Cover
Brief Contents
Preface
New to This Edition
Acknowledgments
Contents
Chapter 1: Introduction to Biological Concepts and Research
1.1 What Is Life? Characteristics of Living Organisms
1.2 Biological Evolution
1.3 Biodiversity and the Tree of Life
1.4 Biological Research
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Chapter 2: Life, Chemistry, and Water
2.1 The Organization of Matter: Elements and Atoms
2.2 Atomic Structure
2.3 Chemical Bonds and Chemical Reactions
2.4 Hydrogen Bonds and the Properties of Water
2.5 Water Ionization and Acids, Bases, and Buffers
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Chapter 3: Biological Molecules: The Carbon Compounds of Life
3.1 Formation and Modification of Biological Molecules
3.2 Carbohydrates
3.3 Lipids
3.4 Proteins
3.5 Nucleotides and Nucleic Acids
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Chapter 4: Cells
4.1 Basic Features of Cell Structure and Function
4.2 Prokaryotic Cells
4.3 Eukaryotic Cells
4.4 Specialized Structures of Plant Cells
4.5 The Animal Cell Surface
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Chapter 5: Membranes and Transport
5.1 Membrane Structure and Function
5.2 Functions of Membranes in Transport: Passive Transport
5.3 Passive Water Transport and Osmosis
5.4 Active Transport
5.5 Exocytosis and Endocytosis
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Chapter 6: Energy, Enzymes, and Biological Reactions
6.1 Energy, Life, and the Laws of Thermodynamics
6.2 Free Energy and Spontaneous Reactions
6.3 Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP): The Energy Currency of the Cell
6.4 Role of Enzymes in Biological Reactions
6.5 Factors That Affect Enzyme Activity
6.6 RNA-Based Biological Catalysts: Ribozymes
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Chapter 7: Cellular Respiration: Harvesting Chemical Energy
7.1 Overview of Cellular Respiration
7.2 Glycolysis: Splitting the Sugar in Half
7.3 Pyruvate Oxidation and the Citric Acid Cycle
7.4 Oxidative Phosphorylation: The Electron Transport Chain and Chemiosmosis
7.5 Fermentation
7.6 Interrelationships of Catabolic and Anabolic Pathways
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Chapter 8: Photosynthesis
8.1 Photosynthesis: An Overview
8.2 The Light-Dependent Reactions of Photosynthesis
8.3 The Light-Independent Reactions of Photosynthesis
8.4 Photorespiration and Alternative Processes of Carbon Fixation
8.5 Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration Compared
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Chapter 9: Cell Communication
9.1 Cell Communication: An Overview
9.2 Signaling Pathways Using Surface Receptors
9.3 Signaling Pathways Using Internal Receptors
9.4 Integration of Cell Communication Pathways
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Chapter 10: Cell Division and Mitosis
10.1 The Cycle of Cell Growth and Division: An Overview
10.2 The Mitotic Cell Cycle
10.3 Cell Cycle Regulation
10.4 Cell Division in Bacteria
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Chapter 11: Meiosis: The Cellular Basis of Sexual Reproduction
11.1 The Mechanisms of Meiosis
11.2 Mechanisms That Generate Genetic Variability
11.3 The Time and Place of Meiosis in Organismal Life Cycles
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Chapter 12: Mendel, Genes, and Inheritance
12.1 The Beginnings of Genetics: Mendel's Garden Peas
12.2 Later Modifications and Additions to Mendel's Principles
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Chapter 13: Genes, Chromosomes, and Human Genetics
13.1 Genetic Linkage and Recombination
13.2 Sex-Linked Genes
13.3 Chromosomal Mutations That Affect Inheritance
13.4 Human Genetic Traits, Pedigree Analysis, and Genetic Counseling
13.5 Non-Mendelian Patterns of Inheritance
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Chapter 14: DNA Structure and Replication
14.1 Establishing DNA as the Hereditary Molecule
14.2 DNA Structure
14.3 DNA Replication
14.4 Repair of Errors in DNA
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Chapter 15: Gene Expression: From DNA to Protein
15.1 The Connection between DNA, RNA, and Protein
15.2 Transcription: DNA-Directed RNA Synthesis
15.3 Production of mRNAs in Eukaryotes
