water splitting
3.4 Synthesis of polymeric carbon nitrides via copolymerization of monomers
3.5 Metal-doped polymeric carbon nitride
3.6 Crystalline polymeric carbon nitrides
3.7 Polymeric carbon nitrides for photoelectrochemical water splitting
3.8 Summary
References
4. CO2 fixation and transformation technology with carbon nitride
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Theoretical foundation of photocatalytic CO2 reduction
4.2.1 Band structure
4.2.2 Charge separation and transfer
4.2.3 Surface CO2 reduction
4.2.3.1 Adsorption and activation of CO2
4.2.3.2 Proposed reaction pathways and mechanisms of CO2 reduction
4.2.3.3 Competition of H2 evolution and O2 reduction
4.2.3.4 Water oxidation half-reaction
4.2.3.5 Confirmation of CO2 reduction products and selectivity
4.3 Strategies to boost the photocatalytic CO2 reduction over carbon nitride-based photocatalysts
4.3.1 Nanostructure design
4.3.2 Defect engineering
4.3.2.1 Doping
4.3.2.2 Vacancy engineering
4.3.3 Crystallinity modulation
4.4 Heterostructure construction
4.4.1 Co-catalyst
4.4.2 Type-II heterojunction
4.4.3 Z-Scheme heterojunction
4.4.4 S-scheme heterojunction
4.5 Advanced characterization techniques for the mechanistic insight of photocatalytic CO2 reduction over PCN-based photocatalysts
4.5.1 Isotope labeling
4.5.2 In situ characterization
4.5.3 In situ FTIR and Raman spectroscopy
4.5.4 In situ electron paramagnetic resonance
4.5.5 DFT calculations
4.5.6 Transient absorption spectroscopy
4.6 Summary and outlook
References
5. Carbon nitride as noninnocent catalyst support
5.1 Introduction
5.2 The adsorption property of CN (the interaction of reactants with CN)
5.3 The electronic property of CN (the interaction of metal NPs with CN)
5.4 Hydrogen spillover in CN
5.5 Summary and outlook
References
6. Carbon nitride-based materials: the ultimate support for single-atom catalysis
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Single-atom catalysis (SAC)
6.3 Carbon nitride-based materials (C3N4): the (possibly) ultimate support for single-atom catalysts
6.4 Characterization techniques
6.4.1 Electron microscopy
6.4.2 X-ray absorption spectroscopy
6.4.3 Infrared spectroscopy
6.4.4 X-ray diffraction (XRD)
6.5 Synthesis methods
6.5.1 Wet chemical route
6.5.2 Cation exchange
6.5.3 Atomic layer deposition
6.5.4 Microwave irradiation-assisted deposition
6.5.5 Thermal co-polymerization
6.6 Applications
6.6.1 Photocatalysis
6.6.1.1 Water splitting, hydrogen and oxygen evolution
6.6.1.2 CO2 reduction
6.6.2 C–C bond formation and hydrogenation
6.7 Summary
References
7. Carbon nitride for heterojunction catalysis
7.1 Introduction
7.2 g-C3N4 heterojunctions for photocatalysis
7.2.1 g-C3N4 heterojunctions for photocatalytic C–C coupling reactions
7.2.2 g-C3N4 heterojunctions for photocatalytic hydrogenation reactions
7.2.3 g-C3N4 heterojunctions for formic acid dehydrogenation
7.2.4 g-C3N4 heterojunctions for ammonia borane hydrolysis
7.3 g-C3N4 heterojunctions for organic synthesis
7.3.1 g-C3N4 heterojunctions for hydrogenation reactions
7.3.2 g-C3N4 heterojunctions for dehydrogenation reactions
7.3.3 g-C3N4 heterojunctions for oxidation reactions
7.4 g-C3N4 heterojunctions for electrocatalytic and photoelectrocatalytic reactions
7.4.1 g-C3N4 heterojunctions for electrocatalytic reduction reactions
7.4.2 g-C3N4 heterojunctions for electrocatalytic oxidation reactions
7.4.3 g-C3N4 heterojunctions for photoelectrocatalytic reactions
7.5 Summary
References
8. Carbon nitride organic photocatalysis
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Photoinduced electron transfer in photochemistry and photocatalysis
8.2.1 Thermochemistry
8.2.2 Photoinduced electron transfer
8.2.3 Photochemistry and photocatalysis
