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Also of interest
Biopolymers and Composites: Processing and Characterization
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Contents
List of contributing authors
1. Introduction: biopolymers and biocomposites
1.1 Introduction
1.1.1 Classification of biopolymers
1.1.2 Biocomposites
1.1.2.1 Bones
1.1.2.2 Teeth
1.1.2.3 Hair
1.1.3 Biomimetic composites
1.1.4 Processing of Bio-polymers
1.1.4.1 Non-biodegradable bioplastics
1.1.4.2 Biodegradable bioplastics
1.1.4.3 Cellulose
1.1.4.3.1 Cotton
1.1.4.3.2 Paper
1.1.4.4 Biomass extraction
1.1.5 Neoteric processing and applications
1.1.5.1 Amphiphobicity
1.1.5.2 Inverse thermal degradation
1.1.5.3 3D printing
1.1.5.4 Ionic liquids for processing
1.1.5.5 Microemulsions
1.1.5.6 Biofuel production
1.1.6 Conclusion
References
2. Lignin-based polymers
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Lignin recovery
2.2.1 Kraft pulping
2.2.2 Sulfite pulping
2.2.3 Soda pulping
2.2.4 Organosolv
2.2.5 Acidolysis
2.2.6 Enzymatic liberation
2.3 Lignin derived polymers
2.3.1 Lignin as a macromonomer
2.3.1.1 Polyurethanes
2.3.1.2 Polyesters
2.3.1.3 Epoxide resins
2.3.1.4 Phenolic resins
2.3.2 Lignin-derived phenolic compounds as monomers
2.3.2.1 Vanilline derived polymers
2.3.2.2 Cinnamic acid derived polymers
2.3.2.3 p-coumaric acid derived polymers
2.3.2.4 Ferulic acid derived polymers
2.4 Lignin-based polymer composites
2.4.1 Lignin-based thermoplastic polymer composites
2.4.2 Lignin-based rubber composites
2.4.3 Lignin-based thermosetting polymer composites
2.5 Conclusions and outlooks
References
3. Cellulose-based polymers
3.1 Introduction
3.2 The categories of cellulose polymers in different forms
3.2.1 Cellulose fibers
3.2.2 Cellulose membrane
3.2.3 Cellulose gel
3.2.4 Cellulose bioplastics
3.2.5 Nanocrystalline cellulose
3.2.6 Bacterial cellulose
3.3 The structure and properties of cellulose
3.3.1 Chemical structure
3.3.2 Aggregation structure
3.4 Swelling and dissolution of cellulose
3.4.1 Solvents and principles of cellulose dissolution
3.4.2 Nonderivatizing solvents
3.4.2.1 Inorganic compound/organic amine mixture containing nitrogen or sulfur
3.4.2.2 Amine oxide system
3.4.2.3 N,N-dimethylacetamide/lithium chloride (DMAc/LiC)
3.4.2.4 Ionic liquid
3.4.2.5 Transition metal/amine (or ammonia) complex aqueous solution
3.4.2.6 Tetraalkylammonium hydroxide aqueous solution
3.4.2.7 Alkali metal hydroxide aqueous solution
3.4.3 Derivatization solvent
3.4.4 Preparation and characterization of cellulose derivates
3.4.4.1 Esterification of cellulose
3.4.4.2 Cellulose inorganic acid ester
3.4.4.3 Cellulose organic esters
3.4.4.4 Etherification of cellulose
3.4.4.5 Alkyl cellulose ether
3.4.4.6 Hydroxyalkyl cellulose ether
3.4.4.7 Anionic cellulose ether
3.4.4.8 Cationic cellulose ether
3.4.4.9 Cyanoethyl cellulose
3.4.5 Grafting copolymerization of cellulose
3.4.5.1 Mechanisms and methods
3.4.5.2 Heterogeneous phase grafted copolymer of cellulose
3.4.5.3 Grafted copolymer from cellulose derivatives
3.5 Concluding remarks and future trends
References
4. Plant oil-based polymers
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Structure and modification of plant oils
4.2.1 Structure of plant oils
4.2.2 Modification of oils and their derivatives
4.2.2.1 Conventional functionalization
4.2.2.2 Olefin metathesis
4.2.2.3 Transition-metal-catalyzed addition
4.2.2.4 Thiol-ene addition
4.3 Oil-based thermosetting polymers
4.3.1 Direct-polymerized polymers
4.3.2 Alkyd resins
4.3.3 Unsaturated polyester resins
4.3.4 Epoxy resins
4.3.5 Polyurethane resins
4.3.5.1 Isocyanate-based PUs
4.3.5.1.1 Polyols prepared by epoxidation ring-opening for PUs
4.3.5.1.2 Polyols prepared by hydroformylation/hydrogenation and their resulting PUs
4.3.5.1.3 Polyols prepared by ozonolysis/reduction and their resulting PUs
4.3.5.1.4 Polyols prepared by transesterification/amidation and their resulting PUs
