BIOMEDICAL DEVICE TECHNOLOGY
ABOUT THE AUTHOR
PREFACE
CONTENTS
BIOMEDICAL DEVICE TECHNOLOGY
Part I INTRODUCTION
Chapter 1 OVERVIEW OF BIOMEDICAL INSTRUMENTATION
OBJECTIVES
CHAPTER CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION
CLASSIFICATION OF MEDICAL DEVICES
Classified by Functions
Classified by Physical Parameters
Classified by Principles of Transduction
Classified by Physiological Systems
Classified by Clinical Medical Specialties
Classified by Risk Classes
SYSTEMS APPROACH
ORIGINS OF BIOPOTENTIALS
PHYSIOLOGICAL SIGNALS
HUMAN-MACHINE INTERFACE
User Focus
Patient Focus
Support Staff Focus
Human Errors
INPUT, OUTPUT, AND CONTROL SIGNALS
CONSTRAINTS IN BIOMEDICAL SIGNAL MEASUREMENTS
Low Signal Level
Inaccessible Measurement Site
Small Physical Size
Difficult to Isolate Signal From Interfering Sources
Signal Varies With Time
Signal Varies Among Healthy Individuals
Origin and Propagation of Signal Is Not Fully Understood
Difficult to Establish Safe Level of Applied Energy to the Tissue
Able to Withstand Harsh Clinical Environment
Biocompatibility
CONCEPTS ON BIOCOMPATIBILITY
Definitions
Mechanism of Reaction
Tissue Response to Implants
Characteristics of Materials Affecting Biocompatibility
In Vitro and In Vivo Tests for Biocompatibility
FUNCTIONAL BUILDING BLOCKS OF MEDICAL INSTRUMENTATION
Interface
Analog Processing
Analog to Digital Conversion
Digital to Analog Conversion
Signal Isolation
Digital Processing
Memory
Network & Communication Interface
User Interface
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Chapter 2 CONCEPTS IN SIGNAL MEASUREMENT, PROCESSING, AND ANALYSIS
OBJECTIVES
CHAPTER CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION
ERROR OF MEASUREMENT AND CALIBRATION
DEVICE SPECIFICATIONS
STEADY STATE VERSUS TRANSIENT CHARACTERISTICS
LINEAR VERSUS NONLINEAR STEADY STATE CHARACTERISTICS
TIME AND FREQUENCY DOMAINS
SIGNAL PROCESSING AND ANALYSIS
Transfer Function
Signal Filtering
Signal Amplification and Attenuation
Other Signal Processing Circuits
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Part II BIOMEDICAL TRANSDUCERS
Chapter 3 FUNDAMENTALS OF BIOMEDICAL TRANSDUCERS
OBJECTIVES
CHAPTER CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION
DEFINITIONS
TYPES OF TRANSDUCERS
Passive Versus Active Transducers
Direct Versus Indirect Mode of Transducers
Intermittent Versus Continuous Measurement
Desired Versus Interfering Input
Invasive Versus Noninvasive Method
TRANSDUCER CHARACTERISTICS
Amplitude Linearity
Adequate Frequency Response
Free From Phase Distortion
SIGNAL CONDITIONING
TRANSDUCER EXCITATION
COMMON PHYSIOLOGICAL SIGNAL TRANSDUCERS
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Chapter 4 PRESSURE AND FORCE TRANSDUCERS
OBJECTIVES
CHAPTER CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION
BAROMETERS AND MANOMETERS
MECHANICAL PRESSURE GAUGES
STRAIN GAUGES
PIEZOELECTRIC PRESSURE TRANSDUCERS
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Chapter 5 TEMPERATURE TRANSDUCERS
OBJECTIVES
CHAPTER CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION
REFERENCE TEMPERATURE AND TEMPERATURE SCALE
NONELECTRICAL TEMPERATURE TRANSDUCERS
ELECTRICAL TEMPERATURE TRANSDUCERS
RESISTANCE TEMPERATURE DEVICES
LEAD ERRORS
Three-Wire Bridge
SELF-HEATING ERRORS
THERMISTORS
THERMOCOUPLES
Empirical Laws of Thermocouples
INTEGRATED CIRCUIT TEMPERATURE SENSORS
