Biomarkers in Nutrition (Biomarkers in Disease: Methods, Discoveries and Applications)

✍ Scribed by Vinood B. Patel (editor), Victor R. Preedy (editor)

• Publisher: Springer
• Year: 2022
• Tongue: English
• Leaves: 1174
• Edition: 1st ed. 2022
• Category: Library

✦ Synopsis

This handbook provides an all-inclusive insight into biomarkers assessing the impact of nutrition on human health. The reader will gain insight into the area of circulating body fluid biomarkers, from cardiovascular related markers to liver functional tests. Various biomarkers related to the intake of micronutrient and macronutrients are presented, and the effects of different diets, pesticide exposure and dietary supplements are discussed, so are changes of genetic, cellular and histological variables.

This systematic handbook is a must have for biomedical researchers as well as clinicians and pharmacologists, who wish to gain extensive understanding on the analysis of effects of various nutritional and dietary effects on human health, ageing and longevity.

✦ Table of Contents

Preface
Contents
About the Editors
Contributors
Part I: Circulating and Body Fluid Biomarkers
1 Advanced Glycation End Products as Biomarkers in Nutrition
Introduction
AGEs: Definition and Historical Background
AGEs Sources and Formation
Bioactivity of AGEs and Impact of dAGEs on Health
Accumulation in Tissues and Organs
Mechanisms Underlying the Pathogenetic Pathways of AGEs
Biological Effects of dAGEs
Implication of dAGEs in Aging and Pathological Conditions
Premature Aging and Age-Related Diseases
Metabolic Syndrome
Diabetes and Diabetic Complications
Cardiovascular Diseases
Neurodegenerative Diseases
Renal Disease
Oral Diseases
Strategies to Reduce AGEs Load
The Effects of Nutritional Intervention on Health Outcomes
Physical Exercise
Pharmacological Agents
The Role of AGEs as Biomarkers in Nutrition
Applications to Prognosis
Controlling/Reducing the Amount of dAGEs Intake Could Help to Improve Health
Applications to Other Diseases or Conditions
Diagnostic Approaches Based on Measurement of AGEs Levels in the Biofluids
Mini-Dictionary of Terms
Key Facts of Advanced Glycation End Products (AGEs)
Key Facts of Impact of Dietary Advanced Glycation End Products (dAGEs) on Health
Summary Points
References
2 Trimethylamine N-Oxide (TMAO) as a Biomarker
Introduction
TMAO Metabolism: The Role of the Diet and the Microbiome
Dietary Sources
TMA-Producing Bacteria
TMAO Metabolism: From Absorption to Excretion
TMAO and Diseases
TMAO Detection
TMAO and Cardiovascular Diseases
TMAO and Chronic Kidney Diseases
TMAO and Metabolic Diseases
TMAO and Other Diseases
TMAO as a Potential Therapeutic Target: From Nutrition Interventions to Gut Microbiota Modulations
TMAO as a Biomarker: Potentiality and Limits
Potentialities
Limits and Pitfalls
Conclusions
Applications to Prognosis and Other Diseases or Conditions
Mini-Dictionary of Terms
Key Facts of Trimethylamine N-Oxide (TMAO) as a Biomarker: Features and Applications
Summary Points
References
3 The Redox State of Serum Albumin as a Potential Protein Nutrition Biomarker
Introduction
Biological Roles of Serum Albumin
Albumin Synthesis and Breakdown
Redox State of Serum Albumin
Analytical Chemistry for the Redox State of Serum Albumin
Association Between the Redox State of Serum Albumin and Pathological Conditions
Association Between the Redox State of Serum Albumin and Physiological Conditions
Redox State of Serum Albumin as a Potential Protein Nutrition Biomarker
Application of the Redox State of Serum Albumin to Prognosis of Protein Nutritional Status in Humans
Conclusions
Mini-dictionary of Terms
Key Facts of the Redox State of Serum Albumin
Summary Points
References
4 Branched Short-Chain Fatty Acids as Biological Indicators of Microbiota Health and Links with Anthropometry
Introduction
Microbial BCFA Biosynthesis
Methods for BCFA Analysis
Gas Chromatography
Liquid Chromatography
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance and Capillary Electrophoresis
Branched-Chain Fatty Acids in the Context of Nutrition
Dietary Interventions Related with Changes in BCFA and Anthropometric Factors
Possible Implications of Branched-Chain Fatty Acids in Host Health
BCFA in the Healthy Microbiota
Changes in the Profile of BCFA Associated with Disease
Potential Applications to Prognosis and Other Diseases or Conditions
Mini-Dictionary of Terms
Key Facts of Gut Microbiota
Summary Points
References
5 Plasma Nitrate and Nitrite as Biological Indicators of Health and Disease in Nutritional Studies
Introduction
Definition of Nitrates
Sources of Dietary Nitrates in Nutritional Studies
Foods Containing Nitrate
Nitrate as a Food Additive in Processed Meats
Nitrate as a Dietary Supplement
Nitrate and Nitrite Salts
Beets and Beetroot Juice
Red Spinach
Nitrates and Nitrites in Nutritional Studies
Half-Life of Nitrate and NO
Nitrate and Nitrite as a Biomarker
Importance of NO Concentration
Indirect Physiological Biomarkers of NO Exposure
