Biomass-Derived Carbon Materials: Production and Applications

✍ Scribed by Pandikumar A., Rameshkumar P., Veerakumar P.

• Publisher: Wiley-VCH
• Year: 2023
• Tongue: English
• Leaves: 344
• Category: Library

✦ Synopsis

Explores the sustainable production of carbon materials and their applications
Of increasing interest to practitioners and researchers in a variety of areas, biomass-derived carbon materials can be easily produced and possess the large surface areas and porosities that enable many applications in materials science, biochemistry, chemistry, and energy research.
In Biomass-Derived Carbon Materials: Production and Applications, a team of accomplished researchers delivers a thorough and up-to-date exploration of the preparation and activation processes of biomass-derived carbon materials, the fabrication of composites, and assorted and multidisciplinary applications of the technology. The book also covers future opportunities for research and application.
Introductory chapters provide information about the production, functionalization, and characterization of biomass-derived carbon materials, while the latter parts of this edited volume discuss the applications of biomass-derived carbon materials such as catalysis, sensors, microbicidal activity, toxic chemicals removal, drug delivery, and energy conversion and storage applications.
The book also includes:
A thorough introduction to the production of biomass-derived carbon materials, as well as their characterization.
Comprehensive explorations of biomass-derived carbon-based materials for microbicidal applications and carbon-based nanomaterials prepared from biomass for catalysis.
Practical discussions of biomass-derived carbon quantum dots for fluorescence sensors and mesoporous carbon nanomaterials for drug delivery and imaging applications.
In-depth examinations of biomass-derived carbon as electrode materials for batteries and porous carbon synthesized from biomass for fuel cells.
Ideal for materials scientists as well as industrial chemists and biochemists, Biomass-Derived Carbon Materials: Production and Applications also belongs in the libraries of electrochemists and sensor developers.

