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Bridge Management (2nd Edition)

✍ Scribed by Mike Ryall


Publisher
Butterworth-Heinemann
Year
2009
Tongue
English
Leaves
562
Edition
2
Category
Library

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✦ Synopsis


  • Comprehensive specialist information for the bridge engineer * Not only covers testing and assessment, but also financial and management issues * Highly illustrated with full colour diagrams and photographs As the emphasis in construction moves from building new bridges to maintenance and rehabilitation of existing stock, bridge management is becoming an increasingly important subject. This is the definitive, single volume reference for professionals and postgraduates, covering the whole gamut of bridge management topics. Highly illustrated and in full colour, this revised and updated second edition has been expanded to include new chapters on deterioration modelling, asset management and the impact of heavy goods vehicles. Including examples of practices and techniques drawn from around the world, this will be an invaluable source for the modern bridge engineer. Dr Michael J. Ryall has worked for over forty years, both in the UK and abroad, in the practice of design and construction of a wide variety of bridges. He has also taught and developed both undergraduate and postgraduate Bridge Engineering courses at the University of Surrey, and run bridge-related courses worldwide. *Β Updated to focus onΒ current practice and issues * Including the latest monitoring techniques, repair materials and life-cycle cost optimisation strategies * Full colour illustrations throughout

✦ Table of Contents


Cover Page
......Page 1
Copyright
......Page 2
Preface to the Second Edition......Page 3
Preface to the First Edition......Page 4
Acknowledgements......Page 6
Author Biographies......Page 7
Introduction......Page 8
Bridge Management......Page 10
Basic Management......Page 12
Card index system......Page 13
Modern BMSs......Page 14
Input information for a BMS......Page 17
Inspection component......Page 18
Maintenance (options) component......Page 19
Bridge condition component......Page 20
The System......Page 21
Personnel......Page 22
Pennsylvania, USA......Page 23
United Kingdom......Page 25
Surrey County Council, UK......Page 27
South Africa......Page 29
United States of America......Page 30
Engineering Judgement......Page 32
Funding......Page 33
Mobility......Page 34
Conclusions......Page 35
References......Page 36
Further reading......Page 37
Appendix A......Page 38
Highways agency - new methodology......Page 39
The management of bridges and other highway structures in West Berkshire......Page 40
Inspections......Page 41
Data storage and the BMS......Page 42
Major maintenance, strengthening, and replacement......Page 43
Managing structures that cause restrictions to the highway......Page 44
Height (or headroom) restrictions......Page 45
Technical approval......Page 46
Abnormal load movements......Page 47
The management of bridges on or near the district boundaries......Page 48
Future bridge management requirements......Page 49
Introduction......Page 50
Why Inspect?......Page 51
Inspection categories......Page 52
Cracking......Page 56
Spalling......Page 58
Leaching......Page 59
Accidental damage......Page 60
Prestressed and concrete beam and slab bridges......Page 61
Corrosion......Page 64
Deformation......Page 65
Loose fixings (fasteners)......Page 66
Weathering......Page 67
Water......Page 68
Accidental damage......Page 69
Insect......Page 70
Corrosion......Page 71
Suspended bridges......Page 72
Tracking......Page 73
Excessive or limited movement......Page 74
Leakage......Page 76
Bearings......Page 77
Construction......Page 78
Drainage......Page 79
Substructures......Page 80
Concrete erosion......Page 81
Scour......Page 82
Movable Bridges......Page 83
Basic equipment......Page 84
Scaffolding/platforms......Page 85
Permanent gantries......Page 86
Rope access......Page 88
Planning an Inspection......Page 89
Inspection by segments......Page 91
Condition Rating......Page 93
Japanese experience......Page 94
The New York experience......Page 95
UK local authority experience......Page 96
Deterioration model......Page 98
Bridge condition index......Page 99
Condition states......Page 101
The Markov Chain......Page 102
Concluding Remarks......Page 103
References......Page 104
Appendix 2A......Page 106
Appendix 2B......Page 109
Introduction......Page 110
Permanent loads......Page 112
Material strengths......Page 113
Structural form......Page 114
General method......Page 115
Method 1......Page 116
Method 2......Page 118
Method 4......Page 119
USA and Canada experience......Page 120
UK experience......Page 121
Analysis Methods......Page 124
Grillage analysis......Page 125
Distribution analysis......Page 126
Space frame analysis......Page 127
