Biosensors and Biochips (Learning Materials in Biosciences)

✍ Scribed by Alberto Pasquarelli

• Publisher: Springer
• Year: 2021
• Tongue: English
• Leaves: 342
• Category: Library

✦ Synopsis

This textbook describes the basic principles and mechanism of action of biosensor systems, and introduces readers to the various types of biosensors; from affinity biosensors to catalytic, optical and label-free biosensors, the most common systems are explained in detail. Dedicated advanced sections focus on biochips and genome sequencing methods as well as organs-on-a-chip.

The textbook helps readers to understand the elementary components of biosensors, and to identify and illustrate each function in the biosensor information flow, from recognition to transduction and transmission. Furthermore, readers will receive guidance in critically analyzing published studies on biosensor research, helping them to develop appropriate concepts and independently propose their own solutions.

The textbook is intended for master’s students in bioengineering, biophysics, biotechnology and pharmacology that need a solid grasp of biosensor system technologies and applications, as well as students in related medical technological fields.

✦ Table of Contents

Preface
Acknowledgments
About the Book
Contents
Chapter 1: Introduction
What You Will Learn in This Chapter
1.1 Biosensors
Question 1
1.2 The Development of Biosensors
Question 2
1.3 Biosensor Components
1.3.1 Biological Component
Question 3
1.3.2 Physical Component
1.3.3 Interfacial Component
Question 4
1.4 Biosensors Significance and Its Market Potential
1.4.1 Constraints
1.4.2 Demanding Factors
1.4.3 Technological Synergies
Question 5
1.5 Applications
1.5.1 Healthcare
1.5.2 Environmental Monitoring
1.5.3 Process Monitoring and Process Control
1.5.4 Food Quality Control
Question 6
1.6 Future Developments
1.6.1 Healthcare
1.6.2 Environmental Control and Biowarfare
1.6.3 Food Quality Control
Answer 1
Answer 2
Answer 3
Answer 4
Answer 5
Answer 6
Take-Home Messages
References
Chapter 2: Bioreceptors
What You Will Learn in This Chapter
2.1 Classification of Bioreceptors
2.1.1 Protein-Based Receptors
2.1.2 Synthetic Receptors
2.1.3 DNA Receptors
2.1.4 Receptors Based on Whole Cells
Question 1
2.1.5 Tissues and Organs
Question 2
2.2 Chemical Bonds
2.2.1 Covalent Bond
2.2.2 Polar Covalent Bond
2.2.3 Hydrogen Bond
2.2.4 Nonpolar Covalent Bond
2.2.5 Van der Waals Attractions
2.2.6 Hydrophobic Interaction
2.2.7 Ionic Bond
2.2.8 Disulfide Bond
2.2.9 Binding Energies in Water
Question 3
2.3 Standard Amino Acids
2.4 Peptides, Polypeptides, and Proteins
2.5 Proteins
2.5.1 Primary Structure
2.5.2 Secondary Structure
Question 4
2.5.3 Tertiary Structure
2.5.4 Quaternary Structure
2.6 Polarity and Ionization of Amino Acids and Proteins
Question 5
Question 6
Answer 1
Answer 2
Answer 3
Answer 4
Answer 5
Answer 6
Take-Home Messages
References
Chapter 3: Catalytic Biosensors
What You Will Learn in This Chapter
3.1 Catalysis of a Reaction
Question 1
3.1.1 Michaelis-Menten Equation
3.1.2 Inhibition
3.1.3 Michaelis-Menten Equation for Competitive Inhibition
3.1.4 Michaelis-Menten Equation for Noncompetitive Inhibition