NO and its Metabolites in Diseases and Pathological States
Laboratory Assessment of Nitrate and Nitrite
Nitrate as a Biomarker to Determine Potential Health Benefits of Nitrate
Increased NO
Improved Blood Flow: Response to Hypoxia
Reduction in Blood Pressure
General Cardioprotection
Improved Cognition
Mitigation of Erectile Dysfunction
Improvement in Aerobic Exercise Performance
Improved Glycemia: Diabetes and Insulin Resistance
Directions for Future Research on Nitrates Related to Health
Conclusion
Applications to Prognosis of Other Diseases or Conditions
Mini-Dictionary of Terms
Key Facts of Nitrates
Summary Points
References
6 Blood and Urinary Flavonoids
Introduction
Chemical Composition and Bioactivity
Food Sources, Intake, and Metabolism
Measurement of Exposure
Sample Preparation
Separation and Detection Techniques
Liquid Chromatography and Mass Spectrometry
Gas Chromatography and Mass Spectrometry
Capillary Electrophoresis
Electrokinetic Chromatography
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance
Time-Resolved Fluorescence Immunoassay
Applications of Flavonoid Biomarkers
Assessment of the Effect on Disease Risk
Dietary Assessment
Mini-Dictionary of Terms
Key Facts of the Flavonoid Exposure Assessment and Their Use as Biomarkers
Summary Points
References
7 Uric Acid as a Biomarker in Nutritional Metabolism
Introduction
Uric Acid Metabolism
Inflammation and Uric Acid Metabolism
Uric Acid Metabolism and Metabolic Disorders
Nutritional Approach to Hyperuricemia
Uric Acid and Diabetes
Conclusion
Applications to Prognosis and Other Diseases or Conditions
Mini-Dictionary of Terms
Key Facts of Uric Acid
Summary Points
References
8 Ceramides as Dietary Biomarkers
Introduction
Following the Metabolic Pathway of Ceramides
Ceramides: Metabolic Messengers Driving Cardiovascular Diseases (CVDs)
Diet-Induced Responses to Ceramide Concentrations
Conclusions
Applications to Prognosis
Applications to Other Diseases or Conditions
Mini-dictionary of Terms
Key Facts of Ceramides
Summary Points
References
Part II: Micronutrients and Minerals
9 Urinary Arsenic as a Biomarker: Speciation Analysis for the Assessment of Dietary Exposure
Introduction
Arsenic Species in the Environment and Biota
HPLC-ICP-MS for Speciation Analysis of As
Urinary As Species as a Biomarker of Exposure
Urinary iAs Speciation Analysis in Environmental Epidemiology
Quantitative Relationship Between Urinary As Speciation and Dietary Intake
Problem in Using Urinary As Speciation as a Biomarker of Exposure
Urinary As Speciation as a Biomarker of Susceptibility
Concluding Remarks
Applications to Other Diseases or Conditions
Mini-Dictionary of Terms
Key Facts of Urinary Arsenic as a Biomarker: Speciation Analysis for the Assessment of Dietary Exposure
Key Facts of Urine As Species as a Biomarker of Exposure
Key Facts of Urinary As Speciation Analytical Method
Summary Points
References
10 Use of Histology in Nutrition
Introduction
Arsenic
Epidemiology of Arsenic
Mechanism of Arsenic Toxicity
Use of Histology in Identifying the Hallmarks of Arsenic Toxicity
Liver
Kidney
Brain
Lungs
Heart
Testis
Ovary
Approaches to Combat Arsenic Toxicity
Chelation Therapy
Use of Nutritional Supplements as Antioxidants
Zinc
Histological Studies on the Ameliorating Effect of Zinc on Arsenic Toxicity
Applications of Histology in Other Diseases
Mini-Dictionary of Terms
Key Facts About Arsenic Toxicity
Summary Points
References
11 Measures of Iron Metabolism and Applications to Dietary Patterns
Introduction
Overview of Iron Metabolism and Iron Disorder Disease
Iron Distribution
Hepcidin-Ferroportin Axis and Iron Disorder Disease
Iron Requirement
Recommended Daily Allowances
Iron Bioavailability in Foods
Types of Iron Sources in Food
Factors That Affect Dietary Iron Absorption
Iron Enhancers
MFP Factors
Organic Acids (Vitamin C, Citric Acids, Malic Acids) and Gastric Acids
Alcohol
Copper
ß-Carotene and Vitamin A
Body Iron Stores
Iron Inhibitors
Phytate and Oxalate
Polyphenols: Tea and Coffee
Polyphenols: Quercetin
Proteins from Plants, Eggs, and Milk (Calcium)
Sugar
Dietary Approaches for Iron Disorder
Dietary Approaches for Absolute Iron Deficiency and Iron Deficiency Anemia
Dietary Approaches for Functional Iron Deficiency and Anemia of Inflammation
Dietary Approaches for Hereditary Iron Disorders
Diagnosis of Iron Disorder Diseases
Absolute Iron Deficiency and Iron Deficiency Anemia
Functional Iron Deficiency and Anemia of Inflammation
Hereditary Iron Disorder Diseases
Hemochromatosis
β-Thalassemia
Conclusion
Applications to Prognosis
Mini-Dictionary of Terms
Key Facts of Anemia of Inflammation
Summary Points
References
12 Glycolate as a Biological Marker of B Vitamins
Introduction
Glycolate
Intestinal Absorption of GA
Cellular Uptake of GA
GA Excretion
GA Metabolism
Glyoxylate Detoxification
Glycolate Oxidase (GO)
Vitamin B2 and GA Metabolism
Agxt1
Vitamin B6 and GA Metabolism
Factors Influencing GA Metabolism
Markers in VB2 and VB6 Deficiency and Applications to Prognosis