Non-linear finite element analysis......Page 128
Yield-line analysis......Page 129
Basic concepts......Page 131
Introduction......Page 134
The elastic method......Page 135
The mechanism method......Page 136
Cracking-elastic method......Page 138
Centrifuge modelling......Page 139
Concluding Remarks......Page 140
References......Page 141
Appendix 3A......Page 145
Appendix 3B......Page 146
Appendix 3C......Page 147
Concrete Elements......Page 148
Corrosion-analysing equipment......Page 149
Resistivity measurements......Page 150
Ultrasonic testing......Page 153
Rebound hammer......Page 158
Carbonation tests......Page 159
Air permeability......Page 160
Air and water permeability......Page 161
Tensile strength of concrete......Page 162
Internal fracture tester......Page 164
Impulse radar......Page 165
Local effects......Page 167
Impact echo......Page 168
Coring......Page 170
Compressive strength......Page 171
Direct tensile strength......Page 172
Introduction......Page 173
Ultrasonic testing......Page 174
Magnetic particle inspection (MPI)......Page 175
Liquid penetration inspection (LPI)......Page 176
Radiography......Page 177
Ultrasonic thickness gauge......Page 178
Hammer tap test......Page 180
References......Page 181
Factors to consider when load testing......Page 184
Supplementary load tests......Page 185
Condition of bridge......Page 186
Material strengths......Page 188
Membrane action......Page 189
End restraints......Page 190
Clockhouse bridge......Page 192
Cadnum Green Bridge......Page 193
A warning......Page 194
Collapse load testing......Page 196
Supplementary load testing......Page 197
Mobile vehicles......Page 198
Kentledge......Page 199
Jacking against ground anchors......Page 200
Risk assessment......Page 202
Supplementary-proof load testing......Page 203
Supplementary load test......Page 204
Conclusion......Page 205
References......Page 206
Further Reading......Page 207
Introduction......Page 211
Repair and replacement......Page 212
Pinning......Page 214
Arch ring separation......Page 215
Spandrel walls......Page 216
Piers......Page 218
Carriageway, fill and waterproofing......Page 219
Crack injection......Page 220
Preparation for patch repairs......Page 221
Hand/trowel application......Page 222
Loading effects......Page 225
Fluid application......Page 226
Spray application......Page 228
Introduction......Page 229
Corrosion......Page 230
Tearing/buckling......Page 231
Erskine Bridge......Page 232
Introduction......Page 234
Introduction......Page 235
Cold stitching......Page 236
Repair methods......Page 238
Reinforced resin repair......Page 239
Steel bar/epoxy resin repair......Page 241
Graffiti......Page 243
References......Page 245
Further Reading......Page 247
Introduction......Page 249
Design......Page 250
Peeling......Page 251
Strength and stiffness......Page 252
Surface preparation......Page 253
Placing of the steel plates......Page 254
Plates secured to the sides of concrete beams......Page 255
Testing......Page 256
Introduction......Page 257
Carbon fibre reinforced polymers......Page 258
Failure......Page 259
Design......Page 261
Installation......Page 262
Quality assurance......Page 263
CFRP wraps......Page 265
Shear strengthening using CFRP......Page 266
Introduction......Page 268
Horizontal tendons......Page 269
Deflected tendons......Page 270
Detailing......Page 271
Introduction......Page 272
Guniting......Page 273
Jacketing......Page 274
Saddling......Page 275
Overslabbing......Page 276
Retro-reinforcement......Page 277
Stitching......Page 279
MARS strengthening system......Page 281
Introduction......Page 282
Westminster Bridge, London, UK......Page 283
Woodbridge Old, Guildford, UK......Page 284
Jordanstown Railway Bridge, Belfast......Page 285
London Docklands Light Railway, London, UK......Page 286
Enforced frictional contact......Page 288
Composite external steel reinforcement......Page 289
Introduction......Page 290
Introduction......Page 291
Piers......Page 292
Abutments......Page 293
Movable Bridges......Page 295
Long-Span Steel Bridges......Page 297
References......Page 299
Appendix 7A......Page 304
Introduction......Page 306
Symmetrical......Page 307
Asymmetrical......Page 308
Parallel......Page 310
Alternative method......Page 311
Over bridges......Page 312
Underbridges......Page 313
Steel beams......Page 315
Concrete beams......Page 316
Aluminium system for bridge deck replacement......Page 318
FRP system for bridge deck replacement......Page 321
Modular FRP composite deck system for bridge deck replacement......Page 322
Exodermic bridge deck panels for bridge deck replacement......Page 324
Lifting......Page 325
Lateral sliding......Page 326
Slide and rotate......Page 327
Launching......Page 328
Low loader lifting......Page 330
Pulling system......Page 331
Enclosures......Page 333
Safe environment for inspection and maintenance personnel......Page 335