COMPARISON OF TEMPERATURE SENSORSโ CHARACTERISTICS
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Chapter 6 POSITION AND MOTION TRANSDUCERS
OBJECTIVES
CHAPTER CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION
RESISTIVE DISPLACEMENT TRANSDUCERS
INDUCTIVE DISPLACEMENT TRANSDUCERS
CAPACITIVE DISPLACEMENT TRANSDUCERS
HALL EFFECT SENSORS
ACCELEROMETERS
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Chapter 7 FLOW TRANSDUCERS
OBJECTIVES
CHAPTER CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION
LAMINAR AND TURBULENT FLOW
BERNOULLIโS EQUATION AND POISEUILLEโS LAW
FLOW TRANSDUCERS
Venturi Tube
Orifice Plate
Pitot Tube
Rotameter
Turbine Flowmeters
Electromagnetic Flowmeters
Ultrasound Flowmeters
Thermal Flowmeters
Hot Wire Anemometer
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Chapter 8 OPTICAL TRANSDUCERS
OBJECTIVES
CHAPTER CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION
QUANTUM AND THERMAL EVENTS
DEFINITIONS
Thermal and Photon Detectors
Radiometry and Photometry
Black Body, Gray Body, and Selective Radiators
PHOTOSENSING ELEMENTS
Photoresistive Sensors
Thermopiles
Pyroelectric Sensors
Photoconductive Sensors
Photoemissive Sensors
Photodiodes
Phototransistors
Charge-Coupled Device
FIBER OPTIC CABLES AND SENSORS
Physics of Fiber Optics
Modes and Types of Optical Fibers
Dispersion of Light in Optical Fiber
Fiber Optic Cables and Connectors
Fiber Optic Sensors
APPLICATION EXAMPLES
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Chapter 9 ELECTROCHEMICAL TRANSDUCERS
OBJECTIVES
CHAPTER CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION
ELECTROCHEMISTRY
Galvanic (Voltaic) Cells
Standard Electrode Potentials
Nernst Equation
REFERENCE ELECTRODES
Hydrogen Reference Electrode
Silver/Silver Chloride Reference Electrode
Calomel Reference Electrode
ION SELECTIVE ELECTRODES
pK Electrode
pH Electrode
pCO2 Electrodes
pO2 Electrodes
BIOSENSORS (ENZYME SENSORS)
BATTERIES AND FUEL CELLS
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Chapter 10 BIOPOTENTIAL ELECTRODES
OBJECTIVES
CHAPTER CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION
ORIGIN OF BIOPOTENTIALS
BIOPOTENTIAL ELECTRODES
The Tissue-Electrode Interface
Electrode Half-Cell Potential
Polarized and Nonpolarized Electrodes
Silver/Silver Chloride Electrodes
Electrical Equivalent Circuit
Floating Surface Electrode
Other Biopotential Electrodes
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Part III FUNDAMENTAL BUILDING BLOCKS OF MEDICAL INSTRUMENTATION
Chapter 11 BIOPOTENTIAL AMPLIFIERS
OBJECTIVES
CHAPTER CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION
INSTRUMENTATION AMPLIFIERS
DIFFERENTIAL AND COMMON MODE SIGNALS
NOISE IN BIOPOTENTIAL SIGNAL MEASUREMENTS
INTERFERENCE FROM EXTERNAL ELECTRICAL FIELD
Currents Induced on Lead Wires
Right Leg-Driven Circuit
INTERFERENCE FROM EXTERNAL MAGNETIC FIELD
CONDUCTIVE INTERFERENCE
High Frequencies and Power Harmonics
Switching Transients
Lightning Surges
Defibrillator Pulses
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Chapter 12 ELECTRICAL SAFETY AND SIGNAL ISOLATION
OBJECTIVES
CHAPTER CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION
ELECTRICAL SHOCK HAZARDS
MACROSHOCK AND MICROSHOCK
PREVENTION OF ELECTRICAL SHOCK
GROUNDED AND ISOLATED POWER SYSTEMS
SIGNAL ISOLATION
OTHER METHODS TO REDUCE ELECTRICAL HAZARD
Equipotential Grounding
