Cover
Half Title
Carbon Nanotube-Based Sensors: Fabrication, Characterization, and Implementation
Copyright
Contents
Contributors
Preface
1. Introduction
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Carbon Nanotubes
1.2.1 Types of Carbon Nanotubes
1.2.2 Synthesis of Carbon Nanotubes
1.2.2.1 Chemical Vapour Deposition
1.2.2.2 Laser Ablation
1.2.2.3 Electric Arc Discharge
1.2.3 Carbon Nanotubes-Based Flexible Devices
1.2.3.1 Electrochemical Sensors
1.2.3.2 Gas Sensors
1.2.3.3 Biosensors
1.2.3.4 Strain and Pressure Sensors
1.2.3.5 Energy Harvesting
1.3 Existing Challenges of the Current Devices
1.4 Conclusion and Future Perspectives
Acknowledgement
References
2. Synthesis of Carbon Nanotubes: Properties and Application
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Production of CNTs
2.2.1 Catalytic Chemical Vapor Deposition Process
2.2.2 Arc-Discharge Method
2.2.3 Laser-Ablation Method
2.2.4 Other Methods
2.3 Structure
2.3.1 Properties
2.4 Applications
2.4.1 Defect Monitoring
2.4.2 Displaying
2.4.3 Sensing
2.4.4 Solar Cells
2.4.5 Lithium-Ion Batteries
2.4.6 Electrochemical Capacitors
2.4.7 Catalyst
2.5 Challenges and Opportunities
References
3. Functionalization and Characterization of Carbon Nanotubes
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Characterization of CNTs
3.3 Bulk Characterization
3.3.1 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) Spectroscopy
3.4 Fourier-Transform Infrared (FTIR) and Raman Spectroscopy
3.5 Surface Characterization
3.5.1 X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS )
3.6 Chemistry Titration
3.7 Temperature-Programmed Desorption (TPD) and Reduction (TPR)
3.8 Gas Adsorption Isotherm
3.9 Electron Energy Loss Spectroscopy (EELS) and Near-Edge X-Ray Absorption Fine Structure (NEXAFS)
3.10 Imaging Methods
3.11 CNTs Functionalization
3.11.1 Covalent Functionalization
3.12 Non-Covalent Functionalization
3.12.1 Polymer Functionalized CNTs
3.13 Surface Oxidation
3.13.1 Functionalize CNT Surfaces with Metal or Metal Oxide Nanoparticles
3.14 Concluding Remarks
References
4. Toxicology of Carbon Nanotubes
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Overview of Toxicology of CNTs
4.2.1 Regulatory Aspects and Challenges
4.3 Conclusion
Acknowledgement
References
5. Fabrication of Carbon Nanotubes-Based Sensors
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Carbon Nanotubes-Based Sensors
5.2.1 Screen Printing
5.2.2 Laser Ablation
5.2.3 Inkjet Printing
5.2.4 3D Printing
5.3 Existing Challenges of the Current Devices
5.4 Conclusion and Future Perspectives
Acknowledgement
References
6. Carbon Nanotubes/Polymer-Based Nanocomposite Sensors
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Carbon Nanotubes-Based Nanocomposite Sensors
6.3 Conclusion
Acknowledgement
References
7. Carbon Nanotubes as Versatile Elements for Multiple Sensory Analysis in Biological Applications
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Classifications of Sensors
7.2.1 Broad Classification of Sensors Based on the Type of Analytes
7.2.1.1 Factors Affecting Transducers Choice
7.2.1.2 Components of Biological Sensors
7.2.2 Common Elect rode Designs Used in Biomedical Sensing
7.2.2.1 Three-Electrode System
7.2.2.1.1 Reference Electrode (RE)
7.2.2.1.2 Counter Electrode (CE)
7.2.2.1.3 Working Electrode (WE)
7.2.2.2 Two-Electrode System
7.2.2.3 Transistors
7.2.2.4 Micro-Electromechanical Systems (MEMS)
7.2.2.5 Flexible Electrode Designs
7.2.3 CNTs-Based Biosensors Providing Multiple Transduction Mechanisms towards Biomedical Sensing Applications
7.2.3.1 Electrical Transducers
7.2.3.1.1 Triboelectric Mechanism
7.2.3.2 Optical Transducers
7.2.3.3 Electrochemical Transducers
7.3 Most Common Biomedical Sensing Applications Using CNTs
7.3.1 Pressure Sensing
7.3.2 Strain Sensing
7.3.3 Gas Sensing
7.4 Recent Advances in Modern Platforms for Smart Diagnostic Systems
7.4.1 Point-of-Care Diagnostics Using Paper-Based Sensing Platforms
7.4.2 Self-Powered Designs
7.4.3 Flexible, Printable, and Wearable Designs for Bio-Integration of Sensors Using IoT
7.5 Recent Developments in the Early-Stage Chronic Disease Diagnostics
7.5.1 CNT-Based Sensors in Women’s Health Monitoring
7.5.2 CNT-Based Sensors in Detection of Various Cancer Biomarkers
7.5.3 CNT-Based Sensors for Detection of Environmental Toxins
7.6 Synthesis and Fabrication Methods for CNT-Based Biosensors