15.4 Translation: mRNA-Directed Polypeptide Synthesis
15.5 Genetic Changes That Affect Protein Structure and Function
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Chapter 16: Regulation of Gene Expression
16.1 Transcriptional Regulation of Gene Expression in Bacteria
16.2 Transcriptional Regulation of Gene Expression in Eukaryotes
16.3 Posttranscriptional Regulation of Gene Expression in Eukaryotes
16.4 Genetic and Molecular Regulation of Development
16.5 The Genetics and Genomics of Cancer
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Chapter 17: Bacterial and Viral Genetics
17.1 Gene Transfer and Genetic Recombination in Bacteria
17.2 Viruses and Viral Genetics
17.3 Viroids and Prions, Infectious Agents Lacking Protein Coats
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Chapter 18: DNA Technology: Making and Using Genetically Altered Organisms, and Other Applications
18.1 Making Genetically Altered Organisms Using Gene Cloning
18.2 Making Genetically Altered Cells and Organisms by Genome Editing
18.3 Applications of Genetically Altered Cells and Organisms
18.4 Other Applications of DNA Technology
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Chapter 19: Genomes and Proteomes
19.1 Genomics: An Overview
19.2 Sequencing and Annotating Genomes
19.3 Genome Landscapes
19.4 Determining the Functions of Genes
19.5 Genome Evolution
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Chapter 20: Development of Evolutionary Thinking
20.1 Recognition of Evolutionary Change
20.2 Darwin's Journeys
20.3 Evolutionary Biology since Darwin
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Chapter 21: Microevolution: Genetic Changes within Populations
21.1 Variation in Natural Populations
21.2 Population Genetics
21.3 The Agents of Microevolution
21.4 Maintaining Genetic and Phenotypic Variation
21.5 Adaptation and Evolutionary Constraints
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Chapter 22: Speciation
22.1 What Is a Species?
22.2 Maintaining Reproductive Isolation
22.3 The Geography of Speciation
22.4 Genetic Mechanisms of Speciation
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Chapter 23: Paleobiology and Macroevolution
23.1 The Fossil Record
23.2 Earth History
23.3 Historical Biogeography and Convergent Biotas
23.4 The History of Biodiversity
23.5 Interpreting Evolutionary Lineages
23.6 The Evolution of Morphological Novelties
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Chapter 24: Systematics and Phylogenetics: Revealing the Tree of Life
24.1 Nomenclature and Classification
24.2 Phylogenetic Trees
24.3 Sources of Data for Phylogenetic Analyses
24.4 Traditional Classification and Paraphyletic Groups
24.5 The Cladistic Revolution
24.6 Phylogenetic Trees as Research Tools
24.7 Molecular Phylogenetic Analyses
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Chapter 25: The Origin of Life
25.1 The Formation of Molecules Necessary for Life
25.2 The Origin of Cells
25.3 The Three Domains of Life
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Chapter 26: Bacteria and Archaea: The Primary Domains
26.1 Prokaryotic Structure and Function
26.2 The Domain Bacteria
26.3 The Domain Archaea
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Chatper 27: Eukaryotes: Two Domains United
27.1 The Diversity of Eukaryotes
27.2 Amorphea
27.3 Archaeplastida
27.4 The SAR Supergroup
27.5 Excavata
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Chapter 28: Seedless Plants
28.1 Plant Evolution: Adaptations to Life on Land
28.2 Bryophytes, the Nonvascular Land Plants
28.3 Seedless Vascular Plants
28.4 Ecological, Economic, and Research Importance of Seedless Plants
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Chapter 29: Seed Plants
29.1 The Rise of Seed Plants
29.2 Gymnosperms: The "Naked Seed" Plants
29.3 Angiosperms: Flowering Plants
29.4 Seed Plants and People: Food, Shelter, Fibers, Medicines, and Research
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Chapter 30: Fungi
30.1 General Characteristics of Fungi
30.2 Evolution of the Kingdom Fungi
30.3 Fungal Associations: Lichens and Mycorrhizae
30.4 Impacts of Fungi in Ecosystems and Society
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Chapter 31: Animal Phylogeny, Acoelomates, and Protostomes
