BREWING SCIENCE a multidisciplinary approach.

✍ Scribed by MICHAEL MOSHER

• Publisher: SPRINGER
• Year: 2021
• Tongue: English
• Leaves: 462
• Edition: 2
• Category: Library

✦ Table of Contents

Preface
To the Student
To the Instructor
Preface to the Second Edition
Contents
1: Introduction to Brewing Science
1.1 Science and the Brewer
1.1.1 The Scientific Method
1.2 What Is Beer?
1.3 Some Common Conventions
1.3.1 Volume
1.3.2 Temperature
1.3.3 Weight
1.4 Yes Virginia, Beer Contains Alcohol
1.5 A Short History of Beer in the World
1.5.1 The Very Early Years
1.5.2 Beer in Europe Before 1500
1.5.3 Colonization and the New World
1.5.4 Beer in Post-1700 Europe
1.5.5 Beer in the Far East
1.6 Beer in the United States
1.6.1 Beer Unites the Nation
1.6.2 Expansion Across the West
1.6.3 Temperance and Prohibition
1.6.4 Prohibition in the United States
1.6.5 Post-prohibition
1.6.6 Returning to the Home
1.7 The Current Market for Beer
Laboratory Exercises
Familiarization with Laboratory Measurements.
Experiment
Exploring the Internet
Experiment
2: Beer Styles
2.1 Judging Beer
2.1.1 Beer Styles
2.1.2 Conforming to a Style
2.2 Parameters That Classify a Beer Style
2.2.1 Physical Parameters
2.3 Common Beer Styles
2.3.1 Lagers
2.3.1.1 European Lagers
2.3.1.2 English Lagers
2.3.1.3 American Lagers
2.3.1.4 Other Lagers
2.3.2 Ales
2.3.2.1 European Ales
2.3.2.2 English, Scottish, and Irish Ales
2.3.2.3 American Ales
2.3.3 Hybrids
2.4 Historical Beer Styles
2.5 How to Sample and Taste Beer
2.5.1 Beer Glasses
2.5.2 Serving Temperature
2.5.3 Sampling and Tasting
Laboratory Exercises
Density Measurements
Equipment Needed
Experiment
SRM Determination
Equipment Needed
Experiment
3: Molecules and Other Matters
3.1 The Atom
3.1.1 Compounds
3.2 Laws that Govern Atoms, Molecules, and Ionic Compounds
3.3 The World of Carbon-Containing Molecules
3.3.1 Basic Functional Groups in Brewing
3.3.2 Amino Acid Polymers
3.3.3 Drawing Organic Molecules
3.3.4 Naming Organic Molecules
3.4 Reactions of Organic Molecules
3.4.1 Oxidation and Reduction
3.4.2 Condensation Reactions
3.4.3 Isomerization Reactions
3.4.4 Radical Reactions
3.4.5 Maillard Reactions
Laboratory Exercises
Building Models in 3-D
Equipment Needed
Experiment
4: Overview of the Brewing Process
4.1 Overview of the Process
4.1.1 Agricultural
4.1.2 Malting
4.1.3 Milling
4.1.4 Mashing
4.1.5 Lautering and Sparging
4.1.6 Boiling
4.1.7 Fermenting
4.1.8 Maturing
4.1.9 Filtering
4.1.10 Packaging
4.2 Cleaning and Sterilizing
4.3 Inputs and Outputs
4.3.1 Water
4.3.2 Grains and Malts
4.3.3 Hops
4.3.4 Yeast
4.3.5 Finished Product
Laboratory Exercises
Sketch the Overview
Research on Barley
5: Malting and Water
5.1 Biology of Barley
5.1.1 The Barley Corn
5.1.2 Barley and the Farmer
5.1.3 Barley Diseases and Pests
5.1.4 Sorting and Grading
5.2 Malting Barley
5.2.1 Germination of Barley
5.2.2 Equipment Used in Malting
5.2.3 Problems Arising from Malting
5.3 Maillard Reactions
5.4 Water – The Most Important Ingredient
5.4.1 Types of Water
5.4.1.1 Aquifers
5.4.1.2 Brewery Water
5.4.2 What’s in the Water?
5.4.2.1 Cations in Water
5.4.2.2 Anions in Water
5.4.2.3 Reactions in Water
5.4.3 pH
5.4.3.1 Residual Alkalinity
Laboratory Exercises
Germination of Barley
Equipment Needed
Experiment
6: Milling and Mashing
6.1 Milling
6.1.1 Purpose of Milling
6.1.2 Equipment Used in Milling
6.2 Purpose of Mashing
6.3 Equipment Used in Mashing
6.3.1 Cereal Cookers
6.3.2 Mash Mixer and Mash Kettles
6.3.3 Mash Tun
6.3.4 Processes in Mashing
6.4 Enzymes and What They Are
6.5 Chemistry While Resting
6.5.1 Starch
6.5.2 Phytase
6.5.3 Proteases and Peptidases
6.5.4 Glucanase
6.5.5 Alpha-Amylase
6.5.6 Beta-Amylase
6.5.7 Mashout
6.6 Efficiency of Extraction
6.6.1 Efficiency Calculations
6.6.2 Mash pH
6.6.3 Mash Thickness
Laboratory Exercises
The Effect of Temperature and pH on Mashing Efficiency
Equipment Needed
Experiment
7: Lautering and Sparging
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Fluid Physics: Static Case
7.2.1 Pressure
7.2.2 Pascal’s Law
7.3 Fluid Physics: Dynamic Case
7.3.1 Conservation of Mass: The Continuity Equation
7.3.2 Bernoulli’s Principle and Laminar Flow
