Biology of Gall Midges: Evolution, Ecology, and Biological Interactions (Entomology Monographs)

✍ Scribed by Junichi Yukawa (editor), Makoto Tokuda (editor)

• Publisher: Springer
• Year: 2021
• Tongue: English
• Leaves: 296
• Edition: 1st ed. 2021
• Category: Library

✦ Synopsis

This book provides practical ecological, ethological, evolutionary, and biogeographic data for gall-inducing cecidomyiids, their galls and host plants, based on field surveys, laboratory experiments and genetic analysis. It refers to various researches on gall-inducing insects published by a world of biologists. Practical methods of field surveys and data analysis are presented, as well as topics on parasitoids, invasive pests, and beneficial gall midges that would be useful for applied entomologists. Readers can learn an ecological way of thinking through diverse interrelations between insects and plants, and the analysis of ecological data from gall-inducing cecidomyiids.

Galls can be easily observed in the field continuously from early to final stage of the development of galls and gall inducers because of their outstanding features and immobility. It provides important data of the host plant such as phenology, abundance as food resources, and the survival of galled organs. By taking these advantages, many biologists have used galls and gall-inducing insects as highly convenient organisms for a wide range of studies including ecology, ethology, evolution, and biogeography.

The book primarily intends to present the appeal of galls and gall-inducing insects for various biological studies. In particular, gall-inducing cecidomyiids are ideal insects to study ecology and evolution. It helps to open the doors to further cryptic study subjects. Also, integrating various ecological, ethological, evolutionary and biogeographic data as shown in this book can serve to further advance the macroevolutionary studies of insects.