31.1 What Is an Animal?
31.2 Key Innovations in Animal Evolution
31.3 An Overview of Animal Phylogeny and Classification
31.4 Animals without Tissues: Parazoa
31.5 Eumetazoans with Radial Symmetry
31.6 Lophotrochozoan Protostomes
31.7 Ecdysozoan Protostomes
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Chapter 32: Deuterostomes: Vertebrates and Their Closest Relatives
32.1 Invertebrate Deuterostomes
32.2 Overview of the Phylum Chordata
32.3 The Origin and Diversification of Vertebrates
32.4 "Agnathans": Hagfishes and Lampreys, Conodonts and Ostracoderms
32.5 Gnathostomata: The Evolution of Jaws
32.6 Tetrapoda: The Evolution of Limbs
32.7 Amniota: The Evolution of Fully Terrestrial Vertebrates
32.8 Living Lepidosaurs: Sphenodontids and Squamates
32.9 Living Archelosaurs: Turtles, Crocodilians, and Birds
32.10 Mammalia: Monotremes, Marsupials, and Placentals
32.11 Nonhuman Primates
32.12 The Evolution of Humans
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Chapter 33: The Plant Body
33.1 Basic Concepts of Plant Structure and Growth
33.2 The Three Plant Tissue Systems
33.3 Root Systems
33.4 Primary Shoot Systems
33.5 Secondary Growth
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Chapter 34: Transport in Plants
34.1 Overview of Water and Solute Movements in Plants
34.2 Roots: Moving Water and Minerals into the Plant
34.3 Transport of Water and Minerals in the Xylem
34.4 Stomata: Regulating the Loss of Water by Transpiration
34.5 Transport of Organic Substances in the Phloem
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Chapter 35: Plant Nutrition
35.1 Plant Nutritional Requirements
35.2 Soil
35.3 Root Adaptations for Obtaining and Absorbing Nutrients
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Chapter 36: Reproduction and Development in Flowering Plants
36.1 Overview of Flowering Plant Reproduction
36.2 The Formation of Flowers and Gametes
36.3 Pollination, Fertilization, and Germination
36.4 Asexual Reproduction of Flowering Plants
36.5 Early Plant Development
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Chapter 37: Plant Signals and Responses to the Environment
37.1 Introduction to Plant Hormones
37.2 Plant Chemical Defenses
37.3 Plant Movements
37.4 Plant Biological Clocks
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Chapter 38: Introduction to Animal Organization and Physiology
38.1 Organization of the Animal Body
38.2 Animal Tissues
38.3 Coordination of Tissues in Organs and Organ Systems
38.4 Homeostasis
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Chapter 39: Neurons and Synapses
39.1 Neuron Structure and Function
39.2 Signaling by Neurons
39.3 Transmission across Chemical Synapses
39.4 Signal Integration in Neurons
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Chapter 40: Nervous Systems
40.1 Organizing Neurons into Systems
40.2 The Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
40.3 The Central Nervous System (CNS)
40.4 Memory and Consciousness
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Chapter 41: Sensory Systems
41.1 Overview of Sensation
41.2 Mechanosensation and Touch
41.3 Mechanosensation and Hearing
41.4 Photoreceptors and Vision
41.5 The Chemical Senses: Smell and Taste
41.6 Sensing Temperature and Electromagnetic Fields
41.7 Pain
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Chapter 42: The Endocrine System
42.1 Hormones and Their Secretion
42.2 Mechanisms of Hormone Action
42.3 The Hypothalamus and Pituitary
42.4 Other Major Endocrine Glands of Vertebrates
42.5 Endocrine Systems in Invertebrates
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Chapter 43: Muscles, Bones, and Body Movements
43.1 Vertebrate Skeletal Muscle: Structure and Function
43.2 Skeletal Systems
43.3 Vertebrate Movement: The Interactions between Muscles and Bones
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Chapter 44: The Circulatory System
44.1 Animal Circulatory Systems: An Introduction
44.2 Blood and Its Components
44.3 The Heart
44.4 Blood Vessels of the Circulatory System
44.5 Maintaining Blood Flow and Pressure
44.6 The Lymphatic System
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Chapter 45: Defenses against Disease
