Blood Tests Made Easy

✍ Scribed by Paul Hamilton

• Publisher: ‎Elsevier
• Year: 2022
• Leaves: 140
• Category: Library

✦ Table of Contents

Cover
IFC
Blood Tests Made Easy
Copyright
Contents
Preface
Using this book
Dedication
1
Effective use of laboratory tests
Selecting Appropriate Tests
Main laboratory vs point-of-care testing (POCT)
Advantages of POCT
Disadvantages of POCT
Laboratory assay methodology
Chromatography
Electrophoresis
Flow cytometry
Immunoassay
Potentiometry
Mass spectrometry
Microscopy
Spectrophotometry
Osmometry
2
Interpreting laboratory tests
Sample types
Laboratory reports
Reference ranges
Cut-off values or decision levels
Trends
Patterns of results
Problem samples
Haemolysis
Contaminated samples
Wrong patient identifier
Incorrect blood tube in use
Minimal significant change
3
Osmolality and the urea and electrolyte (U+E) profile
Osmolality
Osmolar gap
Core components of the UREA AND ELECTROLYTE (U+E) PROFILE
Sodium
Hyponatraemia
Hypernatraemia
Potassium
Hypokalaemia
Hyperkalaemia
Total carbon dioxide (and bicarbonate)
Chloride
Urea
Creatinine
Estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR)
Acute kidney injury e-alerts
4
The bone profile
Calcium
Hypocalcaemia
Hypercalcaemia
The concept of ‘adjusted calcium’
Phosphate
Hypophosphataemia
Hyperphosphataemia
Albumin
Alkaline phosphatase (ALP)
Putting it all together
5
The liver profile
Bilirubin
Haemolytic anaemia and Gilbert’s syndrome
‘Liver enzymes’
Alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST)
Gamma glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT)
Alkaline phosphatase (ALP)
Putting it all together
Screening for the cause of liver disease
Other tests in liver disease
6
Blood gas analysis and pH
Sample requirements
Core components of the test panel
Acid-base status
Anion gap
Partial pressure of oxygen (PaO2)
Partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PaCO2)
Carboxyhaemoglobin
7
Endocrine testing
Glands controlled by the anterior pituitary
Thyroid
Adrenals
Hypoadrenalism
Hyperadrenalism
Primary hyperaldosteronism
Congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH)
Phaeochromocytoma and paraganglioma
Gonads
Males
Females
Ovarian failure.
Polycystic ovarian syndrome.
Ovulatory failure.
Pregnancy.
Growth hormone (GH)
Prolactin
Testing posterior pituitary function
Water deprivation test
8 Blood proteins and enzymes
An introduction to blood proteins
Paraprotein
Serum free light chains
Other laboratory findings in multiple myeloma
Immunoglobulins
Total protein
Albumin
α1-anti-trypsin
Amylase and lipase
Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE)
Bone turnover markers
Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and bone-specific ALP
Procollagen 1 amino-terminal extension peptide (P1NP)
C-telopeptide of collagen cross-links (CTX)
Cholinesterase
Creatine kinase (CK)
C-reactive protein (CRP)
Cryoglobulins
Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH)
Mast cell tryptase
Thiopurine S-methyltransferase (TPMT)
Macro-enzymes
9
Disorders of glucose
Glucose
Hyperglycaemia
Hypoglycaemia
HbA1c
Ketones
10
Lipids and other tests relevant to cardiovascular disease
Lipids
Total cholesterol
Triglyceride
HDL-cholesterol
LDL-cholesterol
Cholesterol:HDL ratio
Non-HDL cholesterol
Interpreting the results
Other lipid tests
Apolipoprotein A-1 (Apo-A1)
Apolipoprotein B (Apo B)
Lipoprotein(a) (Lp(a))
Other tests relevant to cardiovascular disease
Cardiac troponin
B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP)
11 Tumour markers
THE USE OF Tumour markers
Is the result really normal or abnormal?
Is something other than cancer affecting a result?
Trends are often more informative than one-off values
12
Nutrition
Iron
Folate
Vitamin B12
Micronutrient screen
Magnesium
Vitamin D
Urate
13
Therapeutic drug monitoring and toxicology
Therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM)
Toxicology
Drugs of abuse
Specific poisons
Paracetamol
Salicylate
Toxic alcohols
Digoxin
Carbon monoxide
14
Metabolic testing
Ammonia
Lactate
D-lactate
Porphyrins and related compounds
Acylcarnitines
Amino acids
Newborn blood screening
Other metabolic tests
15
The full blood picture (FBP)
Haemoglobin
Mean cell volume
Haematocrit
Leucocyte count
Platelet count
Blood film interpretation
Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR)
16
Tests of coagulation
Prothrombin time (PT)
Activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT)
Fibrinogen
D-dimer
Other tests
Thrombin time (TT)
Coagulation correction tests
Clotting factor tests
Platelet count and platelet function testing
17
Blood grouping
Case studies and self-assessment questions
Chapter 1
Case study
Self-assessment 1
Self-assessment 2
Self-assessment 3
Self-assessment 4
Chapter 2
Case study
Self-assessment 1
Self-assessment 2
Self-assessment 3
Self-assessment 4
Chapter 3
Case study
Self-assessment 1
Self-assessment 2
Self-assessment 3
Self-assessment 4
Chapter 4
Case study
Self-assessment 1
Self-assessment 2
Self-assessment 3
Self-assessment 4
Chapter 5
Case study
Self-assessment 1
Self-assessment 2
Self-assessment 3
Self-assessment 4
Chapter 6
Case study
Self-assessment 1
Self-assessment 2
Self-assessment 3
Self-assessment 4
Chapter 7
Case study
Self-assessment 1
Self-assessment 2
Self-assessment 3
Self-assessment 4
Chapter 8
Case study
Self-assessment 1
Self-assessment 2
Self-assessment 3
Self-assessment 4
Chapter 9
Case study
Self-assessment 1
Self-assessment 2
Self-assessment 3
Self-assessment 4
Chapter 10
Case study
Self-assessment 1
Self-assessment 2
Self-assessment 3
Self-assessment 4
Chapter 11
Case study
Self-assessment 1
Self-assessment 2
Self-assessment 3
Self-assessment 4
Chapter 12
Case study
Self-assessment 1
Self-assessment 2
Self-assessment 3
Self-assessment 4
Chapter 13
Case study
Self-assessment 1
Self-assessment 2
Self-assessment 3
Self-assessment 4
Chapter 14
Case study
Self-assessment 1
Self-assessment 2
Chapter 15
Case study
Self-assessment 1
Self-assessment 2
Self-assessment 3
Self-assessment 4
Chapter 16
Case study
Self-assessment 1
Self-assessment 2
Chapter 17
Self-assessment 1
Self-assessment: answers
Chapter 1
Chapter 2
Chapter 3
Chapter 4
Chapter 5
Chapter 6
Chapter 7
Chapter 8
Chapter 9
Chapter 10
Chapter 11
Chapter 12
Chapter 13
Chapter 14
Chapter 15
Chapter 16
Chapter 17