✦ Table of Contents

Preface
Acknowledgements
Contents
Part I: Introduction
Chapter 1: Taxonomy, Phylogeny, and Larval Feeding Habits
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Taxonomy
1.3 Phylogeny
1.4 Larval Feeding Habits Other than Gall Induction
1.5 Gall-Inducing Cecidomyiids
References
Part II: Speciation and Adaptive Radiation
Chapter 2: Speciation
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Mistaken Oviposition Leading Host Shift and Host Range Expansion
2.2.1 Importance of Mistaken Oviposition
2.2.2 Exception to Mistaken Oviposition
2.2.3 Case Study 1: Mistaken Oviposition by Pseudasphondylia neolitseae on Neolitsea spp.
2.2.3.1 Life History and Daily Activity of P. neolitseae
2.2.3.2 Field Survey
2.2.3.3 Mistaken Oviposition Observed
2.2.3.4 Discussion
2.2.4 Case Study 2: Mistaken Oviposition by Daphnephila spp. on Machilus spp.
2.2.4.1 Daphnephila machilicola and Its Allied Species
2.2.4.2 Host-Exchanging Experiments
2.2.4.3 Field Survey of Chronological Isolation Between the Two Daphnephila Species
2.2.4.4 Results of Field Survey
2.2.4.5 Discussion
2.2.4.6 General Remarks
2.3 Plant Polyploidy That Possibly Leads Speciation of Gall Midges
2.3.1 Plant Polyploidy
2.3.2 Examples of Cecidomyiids That Induce Galls on Host Plants with Polyploidy
2.3.3 Rhopalomyia Species on Polyploid Entities of Artemisia
2.3.4 Species-Specific Relation Between Asphondylia Species and Polyploidy of Its Host Plant
2.4 Gall Shape Polymorphism
2.4.1 Various Types of Polymorphism
2.4.2 Gall Shape Polymorphism
2.4.3 Geographical Polymorphisms in Gall Midges
2.4.4 Sympatric Polymorphisms in Gall Midges
2.4.5 Possible Relationship Between Polymorphism and Plant Polyploidy
2.4.6 Geographic Mosaic of Coevolution
2.5 Diversification Along with Host Range Expansion in Salix Gall Midges
2.5.1 Gall Midges on Salix
2.5.2 Rabdophaga rosaria
2.5.3 Molecular Phylogenetic Analysis of Salix Species and Rabdophaga Gall Midges
2.5.4 A Possible Diversification Scenario of Rabdophaga rosaria
2.6 Sexual Isolation Between Intraspecific Populations of a Fagus Gall Midge
2.6.1 Gall Midges on Fagus
2.6.2 Sibling Species
2.6.3 Gall Shape and Life History of Hartigiola faggalli
2.6.4 Sexual Isolation Between Intraspecific Populations of Hartigiola faggalli
2.7 Ecological Divergence Among Closely Related Congeners
2.7.1 Importance of Ecological Diversification in the Process of Speciation
2.7.2 Asphondylia Species in Japan
2.7.3 Actual Data of Ecological Diversification
2.8 Host Race Formation and Sympatric Speciation
2.8.1 Asphondylia borrichiae
2.8.2 Dasineura folliculi
2.9 Geographical Isolation and Allopatric Speciation
2.9.1 Pitydiplosis puerariae
2.9.2 Schizomyia sasakii and S. soyogo
References
Chapter 3: Adaptive Radiation
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Radiation of Asphondylia Species on Creosote Bush
3.3 Daphnephila Species Associated with Machilus
3.4 Asian Bruggmanniella Species Associated with Lauraceae
References
Part III: Diversity and Distribution
Chapter 4: Diversity of Gall-Inducing Cecidomyiid in Japan
4.1 Definition of Gall Sorts
4.2 Cecidomyiid Galls in Japan
4.3 Identified Gall-Inducing Cecidomyiids in Japan
4.4 Faunistic Comparison between Japan and China
4.5 Similarity in the Gall Midge Fauna between Taiwan and Southwestern Japan
4.6 Distribution
References
Chapter 5: Island Biogeography
5.1 Introduction
5.2 The Izu Islands and the Tokara Islands
5.2.1 Locations and Geographic Traits
5.2.2 Study History of Gall Midges
5.2.3 Relationship between Land Area and the Number of Gall Midge Species
5.2.4 Species Composition of Gall Midges
5.3 Tsushima Island in Relation to the Korean Peninsula
5.3.1 Tsushima Island
5.3.2 Cecidomyiid Galls Found on Tsushima Island
5.3.3 Role of Tsushima as a Stepping Stone Island Between the Korean Peninsula and Kyushu, Japan
5.4 Recolonization of the Krakatau Islands, Indonesia
5.4.1 The Location and History of the Krakatau Islands
5.4.2 Arthropod Galls Found on the Krakataus and in Adjacent Areas
5.4.3 Disharmony in the Relative Abundance of Sorts of Galls Among Galling-Arthropod Taxa
5.4.4 Sebesi Island, Sebuku Island and South Sumatra
5.4.5 Colonization Curve
5.4.6 Recent Progress in Island Biogeography
References
Part IV: Ecology and Behavior
Chapter 6: Life History Traits
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Life History Strategy
6.2.1 Type IA
6.2.2 Type IB
6.2.3 Type IIA
6.2.4 Type IIB
6.2.5 Other Types of Life History Strategy
6.2.6 Paedogenesis by Non-Gall Inducing Cecidomyiids
6.3 Lower Development Threshold Temperature and Thermal Constant
6.3.1 Lower Developmental Threshold Temperature
6.3.2 Emergence Curve
6.3.3 Thermal Constant
6.3.4 Heat Stress
6.4 Long-Term Diapause
6.4.1 Type C-I Polymodality
6.4.2 Type C-II Polymodality
6.4.3 Significance of Polymodality
6.5 Host Plant Alternation
6.5.1 Host Plant-Alternating Species of Asphondylia
6.5.2 Possible Host Plant-Alternating Species of Asphondylia
6.5.3 Possible Host Plant-Alternating Species of Pseudasphondylia
6.5.4 Short-Term Host Plant-Alternating Species
6.5.5 Host Organ Alternation
6.5.6 Some Behavioral Traits Supporting Host Plant Alternation
6.5.7 How to Determine Host Plant Combinations
References
Chapter 7: Behavior
7.1 Emergence Time of Day
7.2 Time Required for Emergence
7.3 Mortality at the Time of Emergence