Ground Fault Circuit Interrupters
Double Insulation
Batteries and Extra Low-Voltage Power Supply
MEASUREMENT OF LEAKAGE CURRENT
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Chapter 13 MEDICAL WAVEFORM DISPLAY SYSTEMS
OBJECTIVES
CHAPTER CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION
PAPER CHART RECORDERS
Continuous Paper Feed Recorders
Mechanical Stylus Recorders
Thermal Dot Array Recorders
Single Page Feed Recorders
Laser Printers
Inkjet Printers
VISUAL DISPLAY TECHNOLOGY
Cathode Ray Tube Displays
Liquid Crystal Displays
Plasma Panel Displays
Electroluminescent Displays
Organic Light-Emitting Diode Displays
VIDEO SIGNAL INTERFACE
PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS OF DISPLAY SYSTEMS
Sensitivity
Paper Speed and Display Sweep Speed
Resolution
Frequency Response
COMMON PROBLEMS AND HAZARDS
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Part IV MEDICAL DEVICES
Chapter 14 PHYSIOLOGICAL MONITORING SYSTEMS
OBJECTIVES
CHAPTER CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION
FUNCTIONS OF PHYSIOLOGICAL MONITORS
METHODS OF MONITORING
MONITORED PARAMETERS
CHARACTERISTICS OF PATIENT MONITORING SYSTEMS
Bedside Monitors
Ambulatory Monitors
Central Station
TELEMETRY
ARRHYTHMIA DETECTION
PATIENT MONITORING NETWORKS
Network Topologies
Network Protocols
Token Ring
Ethernet
Host-Terminal
Client-Server
Peer-to-Peer
Network Operating Systems
Network Connection Components
Transmission Links
Network Interconnection Devices
Network Interface Card (NIC)
Hubs
Repeaters
Switches
Bridges
Routers
Health Care Network Standards
COMMON PROBLEMS AND HAZARDS
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Chapter 15 ELECTROCARDIOGRAPHS
OBJECTIVES
CHAPTER CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION
ORIGIN OF THE CARDIAC POTENTIAL
THE ELECTROCARDIOGRAM
AMBULATORY ECG MONITORING
ECG LEAD CONFIGURATIONS AND 12-LEAD ECG
ECG Axis
VECTORCARDIOGRAM
FUNDAMENTAL BUILDING BLOCKS OF AN ELECTROCARDIOGRAPH
Defibrillator Protection
Lead-Off Detector
Preamplifier
Lead Selector
Amplifier
Right Leg-Driven Circuit
Calibration Pulse
Signal Isolation
Filter
Signal Processor
Recorder or Display
TYPICAL SPECIFICATIONS OF ELECTROCARDIOGRAPHS
ECG DATA STORAGE, NETWORK, AND MANAGEMENT
COMMON PROBLEMS AND HAZARDS
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Chapter 16 ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAPHS
OBJECTIVES
CHAPTER CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION
ANATOMY OF THE BRAIN
APPLICATIONS OF EEG
Brain Death
Epilepsy and Partial Epilepsy
Diagnosing Sleep Disorders
CHALLENGES IN EEG ACQUISITION
EEG ELECTRODES AND PLACEMENT
Types of EEG Electrodes
Surface (or Scalp) Electrode Placement
Scalp-Electrode Impedance
EEG WAVEFORM CHARACTERISTICS
FUNCTIONAL BUILDING BLOCKS OF EEG MACHINES
Electrode Connections and Head Box
Montage and Electrode Selector
Amplifiers
Analog to Digital Converter
Signal Isolation
Filters
Sensitivity Control
Memory, Chart Speed, Display, and Recorder
Electrode Impedance Tester
COMMON PROBLEMS AND HAZARDS
EEG Artifacts
Troubleshooting an EEG Problem
Hazards and Risks
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Chapter 17 ELECTROMYOGRAPHY AND EVOKED POTENTIAL STUDY EQUIPMENT
OBJECTIVES
CHAPTER CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION
CLINICAL APPLICATIONS
ELECTRODES
Grounding Electrodes
Stimulating Electrodes