8.3 Organic photocatalysis with carbon nitrides
8.3.1 Optical gap and band edges
8.3.2 Bifunctionalization of organic compounds
8.3.3 Proton-coupled electron transfer with carbon nitrides
8.3.3.1 Excited-state proton-coupled electron transfer
8.3.3.2 Reductive proton-coupled electron transfer
8.3.4 Elemental sulfur as a reagent in carbon nitride photocatalysis
8.3.5 Triplet excited state and energy transfer in carbon nitride photocatalysis
8.3.6 Photons as reagents – chromoselective photocatalysis
8.3.7 Dual-transition metal–carbon nitride photocatalysis
8.3.7.1 C–O and C–S cross-couplings
8.3.7.2 C–N cross-coupling
8.3.7.3 C‒C cross-coupling
8.3.7.4 Strategies to improve the reusability of carbon nitride-based metallaphotoredox catalysts
8.4 Summary and outlook
References
9. Photocharging carbon nitrides: from fundamental properties to applications combining solar energy conversion and storage
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Fundamentals of charge trapping in PHI
9.2.1 Structural features of PHI and general properties related to electron stabilization
9.2.2 Spectroscopic characterization of PHI
9.2.3 Dependency of radical formation on donor
9.3 Applications exploiting the long-lived photoelectrons
9.3.1 Toward all-in-one direct solar batteries
9.3.2 Delayed solar fuel production
9.3.3 Summary of electron accumulation in PHI for solar energy conversion and storage
9.3.4 PHI as part of light-driven microdevices
9.3.4.1 Janus particle microswimmers
9.3.4.2 Solar battery swimming
9.3.4.3 PHI microswimmer applications in high salinity and biological conditions
9.3.4.4 PHI microswimmers for smart drug transport and drop-off
9.3.4.5 Carbon nitride microswimmer summary
9.3.5 Photomemristive sensing by charge accumulation in PHI
9.3.5.1 Basic principle: direct sensing and solar battery properties
9.3.5.2 Wired sensor functionalities
9.3.5.3 Wireless sensing
9.3.5.4 Summary of photomemristive sensing
9.4 Summary and outlook
References
10. Graphitic carbon nitride thin films: synthesis, properties, actuators and electronic devices
10.1 Introduction
10.2 GCN film synthesis using vapor deposition techniques
10.3 Analysis of GCN films
10.4 Actuators
10.5 Electronic devices
10.6 Summary
References
11. Thin-film carbon nitride active layers for catalysis, sensing and solar cells
11.1 Introduction
11.2 The synthesis of PCN thin films
11.2.1 Post-processing from presynthesized powders
11.2.2 In situ synthesis from molecular precursor
11.3 Thin-film-based applications
11.3.1 Photoelectrocatalysis
11.3.2 Sensing
11.3.2.1 Metal ion sensors
11.3.2.2 Biosensing
11.3.2.3 Humidity sensor
11.3.2.4 Gas sensors
11.3.3 Solar cells and battery
11.3.3.1 PCN thin film for dye-sensitized solar cells
11.3.3.2 PCN thin film for polymer and perovskite solar cells
11.3.4 PCN thin film for display
11.4 Summary and outlook
References
12. Carbon nitride thin films as a high refractive index optical material
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Fundamentals of light-matter interaction
12.3 Introduction to carbon nitride films and challenges in the synthesis of optical-quality thin films
12.4 Carbon nitride thin films as a high refractive index material
12.5 Optical anisotropy of carbon nitride thin films
12.6 Summary and conclusions
References
13. Carbon nitride-based artificial light-driven ion pumps
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Ion pump based on single-phase symmetric carbon nitride nanotube
13.3 Ion pumps based on single-phase asymmetric carbon nitride nanotubes
13.4 Ion pumps based on double-phase g-C3N4/TiO2 nanotube
13.5 Summary
References
14. Looking into the crystal ball of a sustainable future chemistry with carbon nitride
References
Index