7.3.3 Pressure and Hydraulic Head
7.3.4 Head and Pump Dynamics
7.3.5 Darcy’s Law and Laminar Flow in Porous Media
7.4 Equipment Used in Sparging and Lautering
7.4.1 Batch Sparging
7.4.2 Fly Sparging
7.4.3 Mash Filter
7.5 When Do We Stop Sparging?
Laboratory Exercises
Exploring Darcy’s Law
Equipment Needed
Experiment
8: Wort Boiling
8.1 Why Boil the Wort?
8.2 The Equipment of the Boil
8.2.1 Metals and Heating
8.2.2 Corrosion
8.2.3 Methods for Heating
8.2.4 Direct Fire Vessels
8.2.5 Calandria
8.2.6 Other Heating Systems
8.3 Heat and Temperature
8.3.1 Types of Energy
8.4 Heat Capacity and Heat Transfer
8.4.1 Phase Transition – Boiling
8.4.2 Power
8.5 Hops in the Boil
8.5.1 The Hop Flower Revisited
8.5.2 Hop Oil Constituents
8.5.3 Modified Hop Oils
Laboratory Exercises
Hop Tea and Identifying Flavors
Determination of Percent Hop Acids in Hops
Determination of Wort Viscosity During Boil
9: Cooling and Fermenting
9.1 Setting the Stage
9.2 Wort Chilling
9.2.1 Heat Exchangers
9.2.2 Multiple-Stage Heat Exchangers
9.3 Equipment Used in Fermentation
9.3.1 Refrigeration
9.3.1.1 Introductory Thermodynamics. State Variables and Processes
9.3.1.2 Internal Energy and the First Law of Thermodynamics
9.3.1.3 Thermodynamic Processes
9.3.1.4 Reversible and Irreversible Processes in Thermodynamics
9.3.1.5 The Most Efficient Cycle: The Carnot Cycle
9.3.1.6 Type of Refrigerants
9.3.1.7 Mechanical Implementation of Refrigeration. Glycol Circulation
9.3.2 Fermenters, CCV, and Round Squares
9.4 Yeast
9.4.1 Yeast Morphology
9.4.2 Yeast Metabolism
9.4.2.1 Aerobic Conditions
9.4.2.2 Anaerobic Conditions
9.4.2.3 Effects on Metabolism
9.4.3 Products of Yeast
Laboratory Exercises
The Effect of Sugars on Fermentation
10: Maturation and Carbonation
10.1 The Purpose of Maturation
10.1.1 Secondary Fermentation
10.1.2 Warm Maturation
10.1.3 Cold Maturation
10.1.4 Other Adjustments
10.2 Equipment Used in Maturation
10.2.1 The Cold Maturation Tank
10.2.2 Cask Conditioning
10.3 Carbonation
10.3.1 The Principles of Carbonation
10.3.2 Equipment Used to Carbonate
10.3.3 Issues with Carbonation
Laboratory Exercises
Diacetyl Determination in Beer
Adjusting the Color
11: Clarification and Filtration
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Colloids and Colloidal Stability
11.2.1 What Is a Colloid?
11.2.2 Formation of Colloids in Beer
11.2.3 Turbidity Measurements
11.2.4 Shelf Life
11.3 Clarification
11.3.1 During Boiling
11.3.2 During Fermentation
11.3.3 During Maturation
11.3.4 The Centrifuge
11.4 Filtration
11.4.1 Principles of Filtration
11.4.2 Filtration Equipment
11.4.2.1 The Sheet Filter
11.4.2.2 The Lenticular Filter
11.4.2.3 Powder Filters
11.4.2.4 Crossflow Filters
11.4.3 Issues with Filtration
11.4.3.1 Product Safety Hazards
11.4.3.2 Product Quality Hazards
11.4.3.3 Operator Safety Hazards
Laboratory Exercises
Filtration
Equipment Needed
Experiment
12: Packaging
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Carbonation and Other Gases
12.2.1 Pressure Loss in Transferring Liquids
12.2.2 Other Gases Used in “Carbonation”
12.3 Packaging
12.3.1 Small Pack
12.3.1.1 Bottles
12.3.1.2 Cans
12.3.1.3 Plastic
12.3.2 Large Pack
12.4 Pasteurization
12.4.1 Tunnel Pasteurization
12.4.2 Flash Pasteurization
12.4.3 Other Methods of Pasteurization
Laboratory Exercises
Thermal Expansion of Water
Equipment Needed
Experiment
13: Quality Assurance and Quality Control
13.1 What Is Quality?
13.2 Quality Control
13.2.1 Methods in Quality Control
13.3 Quality Assurance
13.3.1 Good Brewery Practice
13.3.2 Addressing Production Using 5Why and PDCA
13.4 Addressing Product Safety
13.4.1 FSMA
13.4.2 HACCP
13.5 Sensory Analyses
13.5.1 Types of Sensory Evaluations
13.6 Safety in the Brewery
13.6.1 Worker Safety
Laboratory Exercises
Turbidity in Beer
Appendices
Appendix A – Math for the Brewer
A.0 Introduction
A.1 Designing Your Brew
A.1.1 Volume
A.1.2 Designing the Grain Bill
A.1.3 Hops
A.1.4 Percent Alcohol by Volume (ABV)
A.1.5 Color and SRM
A.2.1 Misc-Strike Water Temperature
Appendix B – R134a Refrigerant Data
B.0 Introduction
B.1 Saturated, Organized by Temperature
B.2 Saturated, Organized by Pressure
B.3 Superheated Vapor
Index