Recording Electrodes
Needle Electrodes
EMG SIGNAL CHARACTERISTICS
The Muscle at Rest
Insertion Activity
Spontaneous Activity
Muscle Voluntary Effort
Mild Effort
Moderate Effort
Full Effort
Motor Responses
Sensory Nerve Action Potentials
MACHINE SETTINGS
SIGNAL PROCESSING
Filtering
Rectification and Integration
Amplification
Spectral Analysis
Signal Averaging
APPLICATION EXAMPLES
Myoelectric Prostheses
Nerve Conduction Velocity
COMMON PROBLEMS AND HAZARDS
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Chapter 18 INVASIVE BLOOD PRESSURE MONITORS
OBJECTIVES
CHAPTER CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION
ORIGIN OF BLOOD PRESSURE
BLOOD PRESSURE WAVEFORMS
ARTERIAL BLOOD PRESSURE MONITORING SETUP
FUNCTIONAL BUILDING BLOCKS OF AN INVASIVE BLOOD PRESSURE MONITOR
Transducer
Zero Offset
Amplifiers and Filters
Signal Isolation
Signal Processing
Display
COMMON PROBLEMS AND HAZARDS
Setup Error
Catheter Error
Blood Clot
Transducer Calibration
Hardware Problems
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Chapter 19 NONINVASIVE BLOOD PRESSURE MONITORS
OBJECTIVES
CHAPTER CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION
AUSCULTATORY METHOD
OSCILLOMETRIC METHOD
OTHER METHODS OF NIBP MEASUREMENT
Doppler Ultrasound Blood Pressure Monitor
Arterial Tonometry
COMMON PROBLEMS AND HAZARDS
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Chapter 20 CARDIAC OUTPUT MONITORS
OBJECTIVES
CHAPTER CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION
DEFINITIONS
DIRECT FICK METHOD
INDICATOR DILUTION METHOD
THERMAL DILUTION METHOD
CONTINUOUS PULSE CONTOUR METHOD
COMMON PROBLEMS AND HAZARDS
Catheter Dead Space and Injectate Warming
Injection Timing
Injection Rate
Injectate Volume
Injectate Temperature
Thermistor Position
Frequency of Measurements and Recirculation
Intravenous Administration
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Chapter 21 CARDIAC PACEMAKERS
OBJECTIVES
CHAPTER CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION
INDICATION OF USE
Disturbances of conduction includes
TYPES OF CARDIAC PACEMAKERS
PACEMAKER LEAD SYSTEM
IMPLANTATION OF PACEMAKER
Myocardial Pacemaker Lead
Endocardial Pacemaker Lead
PACING MODE SELECTION
PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS
FUNCTIONAL BUILDING BLOCKS OF AN IMPLANTABLE PACEMAKER
TEMPORARY PACING
POTENTIAL PROBLEMS AND HAZARDS
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Chapter 22 CARDIAC DEFIBRILLATORS
OBJECTIVES
CHAPTER CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION
PRINCIPLES OF DEFIBRILLATION
DEFIBRILLATION WAVEFORMS
WAVEFORM SHAPING CIRCUITS
Monophasic Damped Sinusoidal Waveform
Monophasic Truncated Exponential Waveform
Biphasic Truncated Exponential Waveform
FUNCTIONAL BUILDING BLOCKS OF DEFIBRILLATORS
OUTPUT ISOLATION AND ENERGY DUMPING
CARDIOVERSION
AUTOMATIC EXTERNAL DEFIBRILLATOR
DEFIBRILLATION PROTOCOLS AND QUALITY ASSURANCE
COMMON PROBLEMS AND HAZARDS
Hardware Problems
Operational Problems
Measures to Reduce Problems and Hazards
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Chapter 23 INFUSION DEVICES
OBJECTIVES
CHAPTER CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION
PURPOSE OF INTRAVENOUS INFUSION
INTRAVENOUS ACCESS
TYPES OF INFUSION DEVICES
MANUAL GRAVITY FLOW INFUSION
IV Solution Bag
Solution Bag Spike
Drip Chamber
Regulating Clamp
Y-Injection Site
One-way Flow Valve