7.4 Emergence Projections Induced by Fig Gall Midges
7.5 Sex Ratio
7.6 Swarming and Mating
7.7 Flight Ability
7.8 Chemical Communication
7.9 Fecundity
7.10 Oviposition
7.11 Larval Behavior
References
Chapter 8: Population Study
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Methods of Field Survey for Population Study
8.2.1 Field Survey for Gall Midges with Type IIA or IIB Life History Strategy
8.2.1.1 Adult Stage
8.2.1.2 Immature Stages
8.2.2 Field Survey for Gall Midges with Type IA or IB Life History Strategy
8.3 Spatial and Chronological Distribution Patterns
8.3.1 Mean Density and Mean Crowding
8.3.2 Spatial Distribution Pattern of Galls of Various Gall Midge Species
8.3.3 Chronological Distribution Pattern
8.3.4 Degree of Spatial and Geographical Association between Two Populations
8.4 Population Dynamics
8.4.1 Population Dynamics of Taxomyia taxi
8.4.2 Population Dynamics of Asphondylia sphaera
8.4.3 Biotic Bottom-up Effects
8.4.4 Biotic Top-Down Effects
8.4.5 Meteorological Factors
References
Part V: Community Centered upon Galls and Gall Inducers
Chapter 9: Arthropod Community
9.1 Food Web
9.1.1 Introduction
9.1.2 A Food Web Consisting of Two Jointed Arthropod Communities
9.1.3 Parasitoids and Predators
9.1.4 A Longicorn Beetle, Oberea hebescens
9.1.5 Herbivores
9.2 Inquiline
9.2.1 Introduction
9.2.2 Cynipid Inquilines
9.2.3 Tanaostigmatid Inquilines Inhabiting Cecidomyiid Galls
9.2.4 Cecidomyiid Inquilines
9.3 A Successor, Lasioptera yadokariae, Using Vacated Galls
9.3.1 Introduction
9.3.2 Galls Utilized by Lasioptera yadokariae and Associated Fungus
9.3.3 Life History
9.3.4 Emergence, Sex Ratio, Life Span, and Oviposition
9.3.5 Population Fluctuation
9.4 Cecidophagy
9.4.1 Introduction
9.4.2 Cecidomyiid Galls Fed by Dipteran, Lepidopteran and Coleopteran Insects
9.4.3 Cecidophagy on the Galls Other Than Those of Cecidomyiids
9.4.3.1 By Lepidopteran Species
9.4.3.2 By Coleopteran Species
9.4.4 Gall-Sucking Behavior
9.4.5 Gall Wall Thickness
References
Chapter 10: Association with Host Plants
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Synchronization Between Gall Midge Emergence and Host Plant Phenology
10.2.1 Synchronization Patterns
10.2.2 Asphondylia aucubae and Aucuba japonica
10.2.3 Illiciomyia yukawai on Illicium anisatum
10.2.4 Pseudasphondylia neolitseae and Neolitsea sericea
10.2.5 Effects of Global Warming on the Synchronization
10.3 Survival of Galled Organs in Relation to Gall Induction
10.3.1 Earlier Fall of Galled Leaves
10.3.2 Survival of Fruit Galls
10.4 Involvement of Phytohormones in Gall Induction
10.5 Plant Resistance to Pest Gall Midges
10.6 Molecular Basis Interactions of Gall Midges with Their Host Plants
10.6.1 Genomic and Transcriptomic Analyses of the Hessian Fly Mayetiola destructor
10.6.2 Interactions Between Rice and the Asian Rice Gall Midge
References
Chapter 11: Natural Enemies with Special Reference to Parasitic Wasps
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Parasitic Strategies
11.2.1 Parasitoids of Oak Gall Wasps
11.2.2 Parasitoids of Gall Midges
11.3 Diversity of Parasitoids and their Host Range
11.3.1 Platygastridae
11.3.2 Ceraphronidae
11.3.3 Eulophidae
11.3.4 Eurytomidae
11.3.5 Torymidae
11.3.6 Pteromalidae
11.3.7 Braconidae
11.4 Manipulation of Galls by Parasitoids
11.4.1 Host Manipulation by Parasitoids Associated with Mobile Hosts
11.4.2 Host Manipulation by Parasitoids Associated with Endophytic or Immobile Hosts
11.4.3 Manipulation of Gall Tissues
11.5 Population Dynamics of Parasitoids
11.5.1 Hymenopteran Effects on Gall Midge Populations
11.5.2 Parasitoids Attacking Taxomyia taxi
11.5.3 Parasitoids Attacking Pseudasphondylia neolitseae
11.5.4 Parasitoids Attacking Asphondylia sphaera
References
Part VI: Applied Fields
Chapter 12: Invasive Species
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Orchid Flower Bud Gall Midge, Contarinia maculipennis
12.2.1 Host Range
12.2.2 Life History
12.2.3 Damages
12.2.4 Distribution
12.2.5 Control Measures
12.3 Mango Gall Midges
12.3.1 Procontarinia mangicola
12.3.2 Procontarinia mangiferae
12.3.3 Procontarinia matteiana
12.4 Other Invasive Pests
12.4.1 Dasineura oxycoccana
12.4.2 Obolodiplosis robiniae and Dasineura gleditchiae
12.4.3 Contarinia nasturtii
12.4.4 Lasioptera yoichiensis
References
Chapter 13: Beneficial Species
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Aphidoletes aphidimyza as Biological Control Agents against Aphids
13.2.1 Aphidoletes aphidimyza and its Congeners
13.2.2 Molecular Data for Japanese and European Aphidoletes aphidimyza
13.2.3 Distribution
13.2.4 Prey Range
13.2.5 Biology
13.2.6 Use as a Biological Control Agent
13.3 Feltiella spp. as Biological Control Agents against Mites
13.3.1 Spider Mites
13.3.2 Species of Feltiella Feeding on Spider Mites
13.3.3 Identification of the Two Japanese Feltiella Species
13.3.4 Distribution Range, Prey Mites and Seasonal Occurrence
13.3.5 Biology of Feltiella acarisuga
13.3.6 Parasitoids
13.3.7 Biological Control of Spider Mites
13.4 Gall Midges as Biological Control Agents against Invasive Plants
13.4.1 Gall Midges that Control Invasive Plants
13.5 Pollinators
13.5.1 Pollinators of Schisandraceae
13.5.2 Pollinators of Siparunaceae
13.5.3 Pollinators of Malvaceae
13.5.4 Pollinators of Moraceae
13.5.5 Pollinators of Asparagaceae
References
Name Index
Subject Index