Question 2
Question 3
3.2 Enzyme Activity
Question 4
3.3 Calorimetric Biosensors
Question 5
3.4 Electrochemical Biosensors
3.4.1 Electrode Properties
Question 6
3.4.2 Potentiostat
3.5 Potentiometric Biosensors
Question 7
3.6 Amperometric Biosensors
Question 8
3.7 Impedimetric Biosensors
Answer 1
Answer 2
Answer 3
Answer 4
Answer 5
Answer 6
Answer 7
Answer 8
Take-Home Messages
References
Chapter 4: Affinity Biosensors
What You Will Learn in This Chapter
4.1 Immunosensor
4.2 The Immune System
4.2.1 Antigen and Epitope
4.2.2 Antigen Recognition Mechanism and Antibody Secretion
Question 1
4.2.3 Aptamers
4.3 Immunoassays
Question 2
4.3.1 Competitive Immunoassay
4.4 Assay Labeling
4.4.1 Fluorescence Labeling
Question 3
4.4.2 Enzyme Labeling
4.4.3 Chemiluminescence
4.5 Homogeneous Immunoassay Examples
Question 4
4.6 Radioimmunoassay (RIA)
Question 5
Question 6
Answer 1
Answer 2
Answer 3
Answer 4
Answer 5
Answer 6
Take-Home Messages
References
Chapter 5: Optical Biosensors
What You Will Learn in This Chapter
5.1 Basic Components
5.1.1 Light Sources
Question 1
5.1.2 Optical Fibers and Waveguides
5.1.3 Optical Detectors
5.2 Measurement of Optical Properties
5.2.1 Absorption and Spectroscopy
Question 2
Question 3
5.2.2 Immunoassays on Optical Fibers
5.3 Reflection, Transmission, Refraction
5.3.1 Total Internal Reflection
Question 4
5.3.2 Evanescent Wave
Question 5
5.4 Total Internal Reflection Fluorescence (TIRF)
5.4.1 TIRF Microscopy (TIRFM)
5.4.2 TIRF Immunoassay
Question 6
Answer 1
Answer 2
Answer 3
Answer 4
Answer 5
Answer 6
Take-Home Messages
References
Chapter 6: Label-Free Biosensors
What You Will Learn in This Chapter
6.1 Mach-Zehnder Interferometer
Question 1
6.2 Surface Plasmon Resonance
Question 2
6.3 SPR Affinity Biosensor
6.4 SPR Systems
6.4.1 Biacore
6.5 SPR Detection
6.5.1 The Langmuir Isotherm
6.5.2 SPR Parameters and Kinetic Analysis
Question 3
6.6 Gravimetric Biosensors
6.6.1 Cantilever Biosensors
6.7 Bulk Acoustic Wave (BAW) Sensor
6.8 Quartz Crystal Microbalance (QCM)
Question 4
6.8.1 QCM-D Principle
Question 5
6.9 Surface Acoustic Waves
6.9.1 SAW Sensors
Question 6
Answer 1
Answer 2
Answer 3
Answer 4
Answer 5
Answer 6
Take-Home Messages
References
Chapter 7: Bioreceptor Immobilization
What You Will Learn in This Chapter
7.1 Immobilization Methods
Question 1
7.2 Adsorption
Question 2
7.2.1 Surface Modifications
7.3 Entrapment
7.3.1 Entrapment Behind Membranes
7.3.2 Entrapment Within Conducting Polymers
7.3.3 Entrapment in Hydrogel
Question 3
7.4 Covalent Binding
7.4.1 Coupling to Carboxylic Acids (Carboxyl Groups)
7.4.2 Reactions Involving Aldehydes
7.4.3 Reactions Involving Thiols
7.4.4 Reactions Involving Amines
Question 4
7.5 Self-Assembled Monolayers (SAMs)
Question 5
7.5.1 Steric Hindrance
7.6 Long-Term Stability
Question 6
7.7 Immobilization Protocol of a Ligand on a Gold Surface
7.7.1 Optimization of the Immobilization
Question 7
7.8 Regeneration
7.8.1 Tuning Optimal Regeneration Conditions
Question 8
Answer 1
Answer 2
Answer 3
Answer 4
Answer 5
Answer 6
Answer 7
Answer 8
Take-Home Messages
References
Chapter 8: Biochips
What You Will Learn in This Chapter
Question 1
8.1 DNA
Question 2