Applications to Prognosis
Applications to Other Diseases or Conditions
Mini-Dictionary
Key Facts of Xylitol Metabolism
Summary Points
References
13 Assays for Carotenoids: Linking Breastmilk and Maternal Intakes
Introduction
Carotenoid´s Absorption and Transport
Carotenoid Transport into the Breastmilk
Breastmilk Composition
Breastmilk Carotenoids
Carotenoid Intake During Lactation
Assays for Carotenoids: Methodological Implications
Breastmilk Sample Collection
Breastmilk Sample Handling and Storage
Breastmilk Analysis
Nutritional Assessment
Data Collection
Carotenoid Database
Applications to Prognosis, Other Diseases, or Conditions
Mini-Dictionary of Terms
Key Facts of Carotenoids in the Breastmilk
Summary Points
References
Part III: Diets and Macronutrients
14 The Dietary Diversity Score
Introduction
The Diet Diversity Score as Diet Quality Indicator
Diet Diversity Score in Relation to Diet Quality
Dietary Diversity and Nutrient Adequacy
Seasonality and the Dietary Diversity Score
Calculation of the Dietary Diversity Score
The Dietary Diversity Score and NCDs
The Dietary Diversity Score and Anthropometric Measurements
Applications to Prognosis, Other Diseases, or Conditions
Conclusion
Summary Points
Key Facts of DDS
Mini-dictionary of Terms
References
15 Dietary Phytochemical Index as a Biomarker in Nutritional Studies: Features and Applications
Introduction
Sources and Types of Phytochemicals
Definition and Utility of Phytochemical Index´´ Application of Dietary Phytochemical Index as a Biomarker for Non-communicable Diseases (Fig. 3) Phytochemical Index, Obesity, and Metabolic Disorders Phytochemical Index and Cardiovascular Diseases Phytochemical Index and Cancer Phytochemical Index and Neurological Disorders Limitations of DPI and Concluding Remarks Mini-dictionary of Terms Key Points of Dietary Phytochemical Index (DPI) Summary Points References 16 Mediterranean Diet Adherence and Serum Markers of Lipids Introduction Serum Lipid Profile Association of Serum Lipid Profile with Human Health Influence of Lipid Profile by Environmental Factors, Such as Nutritional Attitudes Association of Dietary Nutrients (Fats, Carbohydrates, Proteins, Fibers, and Antioxidants) with Serum Lipid Profile Fats Saturated Fatty Acids Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids Monounsaturated Fatty Acids Dietary Cholesterol Carbohydrates Proteins Fibers Antioxidants The Mediterranean Diet and Serum Markers of Lipids Definition and Main Characteristics of the Mediterranean Diet Interaction of the Mediterranean Diet Adherence with Various Biomarkers (Including Lipid Markers) and Consequently Health Outc... Summary of Research Findings About the Effect of the Mediterranean Diet on Serum Lipid Profile and Health Lyon Diet Heart Study HALE Study ATTICA Study Medi-RIVAGE Study Randomized Controlled Trials Comparative Study BioCycle Study Crossover Design Studies Cross-Sectional Study PREDIMED Sub-study Retrospective Observational Study Functional Foods of the Mediterranean Diet with a Beneficial Effect on Serum Markers of Lipids Further Analyze the Significance of Specific Mediterranean Foods with Functional Value in Regulating the Serum Lipid Profile Olive Oil Fruits and Vegetables Pomegranate Raisins Wild Greens Aromatic Plants and Essential Oils Fish and Fish Oil Nuts and Walnuts Mushrooms Dairy Products Herb Drinks (Green Tea, Et Cetera) Red Wine Application to Prognosis, Other Diseases, or Conditions Applications to Prognosis Applications to Other Diseases or Conditions Mini-dictionary of Terms Key Facts Key Facts of Dyslipidemia Summary Points References 17 Fecal Volatile Organic Compounds Introduction The Origins of Fecal Volatile Organic Compounds Analysis of VOCs Chemical Classification of VOCs Specific Dietary Components and Their Effect on VOC Profiles Dietary Patterns and VOC Profiles VOCs from Other Sources Applications and Further Study Conclusion Application to Other Diseases Mini-Dictionary of Terms Key Facts of Volatile Organic Compounds Summary Points References 18 Calprotectin as a Biological Indicator in Nutrition Introduction Main Mechanisms of Calprotectin Action (Table 1 and Fig. 1) Fecal Calprotectin as a Marker of Inflammation In the Intestine In Chronic Low-Grade Inflammatory Disease Obesity-Driven Insulin Resistance (Table 2) Type 2 Diabetes-Driven Insulin Resistance Calprotectin and Macrovascular/Cardiovascular Disease Calprotectin and Microvascular Disease Therapeutic Opportunities Effects of Lifestyle and Diet on Levels of Calprotectin Future Prospects in the Potential Impact of Calprotectin Modulation Conclusions Mini-Dictionary of Terms Key Facts of Calprotectin as a Biological Indicator in Nutrition: Insulin Resistance and Beyond Summary Points References 19 Omega-6 Fatty Acids Introduction Omega-6 Fatty Acids as Biomarkers for Dietary Intake Omega-6 Fatty Acids as Biomarkers for Cardiovascular Disease Omega-6 Fatty Acids as Biomarkers for Diabetes Omega-6 Fatty Acids as Biomarkers for Asthma Omega-6 Fatty Acids as Biomarkers for Autoimmune Disease Omega-6 Fatty Acids as Biomarkers for Cancer Limitations on the Application of Omega-6 Biomarkers Mini-Dictionary of Terms Summary Points References 20 Fatty Acid Profile of Red Blood Cells as Markers in Dietary Regimes and Beyond Introduction Lipids in Nutrition Evaluating Fatty Acids in Tissues and the Impact of PUFA The Importance of Omega-6 and Omega-3 Fatty Acids as Biomarker of Intakes from Nutrition Omics Technologies and Membrane Lipidomics The Information Provided byOmics´´ Technologies
