Cannabis Therapy in Veterinary Medicine: A Complete Guide

✍ Scribed by Stephen Cital (editor), Katherine Kramer (editor), Liz Hughston (editor), James S. Gaynor (editor)

• Publisher: Springer
• Year: 2021
• Tongue: English
• Leaves: 351
• Category: Library

✦ Synopsis

This book provides in-depth information on the applications of cannabis products as a legitimate medicine in treating a variety of diseases and disorders in domestic animals. Pharmacology and toxicology of cannabinoids and their effects on the endocannabinoid system, which is involved in the regulation of diverse physiological and cognitive processes, are discussed in detail. Furthermore, the book reviews development and testing of cannabis based medical products and introduces the nutritional components of cannabis plants.

Cannabis as a therapeutic in veterinary medicine is gaining interest among owners and practitioners. Numerous studies have been completed or are currently underway that analyze the potential of clinical application of cannabinoid and terpenoid molecules. In this book the authors take a comprehensive look at previous studies in animal and human models and discuss translational applications based on these scientific data.

This seminal text serves as a go-to resource for veterinary practitioners on cannabinoid therapy. It will also serve as a foundation for clinicians and researchers interested in this emerging field of veterinary medicine.

✦ Table of Contents

Foreword
Cannabinoid Therapy in Veterinary Medicine: History and Perspective
References
About this Book
Contents
Contributors
Chapter 1: The Endocannabinoid System and Endocannabinoidome
1.1 Introduction
1.2 The Endogenous Ligands
1.3 The Endogenous Receptors
1.4 The Biosynthetic and Degradative Metabolic Enzymes
1.4.1 Degradation of Endocannabinoids
1.4.2 Transport of Endocannabinoids for Activation and Degradation
1.5 The Endocannabinoidome
1.6 Endocannabinoid Tone
1.6.1 Clinical Endocannabinoid Deficiency Syndrome (CEDS)
1.7 The Evolution of the Endocannabinoid System
1.7.1 Invertebrate Endocannabinoid Systems
1.7.2 Vertebrate Endocannabinoid Systems
1.8 Canine
1.8.1 Cannabinoid Receptor Spatial Distribution in a Variety of Tissues and Organs
1.9 Feline
1.10 Summary
References
Chapter 2: The Pharmacology of Cannabinoids
2.1 Introduction
2.2 The Endocannabinoids
2.2.1 N-Arachidonoyl Ethanolamide Anandamides
2.2.1.1 Biosynthetic Pathway
2.2.1.2 Catabolism
2.2.1.3 Functions
2.2.2 2-Arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG)
2.2.2.1 Biosynthetic Pathway
2.2.2.2 Catabolism
2.2.2.3 Functions
2.2.3 N-Arachidonoyl Dopamine
2.2.3.1 Biosynthetic Pathway
2.2.3.2 Catabolism
2.2.3.3 Functions
2.2.4 2-Arachidonyl Glycerol Ether (Noladin Ether, 2-AGE)
2.2.5 O-Arachidonoyl Ethanolamine (Virodhamine)
2.3 Phytocannabinoids
2.3.1 Individual Phytocannabinoids
2.4 Pharmacokinetics
2.5 Pharmacodynamics
2.6 ECS Receptor Response
2.7 Cross-Reactivity with Other Receptor Systems
2.8 Orphan Receptors (GPCR)
2.9 Transient Receptor Potential Vanilloid (TRPV) and Transient Receptor Potential Melastatin (TRPM)
2.10 Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptors
2.11 Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid and Glutamate
2.12 Opioid Receptors (OPM1 and OPD1)