In-line Bacterial Filter
Luer-Lock Connector
INFUSION CONTROLLERS
INFUSION PUMPS AND PUMPING MECHANISMS
Piston Cylinder Pumps
Piston Diaphragm Pumps
Peristaltic Pumps
Syringe Pumps
TYPICAL FUNCTIONS AND FEATURES
Flow Rates
Volume To Be Infused
Keep Vein Open
Occlusion Pressure Alarm
Fluid Depletion (or Upstream Occlusion) Alarm
Infusion Runaway (or Free Flow) Prevention
Air-in-Line Detection
Dose Error Reduction Systems
Battery Operation
FUNCTIONAL BLOCK DIAGRAM
PERFORMANCE EVALUATION
FACTORS AFFECTING FLOW ACCURACY
COMMON PROBLEMS AND HAZARDS
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Chapter 24 ELECTROSURGICAL UNITS
OBJECTIVES
CHAPTER CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION
PRINCIPLES OF OPERATION
Desiccation
Cut
Fulguration
MODES OF ELECTROSURGERY
ACTIVE ELECTRODES
RETURN ELECTRODES
Return Electrode Monitor
Return Electrode Quality Monitor
FUNCTIONAL BUILDING BLOCKS OF ESU GENERATORS
OUTPUT CHARACTERISTICS
QUALITY ASSURANCE
Output Power Verification Test
High-Frequency Leakage Test
COMMON PROBLEMS AND HAZARDS
Burns
Fire and Explosion
Muscle and Nerve Stimulation
Electromagnetic Interference
Smoke Plume
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Chapter 25 PULMONARY FUNCTION ANALYZERS
OBJECTIVES
CHAPTER CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION
MECHANICS OF BREATHING
PARAMETERS OF RESPIRATION
SPIROMETERS
Volume Transducers
Flow Transducers
RESPIRATION MONITORS
Heated Thermistor Method
Impedance Pneumographic Method
COMMON PROBLEMS AND HAZARDS
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Chapter 26 MECHANICAL VENTILATORS
OBJECTIVES
CHAPTER CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION
INDICATIONS FOR MECHANICAL VENTILATION
TYPES OF VENTILATORS
MODES OF VENTILATION
VENTILATION PARAMETERS AND CONTROLS
BASIC FUNCTIONAL BUILDING BLOCKS
GAS DELIVERY SYSTEM DIAGRAM
SAFETY FEATURES
OTHER VENTILATION MODES AND SPECIAL FEATURES
COMMON PROBLEMS AND HAZARDS
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Chapter 27 ULTRASOUND BLOOD FLOW DETECTORS
OBJECTIVES
CHAPTER CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION
ULTRASOUND PHYSICS
TRANSIT TIME FLOWMETER
DOPPLER FLOWMETER
FUNCTIONAL BLOCK DIAGRAM OF A DOPPLER BLOOD FLOWMETER
COMMON PROBLEMS AND HAZARDS
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Chapter 28 FETAL MONITORS
OBJECTIVES
CHAPTER CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION
MONITORING PARAMETERS
METHODS OF MONITORING FETAL HEART RATE
Direct ECG
Phono Method
Abdominal ECG
Ultrasound Method
METHODS OF MONITORING UTERINE ACTIVITIES
External Pressure Transducer Method
Intrauterine Pressure Method
COMMON PROBLEMS AND HAZARDS
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Chapter 29 INFANT INCUBATORS, PHOTOTHERAPY LIGHTS, WARMERS AND RESUSCITATORS
OBJECTIVES
CHAPTER CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION
PURPOSE
INFANT INCUBATORS
Principles of Operation
Functional Components and Common Features
PHOTOTHERAPY LIGHTS
Principles of Operation
Functional Components and Common Features
INFANT RADIANT WARMERS AND RESUSCITATORS
Principles of Operation
Functional Components and Common Features
COMMON PROBLEMS AND HAZARDS
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Chapter 30 BODY TEMPERATURE MONITORS
OBJECTIVES
CHAPTER CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION
SITES OF BODY TEMPERATURE MEASUREMENT
BEDSIDE CONTINUOUS TEMPERATURE MONITORS
Block Diagram of a Continuous Temperature Monitor
Errors in Bedside Continuous Body Temperature Monitors
INFRARED THERMOMETRY
Theory of Infrared Thermometry
TYMPANIC (EAR) THERMOMETERS
Block Diagram of a Tympanic Thermometer
Errors in Tympanic Thermometers
TEMPORAL ARTERY THERMOMETER
COMMON PROBLEMS AND HAZARDS
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Chapter 31 PULSE OXIMETERS, OXYGEN ANALYZERS & TRANSCUTANEOUS OXYGEN MONITORS
OBJECTIVES
CHAPTER CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION
DEFINITION OF PERCENTAGE OXYGEN SATURATION IN BLOOD
PRINCIPLES OF OPERATION OF PULSE OXIMETRY
PULSE OXIMETER SENSOR PROBES
PULSE OXIMITER FUNCTIONAL BLOCK DIAGRAM
OXYGEN ANALYZERS AND TRANSCUTANEOUS OXYGEN MONITORS
Polarographic Oxygen Analyzers
Galvanic Oxygen Analyzers
Transcutaneous Oxygen Monitors
COMMON PROBLEMS AND HAZARDS
Pulse Oximeters
Oxygen Analyzers and Transcutaneous Oxygen Monitors
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Chapter 32 END-TIDAL CARBON DIOXIDE MONITORS
OBJECTIVES
CHAPTER CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION
CARBON DIOXIDE CONCENTRATION WAVEFORM
PRINCIPLES OF OPERATION
MAINSTREAM VERSUS SIDESTREAM MONITORING
COMMON PROBLEMS AND HAZARDS
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Chapter 33 ANESTHESIA MACHINES
OBJECTIVES
CHAPTER CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION
INHALATION ANESTHESIA
PRINCIPLES OF OPERATION
GAS SUPPLY AND CONTROL SUBSYSTEM
BREATHING AND VENTILATION SUBSYSTEM
SCAVENGING SUBSYSTEM
COMMON PROBLEMS AND HAZARDS
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Chapter 34 DIALYSIS EQUIPMENT
OBJECTIVES
CHAPTER CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION
BASIC PHYSICAL PRINCIPLES
Diffusion
Osmosis
Ultrafiltration
KIDNEY FUNCTIONS REVIEW
Kidney Functions
MECHANISM OF DIALYSIS
Diffusion
Ultrafiltration
HEMODIALYSIS SYSTEM
DIALYZER (OR ARTIFICIAL KIDNEY)
Performance Parameters
Types of Dialyzers
PATIENT INTERFACE
Arteriovenous Shunt
Arteriovenous Fistula
Arteriovenous Graft
Percutaneous Venous Cannula
DIALYSATE
BASIC COMPONENTS OF A HEMODIALYSIS MACHINE
Extracorporeal Blood Circuit
Dialysate Delivery Circuit
PERITONEAL DIALYSIS
Continuous Ambulatory Peritoneal Dialysis
Continuous Cycler-Assisted Peritoneal Dialysis
OTHER MEDICAL USES OF DIALYSIS TREATMENT
WATER TREATMENT
EQUIPMENT CLEANING AND DISINFECTION
COMMON PROBLEMS AND HAZARDS
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Chapter 35 SURGICAL LASERS
OBJECTIVES
CHAPTER CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION
CHARACTERISTICS OF LASERS
LASER ACTION
APPLICATIONS OF LASERS
Thermal Effect
Straight Collimated Beam
Photostimulation Effect
Photomechanical Effect
LASER TISSUE EFFECTS
CHARACTERISTICS AND USE OF SURGICAL LASERS
CO2 Lasers
Nd:YAG Lasers
Ho:YAG Lasers
Ruby Lasers
KTP/532 Lasers
Argon and Krypton Lasers
Dye Lasers
Excimer Lasers
Diode Lasers
FUNCTIONAL COMPONENTS OF A SURGICAL LASER
LASER BEAM DELIVERY SYSTEMS
ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF LASER SURGERY
LASER SAFETY
Eye Protection
Laser Classifications
Skin Protection
Laser Plume Hazards
Fire Hazards
Access and Environmental Control
Laser Safety Program
MAINTENANCE REQUIREMENTS AND HANDLING PRECAUTIONS
COMMON PROBLEMS AND HAZARDS