Lipidomics and Membrane Lipidomics
The Development of RBC Fatty Acids as Biomarkers
The Importance of Sampling Procedure, Analytical Recognition, and Evaluation of Biological Significance
The Choice of Red Blood Cell Membrane and Comparison with Other Blood Compartments
The Proof of the RBC/Lipoprotein Fatty Acid Exchange
Applications to Prognosis, Other Diseases, or Conditions
Application of C-16 Monounsaturated Fatty Acids in Cancer Diagnostics
Applications to Other Diseases or Conditions
Membrane Lipidomics Applied to Overweight and Obese Cohorts
Mini-Dictionary of Terms
Key Facts of Fatty Acids as Biomarkers in Nutrition
Key Facts of Membrane Fatty Acids
Key Facts of Fatty Acid Analysis
Key Facts of Membrane Fatty Acids Used in Prevention
Summary Points
References
21 Assessing Pyruvate Carboxylase Flux as a Mechanistic Biological Marker in Fasting
Introduction
PC Flux During Fasting
Direct Assessment of PC: Gene Expression, Protein Level, and Colorimetric Assays
Metabolomics Approach: Isotopomer Analysis
In Vivo Assessment of PC Activity Using 13C MR Spectroscopy
Complication with Other Pathological Conditions
Mini-dictionary of Terms
Key Facts of Pyruvate Carboxylase
Summary Points
References
22 Biological Markers of Plant Phenolic Compounds Intake
Introduction
Classification and Structure of Major Dietary PC
Phenolic Acids
Flavonoids
Tannins
Stilbenes
Lignans
Coumarins
Curcuminoids
Biotransformation of PC During Digestive Process
Anthocyanins and Other Flavonoids
Hydrolyzable Tannins
Flavan-3-Ols
Isoflavones
Phenolic Acids
Lignans
Kinetics of PC After Dietary Intake
Absorption
Distribution
Metabolization
Excretion
Methods Used for Estimation of Dietary Intake of PC
Dietary Assessment Methods
Biomarkers
Plasma
Urine
Analytical Techniques Used to Identify and Quantify PC Biomarkers
Conclusion
Applications to Other Diseases or Conditions
Mini-Dictionary of Terms
Key Facts
Key Facts of PC Digestion and Metabolism
Key Factors of Biomarkers of PC Intake
Summary Points
References
Part IV: Genetic, Molecular, and Cellular Variables
23 Blood Gene Expression of Zinc Transporters as Biological Indicators of Zinc Nutrition
Introduction
Zinc Metabolism and Homeostasis
Zinc Transporters
Zinc Transporters mRNA as Biomarkers of Zinc Status
Applications to Diseases
Diabetes
Cardiovascular Disease
Alzheimer´s Disease
Mini-Dictionary of Terms
Key Facts of Zinc Transporters in Diabetes
Key Facts of Zinc Transporters in Cardiovascular Disease
Key Facts of Zinc Transporters in Alzheimer´s Disease
Summary Points
References
24 Circulating MicroRNA (miRNA)s as Biological Markers and Links with Obesity and Obesity-Related Morbid Conditions
Introduction
An Overview of White Adipose Tissue
miRNAs: Small RNAs Playing a Central Role in Gene Expression Control
Biogenesis of miRNAs and Mechanisms of Action
miRNAs Detection
miRNAs Target Prediction
The Role of miRNAs Across Tissues in the Context of Obesity
Circulating miRNAs in Obesity and Obesity-Related Comorbidities
Applications to Prognosis, Other Diseases, or Conditions
Mini-Dictionary of Terms
Summary Points
References
25 Plasma MicroRNA (miRNA)s as Novel Markers of Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease
Introduction
MiRNA Biogenesis
MiRNA-Dependent Epigenetic Reprogramming in NAFLD
Hepatic Lipid Metabolism
Hepatic Carbohydrate Metabolism
Stress-Activated Pathways
MiRNAs That Regulate NAFLD Progression
Applications to Prognosis, Other Diseases or Conditions
Conclusion
Key Facts
Mini-Dictionary of Terms
Summary Points
References
26 Telomere Length
Introduction
Section 1. Telomere Length: Measurements
Terminal Restriction Fragments (TRF)
Quantitative PCR Methods
Quantitative FISH
STELA Methods
Single Telomere Absolute-Length Rapid (STAR)
Main Remarks
Section 2. Telomere Length: Links with Anthropometry in Lifestyle Intervention
Inflammation and Oxidative Stress Linked to Obesity and TL
Lifestyle Factors for Obesity Development
Dietary Treatment
Promoting Physical Activity
Behavioral Therapy
Lifestyle Intervention Studies
TL as a Biomarker in Lifestyle Intervention
Applications to Prognosis or Applications to Other Diseases or Conditions
Mini-Dictionary of Terms
Key Facts of TL Measurement
Key Facts of Obesity
Key Facts of Lifestyle Intervention
Summary Points
References
27 GWAS and GWAIS for Identifying Connections Between Genetics, Nutrition, and Health: The Example of Omega-3 and Plasma Trigl...