2.13 N-Methyl-D-Aspartate Receptors
2.14 Adenosine Receptors
2.15 Muscarinic Acetylcholine Receptors (mAChR)
2.16 Serotonin Receptors (5HT)
2.17 Dopamine Receptors (D1 and D2)
2.18 MDR1 Expression and Modulation
2.19 Phytocannabinoid Potentiation and Interactions with Other Pharmacologic Agents
2.19.1 Opioids
2.19.2 Benzodiazepines
2.19.3 Gabapentin
2.19.4 Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors
2.19.5 Phenobarbital and Other Antiepileptic Drugs (AED)
2.20 Cytochrome P450
2.20.1 Cannabinoid Metabolism
2.21 Future Thoughts
References
Pharmacology References
CYP Section References
Chapter 3: Toxicology
3.1 Introduction
3.2 A Brief History of Cannabis
3.3 The Endocannabinoid System Review
3.4 Toxicity of Delta9-THC
3.4.1 Exposure Scenarios in Pets
3.4.2 Pharmacokinetics and Toxic Doses
3.4.3 Clinical Signs of Poisoning
3.5 Toxicity of CBD
3.5.1 Published Therapeutic and Adverse Effects
3.5.2 Clinical Signs of Poisoning
3.5.3 Retrospective Study on CBD Cases Reported to Animal Poison Control
3.6 Synthetic Cannabinoid Exposure
3.6.1 Clinical Effects
3.6.2 Pharmacokinetics
3.7 Diagnosis of Poisoned Pets
3.7.1 Non-specific Diagnostics
3.7.2 Differential Diagnoses
3.8 Treatment for Patients Exposed to Toxic Doses of Cannabinoids
3.8.1 Decontamination
3.8.2 Supportive Care
3.8.3 Monitoring
3.8.4 Medications
3.8.5 Intravenous Lipid Emulsion and Extracorporeal Therapy
3.9 Prognosis
3.10 Conclusion
References
Chapter 4: Terpenes and Flavonoids: Cannabis Essential Oil
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Terpenes
4.3 Biosynthesis
4.4 Metabolism
4.5 Entourage Effect
4.6 Cannabis ``Strains´´
4.7 Common Terpenes Found in Cannabis
4.7.1 beta-Caryophyllene
4.7.2 Humulene (aka alpha-Caryophyllene)
4.7.3 Limonene
4.7.4 Linalool
4.7.5 Myrcene
4.7.6 Pinene
4.8 Cannabis Flavonoids
4.8.1 Flavonoids
4.9 Flavonoid Classification
4.10 Subgroups
4.10.1 Flavones
4.10.2 Flavanones
4.10.3 Flavanols (Flavan-3-ols or Catechin)
4.10.4 Isoflavonoids
4.10.5 Flavonols
4.10.6 Anthocyanins
4.11 Cannabis and Flavonoids
4.11.1 Apigenin
4.11.2 Kaempferol
4.11.3 Luteolin
4.11.4 Quercetin
4.11.5 Orientin
4.11.6 Vitexin
4.12 Cannflavins
4.13 Cannflavin Research
4.13.1 Cannflavins A, B, and C
4.14 Chapter Conclusion
References
American Psychological Association 6th edition formatting by BibMe.org.
Chapter 5: Cannabinoids for Pain Management
5.1 Overview of the Pain Pathway and Endocannabinoid System
5.2 Role of Various Phytocannabinoids on Pain Pathways and the ECS
5.3 Evidence for Cannabinoids in Chronic Pain
5.4 Evidence and Role for Cannabinoids in Acute Pain
5.5 Conventional and Traditional Analgesic Agents in Combination with Cannabinoids
5.6 Anesthesia
5.7 Conclusion and Practical Guidelines and Clinical Implications
References
Chapter 6: Cannabinoids for Neurological Conditions
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Seizures
6.2.1 Cannabidiol (CBD) in Seizure Disorders
6.2.2 Side Effects
6.2.3 Drug Interactions Between CBD and Traditional Anti-Seizure Medications
6.2.4 Delta9-Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC)
6.2.5 Pro-Epileptic?
6.2.6 Other Cannabinoids
6.3 The Role of Cannabinoids in Neuroinflammation
6.3.1 Neuroinflammatory Diseases of Companion Animals
6.4 Traumatic Brain Injury