✦ Table of Contents

Cover
Biomass-Derived Carbon Materials: Production and Applications
Copyright
Contents
Preface
Acknowledgments
1. Introduction to Biomass-Derived Carbon Materials
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Biomass Resources and Composition
1.2.1 Plant-Based Biomass
1.2.2 Fruit-Based Biomass
1.2.3 Microorganism-Based Biomass
1.2.4 Animal-Based Biomass
1.3 Condition for Precursor Selection of Biomass-Derived Carbon
1.4 Production Methods of Biomass-Derived Carbon
1.4.1 Carbonization
1.4.1.1 Hydrothermal Carbonization
1.4.1.2 Pyrolysis
1.5 Biomass-Derived Carbons (B-d-CMs) Activation Methods
1.5.1 Physical Activation
1.5.2 Chemical Activation
1.5.3 Combination of Physical and Chemical Activation
1.5.4 Modification and Structural Control of B-d-CMs
1.5.4.1 Surface Modification and Heteroatom Doping of B-d-CMs
1.5.4.2 B-d-CMs Surface Loading of Metal Oxides or Hydroxides
1.5.4.3 Surface Incorporation with Different Nanostructures
1.6 Production Process Description
1.7 Cost Analysis
1.8 Summary
References
2. Introduction to Biowaste-Derived Materials
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Synthesis
2.2.1 Activation Mechanism of BW-AC by Physical Activation
2.2.2 Activation Mechanism of BW-ACs by Chemical Activation
2.2.2.1 Influence of Alkaline Activating Agents
2.2.2.2 Influence of Acidic Activating Agents
2.2.2.3 Influence of Neutral Activating Agents
2.2.2.4 Influence of Self-Activating Agents
2.3 Characterization
2.3.1 Electron Microscopes
2.3.2 HR-TEM Analysis
2.3.3 FTIR Spectroscopy
2.3.4 Raman Spectroscopy
2.3.5 XPS Analysis
2.3.6 XRD Patterns
2.3.7 BET Analysis
2.4 Properties
2.4.1 Surface Defects in BW-AC
2.4.2 Characterizations of Carbon Defects
2.4.3 Intrinsic Carbon Defects Activity
2.4.4 Heteroatom Doping Defects (or) Extrinsic Carbon Defects Activity
2.4.5 Electronic Band Structure Properties
2.5 Summary
References
3. Biomass-derived Carbon-based Materials for Microbicidal Applications
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Biomass Materials
3.2.1 Carbon and Its Derivatives
3.3 Microbicidal
3.3.1 Mechanism of Action
3.3.2 Microbicidal Resistance
3.3.3 Factors Affecting Microbicidal Resistance
3.4 Microbicidal Performance of Biomass-Derived Carbonaceous Materials
3.4.1 Role of Material Physicochemical Properties
3.4.1.1 Structural Destruction
3.4.1.2 Oxidative Stress
3.4.1.3 Wrapping Effect
3.4.1.4 Photothermal Effect
3.4.1.5 Extraction of Lipid
3.4.1.6 Metabolic Inhibitory Effect
3.5 Bioengineering Prospective Toward Carbonaceous Materials
3.5.1 Wound Dressing
3.5.2 Surface Modifications (Coating) on Medical Devices
3.5.3 Nanoantibiotic Formulations
3.6 Biosafety
3.7 Conclusion and Future Perspectives
Acknowledgment
References
4. Carbon-Based Nanomaterials Prepared from Biomass for Catalysis
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Preparation of Biomass-Derived Carbon-Based Nanomaterials
4.3 Graphene
4.3.1 Preparation of Graphene
4.3.2 Graphene from Different Sources
4.4 Carbon Nanotubes (CNTs)
4.4.1 Synthesis of CNTs
4.4.2 Synthesis of CNTs Using Biomass Materials
4.5 Carbon Quantum Dots (CQDs)
4.5.1 CQDs from Biomass
4.6 Catalytic Applications of Carbon-Based Nanomaterials
4.6.1 Potential Advantages in Using Carbon-Based Nanomaterials for Advanced Catalysts
4.6.2 Photocatalysts
4.6.3 Electro Catalysts
4.7 Conclusions, Future Outlook, and Challenges
Acknowledgments
References
5. Biomass-Derived Carbon Quantum Dots for Fluorescence Sensors
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Characterization of CDs
5.3 Optical Properties
5.3.1 Absorbance
5.3.2 Fluorescence
5.4 Methods for the Synthesis of CDs
5.4.1 Hydrothermal Carbonization Method
5.4.2 Microwave Method
5.4.3 Chemical Oxidation Method
5.4.4 Pyrolysis
5.5 Application of CDs
5.5.1 Metal Ion Sensing
5.5.1.1 Mercury (Hg2+) Sensor
5.5.1.2 Iron (Fe3+) Sensor
5.5.1.3 Lead (Pb2+) Sensor
5.5.1.4 Copper (Cu2+) Sensor
5.5.1.5 Miscellaneous Metal Ions
5.5.2 Anion Sensors
5.5.3 Miscellaneous Molecules
5.6 Conclusion and Future Perspectives
References
6. Biomass-Derived Mesoporous Carbon Nanomaterials for Drug Delivery and Imaging Applications
Balaji Maddiboyina1, Ramya Krishna Nakkala1, and Gandhi Sivaraman2
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Drug Delivery Systems Based on MCNs
6.2.1 Immediate-release DDS
6.2.2 Sustained-release DDS
6.2.3 Controlled/Targeted DDS
6.3 Photothermal Therapy
6.3.1 Synergistic Therapy
6.3.2 Cell Labeling
6.3.3 Removal of Toxic Substances
6.3.4 Transmembrane Delivery
6.3.5 Photoacoustic Imaging
6.3.6 Therapeutic Biomolecule Delivery
6.3.7 Biosensing
6.3.8 Magnetic Resonance (MR) Imaging
6.4 Conclusion and Future Perspectives
References
7. Mesoporous Carbon Synthesized from Biomass as Adsorbent for Toxic Chemical Removal
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Synthesized Methods of Mesoporous Carbons from Biowaste or Biomass
7.3 Application of Mesoporous Activated Carbons
7.3.1 Removal of Dyes
7.3.1.1 GWAC as an Adsorbent for Methylene Blue and Metanil Yellow
7.3.1.2 Rice Husk (RH)-Derived Mesoporous Activated Carbon (AC) for Methylene Blue (MB) Dye Removal
7.3.1.3 Activated Carbon from Rattan Waste for Methylene Blue (MB) Removal