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Chapter 36 ENDOSCOPIC VIDEO SYSTEMS
OBJECTIVES
CHAPTER CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION
APPLICATIONS
SYSTEM COMPONENTS
ENDOSCOPES
Rigid Endoscope
Flexible Endoscope
LIGHT SOURCES
VIDEO CAMERAS, IMAGE PROCESSORS, AND DISPLAYS
Video Cameras
Video Image Processors
Video Displays
Three Dimensional Video Systems
IMAGE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS
INSUFFLATORS
RELATED TECHNOLOGICAL ADVANCEMENT
COMMON PROBLEMS AND HAZARDS
Heat-Related Injuries
Risk of Infection
Optics and Video Quality
Equipment Failures
Other Problems
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Chapter 37 CARDIOPULMONARY BYPASS UNITS
OBJECTIVES
CHAPTER CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION
FUNCTIONS OF CARDIOPULMONARY SYSTEM
PRINCIPLE OF EXTRACORPOREAL OXYGENATION
SYSTEM SETUP AND OPERATION
Heart-Lung Machines
Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation Machines
MONITORING AND PERIPHERAL COMPONENTS
COMMON PROBLEMS AND HAZARDS
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Chapter 38 AUDIOLOGY EQUIPMENT
OBJECTIVES
CHAPTER CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION
PHYSICS OF SOUND
The Level of Sound
Attenuation and Transmission of Sound
MECHANISM OF HEARING
The Human Auditory System
The External Ear
The Middle Ear
The Inner Ear
Characteristics of Human Hearing
Disorder of the Ear
INSTRUMENTATIONS IN AUDIOLOGY
AUDIOMETERS
Transducers in Audiometry
Microphones
Earphones
Ear Cups
Bone Vibrators
Loud Speakers
Typical Specifications
Problems and Precautions
MIDDLE EAR ANALYZERS
Problems and Precautions
OTOACOUSTIC EMISSION DETECTORS
Spontaneous Otoacoustic Emissions
Transient-Evoked Otoacoustic Emissions
Distortion Product Otoacoustic Emissions
Problems and Precautions
Nonpathological Problems
Pathological Problems
AUDITORY BRAINSTEM RESPONSE UNITS
HEARING AIDS, COCHLEAR IMPLANTS, AND SOUND BOOTHS
Hearing Aids
Cochlear Implants
Audiometric Booths
COMMON PROBLEMS AND HAZARDS
BIBLIOGRAPHY
APPENDICES
Appendix A-1 A PRIMER ON FOURIER ANALYSIS
Appendix A-2 OVERVIEW OF MEDICAL TELEMETRY DEVELOPMENT
INTRODUCTION
Purpose
Advantages of Telemetry
Examples of Biomedical Applications
PROBLEMS WITH TELEMETRY
DEVELOPMENT AND TREND IN MEDICAL TELEMETRY
Industry Trend
Technology Development in Medical Telemetry
Medical Telemetry Using General VHF Band (obsolete)
Medical Telemetry using General UHF Band (phased out)
Medical Telemetry using WMTS Band (current practice)
Medical Telemetry Using ISM Band (current practice)
SPREAD-SPECTRUM TECHNOLOGY CONCEPT
Appendix A-3 MEDICAL GAS SUPPLY SYSTEMS
Piped-in Gas Supplies
Oxygen Concentrators
Appendix A-4 CONCEPTS OF INFECTION CONTROL IN BIOMEDICAL DEVICE TECHNOLOGY
Medical Asepsis
Classes of Microorganisms
Disinfectants and Sterilants
Surgical Asepsis
General Safety Considerations
Principles of Surgical Asepsis
Infection Control of Medical Equipment
REVIEW QUESTIONS
Chapter 1
Chapter 2
Chapter 3
Chapter 4
Chapter 5
Chapter 6
Chapter 7
Chapter 8
Chapter 9
Chapter 10
Chapter 11
Chapter 12
Chapter 13
Chapter 14
Chapter 15
Chapter 16
Chapter 17
Chapter 18
Chapter 19
Chapter 20
Chapter 21
Chapter 22
Chapter 23
Chapter 24
Chapter 25
Chapter 26
Chapter 27
Chapter 28
Chapter 29
Chapter 30
Chapter 31
Chapter 32
Chapter 33
Chapter 34
Chapter 35
Chapter 36
Chapter 37
Chapter 38
ANSWERS TO REVIEW QUESTIONS
INDEX