6.5 The Role of CBD in Neurodegenerative Diseases
6.5.1 Alzheimer´s Disease and Canine Cognitive Dysfunction
6.5.2 Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis and Canine Degenerative Myelopathy
6.5.3 Conclusions
6.6 Brain Tumors
6.7 Conclusions
References
Chapter 7: Well Being
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Behavior
7.2.1 Anxiety Disorders
7.2.2 Anxiety Physiology of CB1 Receptors and Delta9-THC
7.2.3 Anxiety Physiology of CBD and Serotonergic System
7.2.4 Comorbidities and Long-Term Sequelae
7.2.5 Applications in Animals
7.3 Feline Idiopathic Cystitis
7.3.1 Role of Endocannabinoids in Cystitis
7.3.2 Conclusion
7.4 Bone Health
7.5 Palliative Care
7.5.1 Pain and Mobility
7.5.2 Tumor-Related Pain
7.5.3 Neuropathic Pain (Chemotherapy Induced)
7.5.3.1 Vinca Alkaloids
7.5.3.2 Platinum Agents
7.5.3.3 Taxanes
7.5.4 Gastrointestinal
7.5.5 Nausea
7.5.6 Appetite
7.5.7 Diarrhea
7.5.8 Conclusion
References
Chapter 8: Cannabinoids for Gastrointestinal Health
8.1 Introduction
8.2 The Endocannabinoid System, Encannabinoidome, and Enteric Nervous System
8.3 Appetite Modulation
8.4 Nausea and Vomiting
8.5 Visceral Pain/Hypersensitivity
8.6 Esophageal Reflux
8.7 Diarrhea/Peristalsis
8.8 Inflammatory Bowel Disease and Irritable Bowel Syndrome
8.9 Gastric and Intestinal Cancer Research
8.10 Acute Pancreatitis
8.11 Conclusion
References
Chapter 9: Dermatology: Endocannabinoids and Related N-Acylethanolamines in the Skin
9.1 Introduction
9.2 The Skin Endocannabinoidome
9.3 The C(ut)annabinoid System in Companion Animals
9.3.1 Mediators: Endocannabinoids and Related N-Acylethanolamines
9.4 Therapeutic Opportunities Offered by the C(ut)annabinoid System
9.4.1 Skin Inflammation
9.4.2 Wound Healing
9.4.3 Skin Allergy
9.4.4 Pruritus
9.5 N-Acylethanolamines in Skin Diseases: Clinical Data in Dogs and Cats
9.6 Conclusion
References
Chapter 10: Cannabinoids in Oncology and Immune Response
10.1 Introduction
10.2 The Endocannabinoid System and Cancer
10.3 Inhibition of Angiogenesis and Metastasis
10.4 Cannabinoids and the Immune System, Cell Proliferation and Signaling Pathways Related to Cancer
10.5 Cannabinoid Receptors in the Immune System
10.5.1 Cascade Signaling
10.5.2 cAMP Signaling
10.5.3 MAPK/ERK/JNK/p38 Pathway
10.5.4 NF-κB Pathway
10.5.5 Cytokine/Chemokine Profile
10.5.6 The Th1/Th17 and the Th2 Inflammatory Responses
10.5.7 Th1/Th17
10.5.8 Th2
10.6 Phytocannabinoids´ Effects on Immune-Related Mechanisms
10.6.1 Delta9-Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC)
10.6.2 Cannabidiol (CBD)
10.7 Immunological Entourage Effect
10.8 Clinical Use of Cannabinoids in the Cancer Patient
10.9 Brain Tumors
10.10 Prostate Cancer
10.11 Melanoma
10.12 Pancreatic Cancer
10.13 Lung Cancer
10.14 Lymphoma and Leukemia
10.15 Breast Cancer
10.16 Colorectal Cancer
10.17 Liver Cancer
10.18 Thyroid Cancer
10.19 Terpenoids and Cancer
10.20 Combination of Cannabinoids and Chemotherapy
10.21 Veterinary Cell Culture Studies
10.22 Conclusion and Perspective
References
Chapter 11: Nutritional Analysis of Cannabis
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Cannabis Botany
11.3 A Brief History
11.4 Hemp as a Global Commodity
11.5 Individual Components of Hemp; Analysis and Industrial Processing
11.5.1 Seeds
11.5.2 Flowers and Leaves