Introduction
Overview of Precision Nutrition
The Interplay Between Nutrition and Genetics
What´s a GWAS?
What´s a GWAIS?
Example: Using the GWAS Approach for Determining Gene-Diet Associations Related to TG and Omega-3 Fatty Acids
Variability in Plasma TG Response to Omega-3 Fatty Acids
Fine Mapping of GWAS Signals
Validation of Nutri-GRS and Contribution of EPA Versus DHA to TG Change
Importance of Understanding Biological Plausibility
Conclusion
Other Applications of GWAS and GWAIS for Precision Nutrition
Mini-Dictionary of Terms
Key Facts of GWAS and GWAIS for Nutritional Genomics and Precision Nutrition
Summary Points
References
28 The Alpha-Klotho Gene as an Anti-ageing Biomarker: Measures and Applications to the Effects of Nutrition
Introduction
Plausible Mechanisms of the Effect of Nutrition on S-Klotho Levels
Effect of Nutrition in Klotho: Evidence from Preclinical Models
Dietary Energy
Dietary Macronutrients
Micronutrients
Effect of Nutrition in Klotho: Human Studies
Observational Evidence
Intervention Studies
Future Investigations into S-Klotho
Fasting Strategies
Dietary Compounds
Dietary Patterns
Conclusion
Applications to Prognosis, Other Diseases, or Conditions
Mini-Dictionary of Terms
Key Facts of Klotho
Summary Points
References
Part V: Functional and Physiological Variables and Platforms
29 BMI as a Biomarker in Patients´ Nutritional Assessment
Introduction
BMI as a Biomarker of Nutritional Status
BMI as a Biomarker of Malnutrition
Overweight and Obesity
BMI as a Biomarker of Fat Distribution and Body Composition
BMI Applications to Other Diseases or Conditions
BMI Applications to Prognosis
Further Study
Conclusions
Key Facts of BMI as a Biomarker in Patients´ Nutritional Assessment
Mini-Dictionary of Terms
Summary Points
References
30 Three-Dimensional Ultrasound for Sensitive Assessment of the Effects of Nutritional Therapy on Carotid Atherosclerosis
Introduction
Quantitative Assessment of Treatment Effect Based on 3D Carotid US Images
Plaque Texture Analysis
Plaque Segmentation and Texture Extraction
Dimensionality Reduction and Biomarker Generation
Physical Understanding of the Biomarker
Vessel-Wall-Plus-Plaque Thickness (VWT) Analysis
Generation of 2D VWT Map
Quantitative Assessment Based on
Discussion and Future Perspectives
Applications to Other Anti-atherosclerotic Treatments/Interventions and Image Modalities
Mini-Dictionary of Terms
Key Facts of 3D Carotid Ultrasound Biomarkers
Summary Points
References
31 NMR Metabolomics for Marker Discovery of Metabolic Syndrome
Introduction
Carbohydrate Dysfunction
Glucose
Lactate
Uric Acid
BCAAs and AAAs
Glutamine and Glutamate
Citrate
Propionylcarnitine
Dyslipidemia
Fatty Acids
Choline
Lipoproteins
Ketone Bodies
Inflammation
N-Acetylglycoproteins
Lysophospholipids
Oxidative Stress
Uric Acid and Allantoin
8-OHdG and Pseudouridine
One-Carbon Metabolism Intermediates: GSH/GSSG Ratio, Glycine, and Serine
Gut Microbiota Dysbiosis
Lactate
Acetate
Succinate
TMA, TMAO, and DMA
Anxiety, Psychological Stress, and Related Disorders
Lipids
GlycA
Glutamine
Glucose
Applications to Prognosis, Other Diseases, or Conditions
Funding
Mini-Dictionary of Terms
Key Facts of Metabolic Syndrome
Key Facts of NMR Metabolomics
Summary Points
References
32 Central and Peripheral Biomarkers for the Study of Appetite Regulation in Humans
Introduction
Central and Peripheral Appetite Regulation in Humans
Biomarkers for the Study of Central Appetite Regulation in Humans
Biochemical Biomarkers of Central Appetite Regulation
Image Methods to Study Central Appetite Regulation
Behavioral Measures of Central Appetite Regulation
Biomarkers for the Study of Peripheral Appetite Regulation in Humans
Peripheral Signals that Regulate Appetite
Metabolomics and Central Appetite Regulation
Fatty Acids and Their Derivatives as Biomarkers of Appetite Regulation
Amino Acids as Biomarkers of Appetite Regulation
Glucose and Other Carbohydrates as Biomarkers of Appetite Regulation
Other Metabolites Proposed as Biomarkers of Appetite Regulation
Conclusion and Future Directions