7.3.1.4 Activated Carbon from Cattail Biomass (CAC) for Malachite Green (MG) Removal
7.3.1.5 Wood SawdustWaste Activated Carbon (WACF-P) for Xylenol Orange (XO) Removal
7.3.1.6 Mesoporous Activated Carbon from Agricultural Waste for Methylene Blue Removal
7.3.1.7 Mesoporous Activated Carbon from Edible Fungi Residue (EFR-AC) for Reactive Black 5 Removal
7.3.1.8 Mesoporous Activated Carbon from PlantWastes for Methylene Blue (MB) Removal
7.3.1.9 Mesoporous Activated Carbon from Corozo oleifera Shell for Methylene Blue (MB) Removal
7.3.1.10 Mesoporous Activated Carbon from Coconut Coir Dust for Methylene Blue (MB) and Remazol Yellow (RY) Removal
7.3.1.11 Mesoporous Activated Carbon from Macadamia Nut Shell (MNS)Waste for Methylene Blue (MB) Removal
7.3.1.12 Mesoporous Activated Carbon from Neobalanocarpus Heimii Wood Sawdust (WSAC) for Methylene Blue (MB) Removal
7.3.2 Removal of Metal Ions
7.3.2.1 Use of Chicken Feather and Eggshell to Synthesize a Novel Magnetized Activated Carbon for Sorption of Heavy Metal Ions
7.3.2.2 Meso/micropore-Controlled Hierarchical Porous Carbon Derived from Activated Biochar as a High-Performance Adsorbent for Copper Removal
7.3.3 Removal of Phenolic Compounds
7.4 Conclusion and Future Outlooks
References
8. Biomass-derived Carbon as Electrode Materials for Batteries
8.1 Introduction
8.1.1 Batteries
8.1.2 Classification of Batteries
8.1.3 Characteristics of Batteries
8.2 Role of Carbon with Mechanism of Rechargeable Batteries (RBs)
8.2.1 Li-Ion Batteries (LIBs)
8.2.2 Li-S Batteries (Li-S)
8.2.3 Na-Ion Batteries (SIBs)
8.2.4 Zn-Air Batteries (ZABs)
8.3 Biomass-derived Carbonaceous Materials
8.4 Electrochemical Performances of RBs using Biomass-derived Carbon Electrodes
8.4.1 Li-Ion Batteries (LIBs)
8.4.1.1 Biomass-derived Undoped Carbon Electrodes
8.4.1.2 Metal Oxides @ Biomass-derived Carbon Nanocomposite Electrodes
8.4.1.3 Metal Sulfides @ Biomass-derived Carbon Nanocomposite Electrodes
8.4.2 Na-Ion Batteries (SIBs)
8.4.2.1 Biomass-derived Undoped Carbon Electrodes
8.4.3 Li-S batteries
8.4.3.1 Biomass-derived Carbon Hosts
8.4.4 Zn-Air Batteries
8.5 Biomass-derived Heteroatom-Doped Carbon Electrodes for RBs
8.5.1 Single-Heteroatom-Doped Carbon Electrodes
8.5.2 Dual-Heteroatom-Doped Carbon Electrodes
8.6 Summary and Future Prospectives
References
9. Recent Advances in Bio-derived Nanostructured Carbon-based Materials for Electrochemical Sensor Applications
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Conclusion and Future Perspectives
References
10. Porous Carbon Derived From Biomass for Fuel Cells
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Fuel Cells – Theory and Fundamentals
10.3 Catalyst Support Materials
10.3.1 As a Catalyst
10.3.2 Synthesis Methods of Porous Carbon from Biomass
10.4 Porous Carbon Synthesis from Different Biomass
10.4.1 Oxygen Reduction Reaction (ORR)
10.5 Synthesis of Biomass-Derived ORR Catalyst for Fuel Cell
10.6 Future Outlook
10.7 Summary
References
11. Biomass-Derived Carbon-Based Materials for Supercapacitor Applications
11.1 Introduction
11.1.1 Capacitor
11.1.2 Battery
11.2 Supercapacitor
11.2.1 Types of Supercapacitors
11.2.2 Electrical Double-Layer Capacitors (EDLC)
11.2.3 Pseudocapacitor
11.2.4 Hybrid Capacitors
11.3 Activated Carbon Obtained from Biomass for Supercapacitor Application
11.3.1 Essential for Carbon-based Electrodes
11.4 Electrochemical Measurements
11.5 Structural Diversities of Biomass-Derived Carbon for Supercapacitor Applications
11.5.1 Spherical Structure
11.5.2 Fibrous Structure
11.5.3 Tubular Structure
11.5.4 Sheet Structure
11.5.5 Porous Structure
11.5.6 Mesocrystal Structure
11.6 Conclusion and Future Perspectives
References
12. Biomass-Derived Carbon for Dye-Sensitized and Perovskite Solar Cells
12.1 Introduction
12.2 DSSC Working Principle
12.3 DSSC Components
12.3.1 Transparent Conducting Substrate (TCO)
12.3.2 Photoanode
12.3.3 Dye Sensitizer
12.3.4 Electrolyte
12.3.5 Counter Electrode
12.4 Perovskite Solar Cells
12.5 Tunability of Bandgap Energy
12.6 Development of Perovskite Solar Cells from Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells
12.6.1 Working Principle of PSC
12.6.2 Perovskite Solar Cells Architecture
12.6.3 Hole Transport Material
12.7 Biomass-Derived Carbon Counter Electrode for DSSC
12.7.1 Performance of DSSC with Counter Electrode via Bio-derived Carbon
12.7.2 Biomass-Derived Carbon as a Counter Electrode for Perovskite Solar Cells
12.8 Conclusion and Future Perspectives
References
13. Recent Advances of Biomass-Derived Porous Carbon Materials in Catalytic Conversion of Organic Compounds
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Synthesis Procedures
13.2.1 Carbonization
13.2.1.1 Hydrothermal Carbonization (HTC)
13.2.1.2 Pyrolysis
13.2.2 Activation
13.2.2.1 Physical Activation
13.2.2.2 Chemical Activation
13.2.3 Physicochemical Activation
13.2.4 Microwave-based synthesis
13.2.5 Functionalization/Doping/Composites of ACs
13.3 Applications
13.3.1 Heterogeneous Catalysis
13.4 Conclusion and Future Challenges
References
14. Summary on Properties of Bio-Derived Carbon Materials and their Relation with Applications
14.1 Removal of Toxic Chemicals
14.2 Electrode Materials for Batteries
14.3 Electrochemical Sensor Applications
14.4 Fuel Cell Applications
References
Index