7.6.1 Common Synthesis Methods for CNTs
7.6.1.1 Carbon Electric-Arc Discharge Technique
7.6.1.2 Laser Ablation Technique
7.6.1.3 Chemical Vapour Deposition Technique
7.6.2 Fabrication Techniques
7.6.2.1 Screen Printing
7.6.2.2 Brush Painting
7.6.2.3 Mask Painting for Flexible Wearable Sensors
7.6.3 Role of Bio-Derived CNTs in Sensing Applications
7.6.3.1 Chitosan-Derived CNTs
7.6.3.2 Carbon Black Derived CNTs
7.6.3.3 Biomass-Derived CNTs
7.7 Conclusion
References
8. Carbon Nanotubes: Synthesis, Properties, Sensing Mechanisms, and Applications in Sensor Technologies
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Type and Structure
8.3 Properties
8.3.1 Physical Properties
8.3.1.1 Electrical Property
8.3.1.2 Thermal Property
8.3.1.3 Mechanical Property
8.3.1.4 Vibrational Property
8.4 CNTs-Based Sensors in Industrial Applications
8.4.1 Sensing Mechanism
8.4.1.1 Electrical Sensing Mechanism
8.4.1.2 Mechanical Sensing Mechanism
8.4.1.3 Optical Sensing Mechanism
8.4.1.4 Hybrid Sensing Mechanisms
8.4.2 CNT-Based Gas Sensors
8.4.3 CNT-Based Organic Vapor Sensors
8.4.4 CNT-Based Optical Sensors
8.4.5 CNT-Based Resonators or Resonant Sensors
8.4.6 CNT-Based Piezoresistive Sensors
8.5 Advantages of CNT
8.6 Disadvantages of CNTs
8.7 Conclusion
References
9. Carbon Nanotubes-Based Sensors for Environmental Applications
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Carbon Nanotubes
9.3 Environmental Monitoring by Carbon Nanotubes
9.4 Detection of Gaseous Toxicants Using Carbon Nanotubes
9.4.1 Detection of Hydrogen Sulfide (H2S)
9.4.2 Detection of Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2)
9.4.3 Detection of Ammonia (NH3)
9.5 Benzene, Toluene and Xylene
9.5.1 Carbon Nanotubes for the Detection of BTX
9.5.2 Porphyrins Funct ionalized Carbon Nanotubes for the Detection of BTX/BTEX
9.5.3 Functionalized Carbon Nanotubes for the Detect ion of BTX
9.6 Removal of Cationic and Anionic Dyes Using CNTs
9.6.1 Dyes’ Adsorption Mechanism onto CNTs
9.6.2 Removal of Cationic Dye (Methylene Blue)
9.6.2.1 Magnetic Nanomaterials for the Removal of Methylene Blue
9.6.2.2 Functionalized Carbon Nanotubes for the Removal of Methylene Blue
9.6.3 Removal of Anionic Dye (Congo Red)
9.7 Detection of Heavy Metal Ions Through CNTs-Assisted Sensors
9.8 Conclusion
References
10. CNTs-Based Sensors for Energy Harvesting Applications
10.1 Introduction
10.2 CNTs-Based Sensors for Energy Harvesting
10.3 CNT-Based Hydroelectric Energy Harvesters
10.3.1 CNTs Film-Assisted Devices for Electricity Generation from Water Flow
10.3.2 CNTs Yarn-Assisted Nanogenerators for Electricity Generation from Water Flow
10.3.3 Electricity Generation by Water Evaporation
10.4 CNTs-Based Thermoelectric Energy Generators
10.5 Piezoelectric, CNTs-Based, Flexible Sensors
10.6 Triboelectric, CNTs-Based, Flexible Sensors
10.7 Future Possibilities of CNTs-Based Energy Harvesters
Acknowledgement
References
11. A Comparative Study on the Characteristics and Applications of Carbon Nanotubes, Carbon Nanofibres, and Carbon Nanoparticles
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Characteristics of Carbon Nanotubes, Carbon Nanofibres, and Carbon Nanoparticles
11.2.1 Optical Properties
11.2.2 Thermal Properties
11.2.3 Physical Properties
11.2.4 Electrical Properties
11.2.5 Chemical Properties
11.2.5.1 Carbon Nanotubes
11.2.5.2 Carbon Nanofibres
11.2.5.3 Carbon Nanoparticles
11.2.6 Mechanical Properties
11.2.6.1 Carbon Nanotubes
11.2.6.2 Carbon Nanofibres
11.2.6.3 Carbon Nanoparticles
11.3 Application of Carbon Nanotube, NAnofibre, and Nanoparticles
11.3.1 Energy Storage Devices
11.3.1.1 Supercapacitor
11.3.1.1.1 Carbon Nanotube
11.3.1.1.2 Carbon Nanofibres (CNF)
11.3.1.1.3 Carbon Nanoparticles
11.3.1.2 Battery
11.3.1.2.1 Carbon Nanotube
11.3.1.3 Fuel Cell
11.3.1.3.1 Carbon Nanotube
11.3.1.3.3 Carbon Nanoparticle
11.3.2 Sensor Application
11.3.2.1 Types of Sensors
11.3.2.2 Temperature Sensor
11.3.2.2.1 Carbon Nanotubes
11.3.2.3 Electrochemical Sensors
11.3.2.3.1 Carbon Nanotubes
11.3.2.3.2 Carbon Nanofibres
11.3.2.3.3 Carbon Nanoparticles
11.3.2.4 Gas Sensor
11.3.3 Biomedical Applications
Conclusion
References
12. Conclusion and Future Work
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Current Challenges and Future Perspective
12.3 Current Challenges of CNTs-Assisted Sensors
12.4 Future Recommendations for CNTs-Assisted Sensors
Acknowledgement
References
Index