Traffic disruption......Page 336
Brief history......Page 337
The advanced composite construction system (ACCS)......Page 338
GRP panels......Page 340
Design and durability......Page 341
Integral Conversion of Existing Jointed Bridges......Page 343
Shock Transmission Units......Page 344
New continuous bridges in earthquake zones......Page 345
Bearing Replacement......Page 346
Creative Thinking......Page 349
Construction......Page 354
References......Page 355
Case Studies......Page 358
Introduction......Page 359
The Basic Theory......Page 360
Discount Rate......Page 361
Traffic Disruption......Page 363
New Build......Page 364
Performance Profiles......Page 365
Maintenance Strategies......Page 367
Maintenance planning......Page 368
DTp programme......Page 370
Maintenance options......Page 371
Weak and strong elements......Page 374
Highly Durable Bridges......Page 375
Asset management......Page 377
Design, Build, Finance and Operate (DBFO)......Page 379
Conclusions......Page 380
References......Page 381
Further Reading......Page 382
Durability......Page 383
Water......Page 386
At expansion joints......Page 387
At the kerb line......Page 389
Expansion Joints......Page 390
Abutments and Wing Walls......Page 393
Air entrained concrete......Page 395
Fusion-bonded epoxy-coated reinforcement (FBECR)......Page 396
Electrostatic epoxy-coated reinforcement (EECR)......Page 397
Stainless steel reinforcement......Page 398
Polypropylene fibres......Page 401
Carbon fibre reinforced polymer (CFRP)......Page 402
Reinforcement identification......Page 403
No reinforcement......Page 404
Splices and terminators......Page 405
Water repellent impregnation......Page 406
Migratory corrosion inhibitors (MCI)......Page 408
Cathodic protection (CP)......Page 410
Electrochemical chloride extraction (ECE)......Page 413
Formwork......Page 415
Hot dip galvanising......Page 417
Structural continuity......Page 420
Inspection and maintenance......Page 421
Post-tensioned concrete structures......Page 422
Construction......Page 426
Design......Page 427
Construction......Page 428
Provision of Continuity in Precast Beam Construction......Page 431
Pier Protection......Page 435
Engineered Cementitious Composites (ECCs)......Page 437
Ultra-high performance fibre reinforced concretes (UHPFRC)......Page 440
The German experience......Page 442
The Way Ahead......Page 443
References......Page 445
Appendix 10B......Page 451
In Situ or Residual Stresses......Page 452
Stress Relief Principle......Page 453
Standard overcoring......Page 454
Modified overcoring......Page 456
Multiple small hole coring......Page 457
Saw cutting......Page 458
Inclusion method......Page 459
Direct measurement......Page 461
Embedment gauge......Page 463
Blind hole technique applied to reinforcing bars......Page 464
Cut bar technique......Page 465
Centre hole technique applied to prestressing tendons......Page 467
Stresses in prestressing tendons by the crossbow method......Page 470
Tell-tale......Page 471
Electrical devices......Page 472
Reinforcing bars......Page 475
Corrosion monitoring......Page 476
Corrosion analysis......Page 478
Optical fibre sensors......Page 479
Lasers......Page 481
Continuous acoustic monitoring (CAM)......Page 482
Scour Sensing......Page 484
Load Cells and Bearings......Page 485
Traffic Monitoring......Page 486
Concluding Remarks......Page 487
The use of remote sensing systems (RSR)......Page 488
Wilford suspension bridge......Page 489
Continuous acoustic monitoring......Page 490
References......Page 491
Further Reading......Page 495
Risk in Theory and Practice......Page 496
Consequences of failure......Page 499
Determination of risk rating......Page 501
Allowable stress......Page 502
Limit states......Page 504
Reliability method......Page 505
Traffic actions......Page 510
Vehicle geometry......Page 511
Methodology......Page 512
Example 1......Page 513
System reliability......Page 515
Deemed to have failed......Page 516
The Future......Page 517
References......Page 521
Appendix 12A......Page 523
Performance profiles......Page 528
Deterioration models......Page 529
Reinforced concrete......Page 531
Research study......Page 532
Calibration......Page 534
Protective systems......Page 537
Corrosion prevention by dehumidification......Page 538
Enhanced wrapping system......Page 539
Insects......Page 540
Deterioration Models......Page 541
References......Page 542
Further reading......Page 543
Theory of diffusion......Page 544
Introduction......Page 545
Real bridge vibrations......Page 546
Drop weight experiment......Page 547
Weight Watchers......Page 548
Law Enforcement......Page 549
Abnormal Indivisible Loads (AILs)......Page 552
Conclusions......Page 553
References......Page 554
C......Page 555
D......Page 556
H......Page 557
M......Page 558
P......Page 559
S......Page 560
T......Page 561
Y......Page 562


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