11.5.3 Stalks
11.5.4 Roots
11.6 The Nutritional Components of Hemp Seeds
11.7 Protein
11.8 Fats and Oils
11.9 Vitamins and Minerals
11.10 Carbohydrates and Fiber
11.11 Phenylpropanoids
11.12 Anti-nutritional Factors
11.13 Agricultural and Livestock Nutritional Applications for Hemp Seed and Its Derivatives
11.14 Poultry
11.15 Egg Production
11.16 Broiler Growth
11.17 Livestock
11.18 Milk Production
11.19 Meat Production
11.20 Prospects for Future Use of Hemp for Nutrition in Animals
11.21 Conclusion
References
Chapter 12: Cannabinoids in Equine Medicine
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Cannabis History in Relation to Horses
12.3 Routes of Administration
12.4 Safety in Horses
12.5 Pharmacokinetic Data
12.6 Indications
12.7 Anxiolytic
12.8 Analgesia
12.9 Future Avenues and Conclusion
References
Chapter 13: Product Selection and Dosing Considerations
13.1 Introduction
13.2 The NASC and the Regulation of Animal Supplements
13.3 History of Veterinary Cannabis Products
13.4 From Biomass to Finished Product: Considerations for Product Selection
13.5 Plant Cultivar-Dependent Product Consideration
13.6 Drying, Decarboxylation and Storage Methods´ Influence on Product Consideration
13.7 Extraction Methodology and Product Selection Considerations
13.7.1 Raw Plant Juicing
13.7.2 Ethyl Alcohol Extraction
13.7.3 CO2 Extraction
13.7.4 Liquefied Hydrocarbon Extraction
13.7.5 Fixed Oil Extraction
13.7.6 Thermal/Pressure Extraction
13.8 Concentration and Separation of Plant Constituents
13.8.1 Distillation
13.8.2 Simple Distillation
13.8.3 Fractional Distillation
13.8.4 Steam Distillation
13.8.5 Vapor Distillation
13.8.6 Winterizing
13.8.7 Chromatographic Purification and Separation
13.9 Types of Extract Products
13.9.1 Hash Oil/Hemp Oil
13.9.2 Distillate
13.9.3 Isolate
13.9.4 Full or Complete Spectrum
13.9.5 Broad Spectrum
13.10 Veterinary Product Formats
13.10.1 Raw Plant Material (Flowers)
13.10.2 Capsules
13.10.3 Tinctures
13.10.4 Soft Chews and Biscuits
13.10.5 Pellets and Powders
13.11 Considerations Regarding Administration
13.11.1 Oral Administration
13.11.2 Transmucosal/Sublingual Administration
13.11.3 Transmucosal Administration via Suppositories
13.11.4 Topical Administration
13.11.5 Transdermal Administration
13.11.6 Inhalation
13.12 Consideration in Selection of Dispensary Products for Veterinary Applications
13.12.1 Commercial Dispensary Products
13.13 Veterinary-Labeled Products
13.14 Pet Consumer Products
13.15 Therapeutic Dosing Considerations
13.15.1 Macrodosing and Safety
13.15.2 Ratio Dosing
13.16 Adverse Events (AEs) and Dosage
13.17 Drug Interactions with Cannabis
13.18 Quality Assurance
13.19 Third-Party Laboratory Testing
13.19.1 Cannabinoid and Terpene Potency Testing
13.19.2 Pesticide Contamination
13.19.3 Microbiological Contamination
13.19.4 Heavy Metal Contamination
13.20 Product Selection Considerations
13.20.1 Guidelines for Product Selection: Questions to Ask the Vendor
13.20.2 Product Considerations
13.21 Harm Reduction Education
13.22 Conclusion
References
Correction to: Dermatology: Endocannabinoids and Related N-Acylethanolamines in the Skin
Correction to: Chapter 9 in: S. Cital et al. (eds.), Cannabis Therapy in Veterinary Medicine, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-03...