Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Polymers (Ulla Pharmacy)

✍ Scribed by Denis J. p. Labarre, Stephen Brocchini, Gilles Ponchel, Christine Vauthier, Ph.D.

• Publisher: Pharmaceutical Press
• Year: 2010
• Tongue: English
• Leaves: 173
• Series: Ulla Pharmacy
• Edition: 1
• Category: Library

✦ Synopsis

This will be the fifth title in the new "ULLA" series - a series of innovative introductory textbooks for students in pharmaceutical sciences. This text gives a comprehensive review of polymer chemistry research and development in pharmaceutics giving insights and up-to-date information into the rationale behind the use of such molecules, their physicochemical characteristics, synthetic routes, and practical examples of formulation design using these substances. It is an essential reading for any aspiring researcher in this area forming a sound foundation from which to build on.

✦ Table of Contents

ULLA Pharmacy Series......Page 3
Title page......Page 4
Copyright......Page 5
Contents......Page 6
Preface......Page 8
About the authors......Page 10
Abbreviations......Page 12
1 - Introduction: why study polymers for the health sciences?......Page 14
1.1 - Polymers are large molecules that nature relies on......Page 15
1.2 - A brief history of polymers......Page 17
1.3 - Definitions......Page 18
1.4.1 - Nomenclature of organic linear polymers......Page 19
Structural arrangement of repeating units......Page 26
Stereoisomerism......Page 27
Cis–trans isomerism......Page 28
General......Page 29
Nomenclature......Page 30
2 - General characteristics of polymers......Page 32
2.1.1 - Determination of molecular weight of polymers......Page 33
Size-exclusion chromatography coupled with triple detection......Page 36
Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionisation–time-of-flight mass spectrometry......Page 38
Viscosity......Page 41
2.1.2 - Determination of thermal properties of polymers......Page 43
Determination of copolymers composition by elemental analysis......Page 44
Determination of copolymer composition by spectroscopic methods......Page 46
2.2.1 - Polymer solutions: preparation and properties......Page 48
2.2.2 - Gels and hydrogels......Page 50
2.2.4 - Polymer dispersions......Page 55
2.3.1 - Influence of molecular weight......Page 57
2.3.2 - Influence of crystallinity......Page 58
2.3.3 - Glass transition of amorphous domains......Page 59
2.4.1 - Some mechanical properties......Page 61
2.4.2 - Surface properties......Page 63
Determination of molecular weight of polymers, MALDI-TOF and determination of copolymer composition......Page 66
Surface properties......Page 67
3.1 - Why there is a need to synthesise polymers......Page 68
3.2 - Introducing step and chain polymerisation......Page 69
3.3 - Some examples of step polymerisation: from small reagents and from prepolymers......Page 71
Chemical initiation by thermal decomposition of fragile bonds......Page 72
Redox catalysis of peroxide decomposition......Page 73
3.4.2 - Reaction with monomer: propagation and termination......Page 74
3.4.3 - Transfers......Page 75
3.5.1 - Limitation by steric hindrance......Page 77
3.5.2 - Limitation of radical polymerisation by polarity of bonds......Page 78
3.6 - Overview of other synthetic methods......Page 79
Polymers prepared by opening of double carbon=carbon bonds......Page 80
Polymerisation of hydroxyacid cyclic derivatives......Page 82
3.6.2 - Cationic chain polymerisation......Page 84
3.6.3 - Stereo-specific polymerisation......Page 85
Bulk polymerisation......Page 86
Polymerisation in solution......Page 87
3.7.2 - Polymerisation in heterogeneous systems......Page 88
Emulsion, mini-emulsion and micro-emulsion polymerisations......Page 90
Interfacial polymerisation......Page 92
Simple cases: rA = rB......Page 93
3.9 - Modifications of polymers......Page 94
3.9.1 - Modifications of cellulose and other polysaccharides......Page 95
3.9.2 - Modifications of poly(vinyl acetate)......Page 97
Synthesis, methods and processes......Page 98
4.1.1 - Solution properties......Page 100
4.1.2 - Block copolymers in phase-separated materials......Page 103
4.2 - Biodegradable and bioerodible polymers......Page 104
4.3.1 - Processing and fabrication......Page 111
4.3.2 - Sterilisation of polymers......Page 112
Biocompatibility and toxicity......Page 113
The unavoidable inflammatory response......Page 115
Blood compatibility......Page 116
4.3.4 - Polymers for hip and knee prostheses......Page 118
4.3.5 - Polymers for breast prostheses......Page 119
4.3.6 - Polymers for haemodialysers......Page 120
4.3.7 - Polymers for ophthalmology......Page 122
4.3.8 - Catheters and microparticles for therapeutic embolisation and chemoembolisation......Page 124
4.4.1 - Excipients for formulation of conventional dosage forms......Page 127
Excipients for tabletting......Page 128
Excipients for semi-solid preparations......Page 129
4.4.2 - Polymers as excipients for controlled release by the oral route......Page 131
Hydrophilic polymers for matrices formulation......Page 133
Bioadhesive polymers for mucosal delivery......Page 134
Polymer and film solubility/insolubility in physiological fluids......Page 138
Water vapour permeability......Page 140
Oxygen permeability......Page 141
Mechanical testing......Page 143
Adhesion to skin......Page 144
Polymers used in the formulation of medical grade PSAs......Page 145
4.4.5 - Ion-exchange resins......Page 147
Polymeric implants......Page 148
Polymer–drug conjugates and targeting by water-soluble polymeric conjugates......Page 150
Antibody–drug conjugates......Page 152
Synthetic polymer–drug conjugates......Page 153
Polymer–protein conjugates......Page 154
Polymeric nanoparticles for drug delivery......Page 156
4.4.7 - Safety and recognition of new polymers as excipients......Page 160
Polymers for coating applications......Page 161
Polymeric nanoparticles for drug delivery......Page 162
Glossary......Page 164
Index......Page 168