45.1 Innate Immunity: Nonspecific Defenses
45.2 Adaptive Immunity: Specific Defenses
45.3 Malfunctions and Failures of the Immune System
45.4 Evolved Defenses against Pathogens in Other Animals
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Chapter 46: The Respiratory System
46.1 The Principles of Gas Exchange
46.2 Evolutionary Adaptations for Respiration
46.3 The Mammalian Respiratory System
46.4 Mechanisms of Gas Exchange and Transport
46.5 Respiration at High Altitudes and in Ocean Depths
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Chapter 47: Digestive Systems and Animal Nutrition
47.1 Feeding and Nutrition
47.2 Digestive Processes
47.3 Digestion in Humans and Other Mammals
47.4 Regulation of Digestion and Food Intake
47.5 Digestive Specializations in Vertebrates
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Chapter 48: Regulating the Internal Enviromment: Osmoregulation, Excretion, and Thermoregulation
48.1 Introduction to Osmoregulation and Excretion
48.2 Osmoregulation and Excretion in Invertebrates
48.3 Osmoregulation and Excretion in Mammals
48.4 Regulation of Mammalian Kidney Function
48.5 Kidney Function in Nonmammalian Vertebrates
48.6 Introduction to Thermoregulation
48.7 Ectothermy
48.8 Endothermy
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Chapter 49: Animal Reproduction
49.1 Animal Reproductive Modes: Asexual and Sexual Reproduction
49.2 Cellular Mechanisms of Sexual Reproduction
49.3 Sexual Reproduction in Humans
49.4 Methods for Preventing Pregnancy: Contraception
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Chapter 50: Animal Development
50.1 Mechanisms of Embryonic Development
50.2 Major Patterns of Cleavage and Gastrulation
50.3 From Gastrulation to Adult Body Structures: Organogenesis
50.4 Embryonic Development of Humans and Other Mammals
50.5 The Cellular Basis of Development
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Chapter 51: Ecology and the Biosphere
51.1 The Science of Ecology
51.2 Environmental Diversity of the Biosphere
51.3 Organismal Responses to Environmental Variation and Climate Change
51.4 Terrestrial Biomes
51.5 Freshwater Environments
51.6 Marine Environments
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Chapter 52: Population Ecology
52.1 Population Characteristics
52.2 Demography
52.3 The Evolution of Life Histories
52.4 Models of Population Growth
52.5 Population Dynamics
52.6 Human Population Growth
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Chapter 53: Population Interactions and Community Ecology
53.1 Population Interactions
53.2 The Nature of Ecological Communities
53.3 Community Characteristics
53.4 Effects of Population Interactions on Community Characteristics
53.5 Effects of Disturbance on Community Characteristics
53.6 Ecological Succession: Responses to Disturbance
53.7 Variations in Species Richness among Communities
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Chapter 54: Ecosystems and Global Change
54.1 Modeling Ecosystem Processes
54.2 Energy Flow and Ecosystem Energetics
54.3 Nutrient Cycling in Ecosystems
54.4 Human Activities and Anthropogenic Global Change
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Chapter 55: Biodiversity and Conservation Biology
55.1 The Biodiversity Crisis on Land, in the Sea, and in River Systems
55.2 Specific Threats to Biodiversity
55.3 Ecosystem Services That Biodiversity Provides
55.4 Which Species and Ecosystems Are Most Threatened by Human Activities?
55.5 Conservation Biology: Principles and Theory
55.6 Conservation Biology: Practical Strategies and Economic Tools
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Chapter 56: Animal Behavior
56.1 Instinctive and Learned Behaviors
56.2 Neurophysiological and Endocrine Control of Behavior
56.3 Migration and Wayfinding
56.4 Habitat Selection and Territoriality
56.5 The Evolution of Communication
56.6 The Evolution of Reproductive Behavior and Mating Systems
56.7 The Evolution of Social Behavior
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Appendix A: Answers
Appendix B: Classification System
Glossary
Index