4.3.5.1.5 Polyols prepared by thiol-ene reaction and their resulting PUs
4.3.5.1.6 Polyols prepared by other reactions and their resulting PUs
4.3.5.2 Non-isocyanate-derived PUs
4.3.6 Other thermosetting polymers
4.4 Oil-based thermoplastic polymers
4.4.1 Polyamides
4.4.2 Polyesters
4.4.3 Other thermoplastic polymers
4.5 Conclusions
References
5. Bio-based polyurethane aqueous dispersions
5.1 Introduction
5.2 WPU synthesized from biomass resources
5.2.1 Properties of polymer dispersion
5.2.2 Vegetable oil-based polyols
5.2.3 Vegetable oil based isocyanates
5.2.4 Lignin based polyols
5.2.5 Cashew nut shell liquid based polyols
5.2.6 Plant straw based polyols
5.2.7 Terpene based polyols
5.2.8 Rosin based polyols
5.3 WPU modified by biomass resources
5.3.1 Cellulose
5.3.2 Starch
5.3.3 Chitosan
5.3.4 Lignin
5.3.5 Sodium alginate
5.3.6 Natural phenolic acid
5.4 Application
5.5 Conclusion and outlook
References
6. Soybean-based polymers and composites
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Production of DSF, SPC, and SPI
6.3 Recent advancements
6.4 Conclusion
References
7. Biodegradable polylactic acid (PLA)
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Polymer composites
7.2.1 Nanocellulose
7.2.2 Nanoclays
7.2.3 Carbon nanotubes
7.2.4 Graphene
7.2.5 Other functional nanofillers
7.3 Polymer blends
7.4 Applications
7.5 Conclusion
References
8. Bio-based polyhydroxyalkanoates blends and composites
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Synthesis of PHAs
8.3 Chemical modification of PHA
8.4 PHAs blends and composites
8.5 Conclusion
References
9. Biodegradable polycaprolactone (PCL) based polymer and composites
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Synthesis of poly(ฮฑ-hydroxy acid)s
9.2.1 Initiators/catalysts for the synthesis of poly(ฮฑ-hydroxy acid)s
9.3 Biodegradability of PCL
9.3.1 Other microorganisms that degrade PCL
9.4 Characterization behavior of PCL
9.5 Development of a biodegradable PCL film
9.6 Biomedical applications of PCL
9.7 Conclusion
References
10. Biodegradable poly(butylene adipate-co terephthalate) (PBAT)
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Biodegradation
10.3 Mechanical, thermal, and rheological properties of PBAT
10.4 PBAT thermal degradation
10.4.1 PBAT blends (PLA)
10.4.2 PBAT blends (corn stovers)
10.4.3 PBAT/TPS blends
10.5 Processing of PBAT/wollastonite biocomposites used in medical applications
10.6 Conclusion
References
11. Bio-based polyamide
11.1 Introduction
11.1.1 Global warming potential GWP (kg CO2 equivalent)
11.2 Polyamides and nylon: background
11.3 Biobased aliphatic bio-PAs
11.4 Mechanical characteristics and applications of common aliphatic PAs
11.5 PA6 and PA6.6
11.6 PA11, PA12 and PA12.12
11.7 PA4.6 and PA4.10
11.8 PA6.10, PA6.12, PA5.10, PA10.10, PA10.12, PA10.12 and PA13.6
11.9 Fully aromatic (aramids) and semi-aromatic (polyphthalamides) PPAs
11.10 Market analysis and insights: global bio-PAs market
References
12. Biodegradable shape-memory polymers and composites
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Classification of shape memory polymers
12.2.1 Composition and structure
12.2.2 Shape memory polymers with net points
12.2.3 Stimulus method
12.2.4 Shape memory function
12.3 Shape-memory polymer composites
12.4 Applications
12.5 Conclusion
References
13. Poly(glycerol sebacate) โ a revolutionary biopolymer
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Synthesis and material characterization
13.2.1 Thermal analysis
13.2.2 ATR-FTIR
13.2.3 Mechanical properties
13.3 Microfabrication
13.4 Human mesenchymal stem cell culture on PGS
13.4.1 Cell proliferation
13.4.2 Phase contrast microscopy
13.4.3 Scanning electron microscopy images
13.4.4 Immunocytochemistry (ICC) and cytoskeletal examination
13.5 Degradation
13.6 Summary
References
Index
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