Applications to Prognosis, Other Diseases, or Conditions
Mini-Dictionary of Terms
Key Facts of Appetite Regulation
Summary Points
Reference
33 Growth Reference Charts as Biological Indicators of Nutrition
Introduction
Biological Indicators of Nutrition
Growth Reference Charts
Types of Growth Reference Charts
Z-score (SD Score)
Percentiles
Percent of Median
Head Circumference as a Biological Indicator
Construction of Growth Charts for HC: Different Methods
Assessment of Nutritional Status Using the HC
Applications to Prognosis
Mini-Dictionary of Terms
Key Facts of Human Growth
Key Facts of Growth Reference Charts
Key Facts of Measuring HC
Summary Points
References
Part VI: Biomarkers in Specific Conditions or Scenarios
34 Biomarkers of Malnutrition in Cirrhosis
Introduction
Mechanisms of Malnutrition in Cirrhosis
Reduced Oral Intake
Increased Metabolic Demand
Malabsorption
Clinical Assessment
Nutritional Questionnaires
Energy Expenditure
Laboratory Evaluation
Plasma Proteins
Albumin
Prealbumin
Transferrin
Retinol-Binding Protein-4
Branched-Chained Amino Acids
Adipokines
Leptin
Adiponectin
Resistin
Plasma Ghrelin
Micronutrients
Fat-Soluble Vitamins (Vitamins A, D, E, and K)
Water-Soluble Vitamins
Minerals
Emerging Biomarkers
Metabolomics
Proteomics
Ancillary Tests
Anthropometric Tests
Radiologic Assessment
Conclusion
Applications to Prognosis
Mini-dictionary of Terms
Key Facts
Key Facts of Malnutrition in Cirrhosis
Key Facts of Biomarkers of Malnutrition in Cirrhosis
Summary Points
References
35 Inflammatory Biomarkers in Nutrition
Introduction
Biomarkers of Inflammation
Nutrients and Inflammation
Food and Inflammation
Dietary Patterns and Inflammation
Conclusion
Applications to Prognosis and Other Diseases or Conditions
Applications to Prognosis
Applications to Other Diseases or Conditions
Key Facts of Cytokines
Summary Points
References
36 YKL-40 as an Inflammatory Biomarker in Nutrition
Introduction
General Characteristics of YKL-40
The Effects of YKL-40 on Signaling Pathways Related to Nutrition and Metabolism
The Role of YKL-40 in Obesity and Diabetes
YKL-40´s Relationship with Diet and Vitamins
YKL-40 in Cancers
Relationship Between YKL-40 and Cardiovascular Diseases
Applications to Prognosis and Other Diseases or Conditions
Conclusion
Mini-dictionary of Terms
Key Facts of YKL-40
References
37 The Dietary Inflammatory Index
Introduction
The DII Score Calculation
The DII Score and Diseases
DII Score and Cardiovascular Diseases
The DII Score and Cancer
Applications to Prognosis, Other Diseases, or Conditions
Conclusion
Summary Point
Mini-dictionary of Terms
Key Facts of DII
References
38 Thiol-Disulfide Homeostasis as an Oxidative Stress Indicator
Introduction
Features of Kits Used in Thiol-Disulfide Homeostasis Measurement
Analytical Recovery
Linearity
Lower Detection Limit
Analytical Sensitivity
Interference
Precision
Storage
Thiol(-SH)-Disulfide(-S-S-) Homeostasis Test Profile
Principle of the Assay
Application Parameters of the Assays
Free Radicals and Nutrition
Oxidative Stress and Nutrition
Antioxidant Nutrition Priorities
Healthy and Natural Nutrition
Dietary Preferences and Oxidative Stress
Applications to Prognosis and Other Diseases or Conditions
Applications to Prognosis
Applications to Other Diseases or Conditions
Key Facts of Thiol-Disulfide Homeostasis as an Oxidative Stress Indicator: Applications to Nutrition
Summary Points
References
39 Oxidative Stress Biomarkers in Exercise
Introduction
Oxidative Stress and Redox
Oxidative Stress in Exercise
Applications to Prognosis
Intake of Supplements in Exercise/Physical Activation and Redox
Nutritional Oxidative Stress Biomarkers in Exercise
Protein Carbonyl Groups
Oxidized Low-Density Lipoprotein
Thiol-Disulfide Homeostasis
Oxidative Stress Caused by Exercise and Vitamin Diet
Vitamins C and E
Vitamin A
Vitamins B6 and B9
Mini-dictionary of Terms
Key Facts of Oxidative Stress in Exercise and Nutrition
Summary Points
References
40 Biological Indicators of Oxidative Stress [Malondialdehyde, Catalase, Glutathione Peroxidase, and Superoxide Dismutase] and...