8.1.1 Genes
8.1.2 Genetic Code
8.2 Applications of Functional Genomics
8.2.1 Gene Expression
Question 3
8.3 RNA
8.3.1 Ribosomes and Protein Synthesis
8.4 cDNA
8.5 Amplification
8.5.1 Amplification by Cloning Vector
8.5.2 Amplification by PCR
Question 4
8.5.3 Gel Electrophoresis
8.5.4 PCR Parameter Optimization
8.6 Southern Blot
8.6.1 Example: DNA Fingerprinting
8.7 DNA Chips
8.7.1 Phosphoramidite Synthesis
Question 5
8.7.2 Chip Functionalization with Microarray Spotter
8.7.3 Lithographic Functionalization: I
8.7.4 Lithographic Functionalization: II
8.8 Fluorescence Readout
8.9 Other (Label-Free) Readout Methods
Question 6
8.10 Cancer Diagnostics
8.10.1 Analysis Software
8.10.2 Normalization
8.10.3 Pearson´s R
Question 7
8.11 Clustering
Question 8
Answer 1
Answer 2
Answer 3
Answer 4
Answer 5
Answer 6
Answer 7
Answer 8
Take-Home Messages
References
Chapter 9: Genome Sequencing
What You Will Learn in This Chapter
9.1 First-Generation DNA Sequencing (Sanger Method)
Question 1
9.2 Next-Generation Sequencing (Second Generation)
9.2.1 The Illumina/Solexa Approach
9.2.2 ION Torrent
9.2.3 Library Preparation of ``DNA Beads´´
9.2.4 pH Sensing of Base Incorporation
Question 2
9.3 Next-Generation Sequencing (Third Generation)
9.3.1 Pacific Biosciences
Question 3
9.4 Nanopore Sensing
9.4.1 Oxford Nanopore Technology (ONT) Sequencing
Question 4
9.5 Genome Assembly
9.6 DNA Sequencing by Means of Synthetic Nanopores
Question 5
9.7 Genomics and Personalized Medicine Prospects
9.8 Supplement: Human Genome Project
9.8.1 Yesterday
9.8.2 Today
9.8.3 Tomorrow
Answer 1
Answer 2
Answer 3
Answer 4
Answer 5
Take-Home Messages
References
Chapter 10: Proteome and Membrane Channels
What You Will Learn in This Chapter
10.1 Protein Biosynthesis
10.2 Protein Separation with 2D Gel Electrophoresis
10.3 Protein Microarrays
Question 1
10.3.1 Sandwich Assay Formats
10.3.2 3D-Immobilization
Question 2
10.4 Discussion on Detection Methods
10.4.1 MALDI-TOF MS
10.4.2 SELDI-TOF MS
10.4.3 Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM)
Question 3
10.5 Commercial Microarray Technologies
10.6 Membrane Channels
10.6.1 Ion Channels
10.7 Patch-Clamp Technique
Question 4
10.8 Ion Channels and Cardiac Physiology
10.8.1 The Long QT Syndrome
Question 5
10.8.2 hERG Pharmacology
10.9 Instrumentation
Question 6
Answer 1
Answer 2
Answer 3
Answer 4
Answer 5
Answer 6
Take-Home Messages
References
Chapter 11: Microelectrode Arrays, Implants, and Organs-on-a-Chip
What You Will Learn in This Chapter
11.1 Microelectrode Array (MEA)
Question 1
11.2 CMOS-MEA
Question 2
11.3 Implants: Neural Interfaces and Prostheses
11.3.1 Deep Brain Stimulation (DBS)
11.3.2 Cochlear Implant
Question 3
11.3.3 Vision Restoration Implants
11.4 Biocompatibility
Question 4
11.5 Organoids and Organs-on-a-Chip
Question 5
Answer 1
Answer 2
Answer 3
Answer 4
Answer 5
Take-Home Messages
References
Appendix
Suggested Books for In-Depth Learning
General Overview
Chemistry
Biology
Electrochemistry
Microfluidics
Material Science and Technology
Neuroscience
Environmental Monitoring
Food Safety
Security
Enzymes
Immune System
SPR
QCM
Biochips
Electrophysiology
Implants
Organoids and Organs-on-a-Chip
Index