Introduction
Catalase (CAT)
Characterization and Historical Basis
Determination Methods
Importance and Applications to Prognosis, Other Diseases, or Conditions
Glutathione Peroxidase (GPx)
Characterization and Historical Basis
Determination Methods
Importance and Applications to Prognosis, Other Diseases, or Conditions
Superoxide Dismutase (SOD) Enzyme
Characterization and Historical Basis
Determination Methods
Importance and Applications to Prognosis, Other Diseases, or Conditions
Malondialdehyde (MDA)
Characterization and Historical Basis
Determination Methods
Importance and Applications to Prognosis, Other Diseases, or Conditions
Mini-Dictionary of Terms
Key Facts of Oxidative Stress in Chronic Noncommunicable Diseases
Summary Points
References
41 The Oxidative Balance Score as a New Nutritional Scoring System
Introduction
Oxidative Balance Score
The Effects of Antioxidants Involved in the OBS on Development of the Non-communicable Diseases
Oxidative Balance Score, Cardiovascular Diseases, and Their Related Risk Factors
Oxidative Balance Score and Cancers
Oxidative Balance Score and Mortality
Oxidative Balance Score, Inflammatory Biomarkers, and Related Diseases
Conclusion
Applications to Other Diseases or Conditions
Mini-dictionary of Terms
Key Facts of Oxidative Balance Score
Summary Point
References
42 Urinary Gluten Immunogenic Peptides as a Biomarker in Celiac Patients
Introduction
Current Methods for Assessing Gluten-Free Diet Adherence
Development of a Method for the Detection of Gluten Immunogenic Peptides in Human Specimens
Process to Consolidate the Detection of Immunogenic Peptides as a Biomarker in Patients with Celiac Disease
Applicability
Mini-dictionary of Terms
Key Facts of Urinary Gluten Immunogenic Peptides as Biomarkers in Celiac Patients
Key Facts of GIP Determination in Human Specimens
Summary Points
References
43 Citrulline as a Marker of Villous Abnormality and Implications for Diet and Nutrition
Introduction
Citrulline: Biochemical Characteristic, Synthesis, and Functions
Synthesis of Citrulline from Glutamine in Enterocytes
Utilization of Citrulline in Different Tissues
Synthesis of Arginine from Citrulline
Nitric Oxide Synthesis from Arginine and Citrulline
Urea Cycle
Normative Concentration of Citrulline in the Plasma
Causes for High and Low Plasma Citrulline Levels
Diagnostic and Therapeutic Value of Citrulline
Blood Levels of Citrulline for the Assessment of Enterocyte Mass/Enteropathy
Plasma Citrulline as a Marker of Enteropathic or Reduction in the Absorptive Surface
Cyclical Changes in the Level of Plasma Citrulline in a Model of Enteropathy
Citrulline and Mucositis
Citrulline and HIV Enteropathy
Citrulline and Intestinal Transplantation Rejection
Citrulline in Patients with Necrotizing Enterocolitis
Levels of Citrulline as a Marker of Intestinal Function: A Meta-analysis
Therapeutic Role of Citrulline
Muscles
Cardiovascular Diseases
Erectile Dysfunction
Antidepressant Effects
Ageing and Sarcopenia
Mini-Dictionary of Terms
Key Facts
Summary Points
References
44 Biomarkers of Endothelial Dysfunction in Relation to Nutrition
Introduction
Biomarkers: Clinical Endpoints
Endothelial Dysfunction
Endothelial Function Assessment
Biomarkers of Endothelial Dysfunction
Biomarkers of Endothelial Dysfunction and Dietary Patterns
Nutrients and Nutritional Components with Effect on Endothelial Dysfunction
Polyphenols
Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids
Antioxidant Vitamins
Antioxidant Minerals
Applications to Prognosis
Mini-Dictionary of Terms
Key Facts of Endothelial Dysfunction and Nutrition
Summary Points
References
45 Creatine Kinase as a Biomarker
Introduction
Creatine Kinase Historical Overview: Interrelationships with Skeletal Muscle Disorders
Creatine Kinase in Statin-Associated Muscle Symptoms
Association of Serum Creatine Kinase and Single-Nucleotide Polymorphisms with Statin-Associated Muscle Adverse Events
The Potential Health Benefits of Nuts
Conclusion
Applications to Other Diseases or Conditions
Mini-Dictionary of Terms
Key Facts About Creatine Kinase
Summary Points
References
46 Circulating Glutamate as a Potential Biomarker of Central Fat Accumulation and Concomitant Cardiometabolic Alterations
Introduction
Obesity and Body Fat Distribution
Metabolic Impact of Visceral Obesity
Measurement of Body Fat Distribution
Amino Acids, Obesity, and Cardiometabolic Diseases
What Is Glutamate?
Glutamate and Central Adiposity
Glutamate and Weight Loss
Glutamate and Cardiometabolic Diseases
Insulin Resistance and T2D
NAFLD
Cardiovascular Diseases
Partial Summary
Pathophysiology
Genetics
Dietary Glutamate and MSG
Microbiota
BCAA Catabolism
Partial Summary
Steps to Be Taken Before Applications to Prognosis
Mini-Dictionary of Terms
Key Facts
Summary Points
References
47 Leptin as a Biomarker in Nutrition and Metabolism
Introduction
Leptin
Leptin Receptors and Signaling Pathways
Hyperleptinemia and Leptin Resistance
Mechanism of Leptin Resistance
Leptin and Metabolism
Leptin and Inflammation
Leptin and Diabetes
Leptin and Type 2 Diabetes
Leptin and Diabetic Complications
Leptin and Antidiabetic Medications
Clinical Application of Therapeutic Leptin Administration
Applications to Prognosis of Type 2 Diabetes and Its Complications
Application to Type 1 Diabetes
Mini-Dictionary of Terms
Key Facts of Leptin Resistance
Summary Points
References
48 Nutritional Indicators and Illness
Introduction
Metabolic Response to Acute Injury/Trauma and Timing of Feeding in the ICU
Malnutrition Definition, Screening, and Diagnosis
Development of the NUTRIC, mNUTRIC, and NUTRIC-SF Scores and Components
Use of the NUTRIC/mNUTRIC Scores and Clinical Outcomes
Comparison of the NUTRIC Score to Other Screening Tools for Nutritional Risk
Limitations of the NUTRIC and mNUTRIC Scores
Conclusions
Applications to Prognosis
Applications to Other Diseases or Conditions
Mini-dictionary of Terms
Key Facts of the NUTRIC Scores
Summary Points
References
49 The Importance of Inflammatory State in Vitamin Supplementation Studies
Introduction
Inflammatory Response: Good, Bad, and Ugly
Pathophysiology of Inflammation
Inflammation-Induced Oxidative Stress
Evaluation of Inflammatory Biomarkers
Systemic Inflammation and Fat-Soluble Vitamins
Vitamin A and Carotenoids
Vitamin A
Effect of Inflammation on Vitamin A Status
Effect of Vitamin A on Inflammation
Carotenoids
Effect of Inflammation on Carotenoids
Effect of Carotenoids on Inflammation
Vitamin D
Effect of Inflammation on Vitamin D
The Effect of Vitamin D on Inflammation
Vitamin E
Effect of Inflammation on Vitamin E Status
Effect of Vitamin E on Inflammation
Vitamin K
Effect of Inflammation on Vitamin K
Effect of Vitamin K on Inflammation
Systemic Inflammation and Water-Soluble Vitamins
Vitamin C
Effect of Inflammation on Vitamin C
Effect of Vitamin C on Inflammation
B Vitamins
Effect of Inflammation on B Vitamins Status
Effect of B Vitamins Status on Inflammation
Considering Inflammatory Biomarkers in Vitamin Supplementation Studies: When and How
Concluding Remarks for Future Studies
Applications to Prognosis, Other Diseases, or Conditions
Mini Dictionary of Terms
Key Facts of the Relationship Between Inflammation and Vitamins
Summary Points
References
50 Candidate Biomarkers for Sarcopenia and Relationship with Nutrition
Introduction
Criteria Defining Sarcopenia
Measuring Methods of Sarcopenia
Prevalence of Sarcopenia
Biomarkers of Sarcopenia
Inflammatory Biomarkers
Biomarkers Related to Protein Metabolism
Neuromuscular Biomarkers
Hormonal Biomarkers
Biomarkers Associated to Malnutrition
Vitamin D
Uric Acid
N-3 Fatty Acids
Leptin
Visceral Proteins
Creatinine
Insulin-Like Growth Factor (IGF-1)
Antioxidants
Conclusion
Applications to Prognosis, Other Diseases, and Conditions
Key Facts of Sarcopenia Diagnosis Based on European Working Group of Sarcopenia in Older People (2019)
Mini Dictionary of Terms
Summary Points
References
51 Bone Density Measurements and Biomarkers in Nutrition: DXA (Dual X-ray Absorptiometry), Osteopenia, and Osteoporosis
Introduction
Epidemiology
Etiology
Bone Physiology and Pathophysiology
Clinical Manifestations and Diagnosis
Prevention and Management
Mini-Dictionary of Terms
Summary Points
References
52 Linking Biomarkers with Causes, Lifestyle Factors, and Management of Sarcopenia
Introduction
Muscle Atrophy, Then and Now
Symptoms and Mechanism of Sarcopenia
Symptoms
Mechanism
Lifestyle Factors
Physical Activity/Exercise
Nutrition/Diet
Sleep Quality and Duration
Substances´ Abuse
Alcohol
Smoking
Management of Sarcopenia
Physical Activity/Exercise
Nutrition/Diet
Protein and Amino Acids
Vitamins and Antioxidants
Sleep
Smoking and Alcohol
Conclusion
Applications to Prognosis, Other Diseases or Conditions
Key Facts of Physical Activity Based on World Health Organization (2020)
Mini Dictionary of Terms
Summary Points
References
53 Body Composition, Basal Metabolic Rate, Resting Energy Expenditure, and Other Surrogate Measures as Biomarkers in Nutrition...
Introduction
Eating Disorders
Anorexia Nervosa
Nutritional Counseling of Anorexia Nervosa
Body Composition and Anthropometric Measurements
Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis or Bioimpedance Analysis (BIA)
Phase Angle (PhA)
Dual-Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry (DXA)
Computed Tomography (CT)
Ultrasound Measurement
Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR) and Resting Energy Expenditure (REE)
Predictive Equations
Anthropometric Measurements
Body Weight and Body Mass Index
Fat-Free Mass Index
Waist-to-Hip Ratio and Waist Circumference
Skinfold Anthropometry
Surrogate Measures
Self-Reported Measurements
Retrospective Methods Measure Food Intake
A 24-Hour Dietary Recall (DR)
Food Frequency Questionnaire
Prospective Methods Measure Food Intake
A 24-Hour Record
Other Biomarkers
Mini-Dictionary of Terms
Summary Points
References
Part VII: Resources
54 Recommended Resources for Biomarkers in Nutrition: Methods, Discoveries, and Applications
Introduction
Resources
Other Resources
Summary Points
References
Index