Acknowledgements
Contents
Editors and Contributors
List of Abbreviations
Chapter 1: Introduction
1.1 Introduction
1.2 A General Framework of the Interactions Between the Convention on Biological Diversity and Other International Environment...
1.3 Presentation of the Book
References
Part I: Principles Inspiring Biodiversity-Related Conventional Law and Governance
Chapter 2: Principles and Approaches in the Convention on Biological Diversity and Other Biodiversity-Related Conventions in t...
2.1 Introduction
2.2 The Legal Nature and Functions of Principles and Approaches on Biodiversity
2.3 The General Principles of International Law and the Principles of International Environmental Law in Biodiversity-Related ...
2.4 Specific Principles of the Framework Convention on Biological Diversity and the Binding and Non-Binding Instruments That D...
2.5 Principles for the Post-2020 Scenario According to the Summit on Biodiversity and the Zero Drafts of the CBD COP 15
2.6 Conclusion
References
Chapter 3: Gaps in International Biodiversity Law and Possible Ways Forward
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Gaps in International Biodiversity Law
3.2.1 Structural Gaps
3.2.2 Regulatory Gaps
3.2.3 Implementation and Enforcement Gaps
3.3 Building an Integrated Biodiversity Regime
3.3.1 Integration Between Biodiversity-Related Conventions
3.3.2 Conclusion of New Conventions
3.3.3 Operationalization of Principles
3.4 Conclusion
References
Chapter 4: Opportunities and Challenges for Synergies Across Biodiversity-Related Conventions in the Context of Human Health a...
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Overview of Scientific Advisory Bodies
4.2.1 Ramsar Convention on Wetlands
4.2.2 Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES)
4.2.3 Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals (CMS)
4.2.4 Agreement on the Conservation of African-Eurasian Migratory Waterbirds (AEWA)
4.2.5 Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD)
4.2.6 Collaboration Among the Scientific Advisory Bodies
4.3 IPBES (and Its Relationship with Biodiversity-Related Conventions)
4.4 Scientific Advisory Bodies´ Responses to Outbreaks of Specific Zoonotic Diseases
4.4.1 Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza (HPAI)
4.4.2 Ebola Virus Disease (Ebola)
4.4.3 COVID-19
4.5 Conclusion
References
Part II: Biodiversity Interactions with Global Conventional Regimes
Chapter 5: Conservation and Sustainable Use of Biodiversity in the International Regulation of Trade in Goods
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Legal Bases of the Multilateral Trading System
5.2.1 The GATT 1947 System
5.2.2 The Marrakesh Agreements
5.3 Cases in the WTO Dispute Settlement System
5.3.1 The US: Shrimp Case
5.3.2 The US: Tuna II (Mexico) Case
5.3.3 Other Cases
5.4 Multilateral and Plurilateral Negotiations in the WTO
5.5 Provisions in Regional Trade Agreements
5.6 Conclusion
References
Chapter 6: Is Everything Marketable in International Trade? Public Health Issues in International Trade of Wildlife
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Protected Species in the Context of International Trade: Are They Products, Goods, or Something Different?
6.2.1 Wild Species and International Trade. The Regulations of the World Trade Organization
6.2.2 Protection of Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora and Trade Within Regional Organizations. The European Union
6.3 Public Health and the International Trade in Endangered Species
6.3.1 The Concept and the Scope of Public Health
6.3.2 The Relationship Between Public Health and International Trade
6.4 CITES: An Instrument for the Protection of Public Health?
6.5 Conclusion
References
Case Law
Chapter 7: Access to and Benefit-Sharing of Genetic Resources: Rationale, Review and Prospects
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Access to Natural Resources and the Fair and Equitable Sharing of the Benefits Arising Out of Their Use in International L...
7.3 Access to Genetic Resources and the Sharing of Benefits Arising from Their Use in the International Biodiversity Regime
7.4 The Specific Multilateral System of Access and Benefit-Sharing of Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture
7.5 The Impact on the ABS System of Digital Information on Genetic Sequences
7.6 Access and Benefit-Sharing in Relation to Marine Genetic Resources in Areas Beyond the Jurisdiction of States
7.7 Conclusion
References
Part III: Some Challenges for Sustainability and Marine Biodiversity
Chapter 8: Sub-National Island Jurisdictions and Biodiversity Protection: Moving Towards Greater Resilience and Sustainability
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Sub-National Island Jurisdictions and the Convention on Biological Diversity
8.2.1 Sub-National Island Jurisdictions and the Åland Islands
8.2.2 Island Biodiversity and the Convention on Biological Diversity
8.2.3 Sub-National Island Jurisdictions and the Convention on Biological Diversity
8.3 The Åland Islands, Biodiversity and Sustainable Development
8.4 Island Resilience and Sustainability and Biodiversity Protection
8.5 Conclusion
References
Chapter 9: The Arctic Ocean: Ecosystem Approach in a Context of Extreme Vulnerability
9.1 Introduction
9.2 The Arctic Council and Ecosystem Approach
9.3 The Effectiveness of the Arctic Council´s Deployment of an Ecosystem Approach
9.4 How Other International Regulations May Help to Enhance an Ecosystem Approach in the Arctic Ocean
9.5 Conclusion
References
Chapter 10: Governance of the Caribbean Marine Biodiversity: Complex Challenges for a Complex Region
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Marine Biodiversity in the Caribbean Region
10.3 The Caribbean Sea: Biodiversity Hotspot in Peril
10.3.1 Local/Direct Factors
10.3.2 Local/Indirect Factors
10.3.3 External/Direct Factors
10.3.4 External/Indirect Factors
10.4 Marine Biodiversity Management Approaches in Caribbean Region
10.4.1 Caribbean Large Marine Ecosystem (CLME)
10.4.2 Caribbean Large Marine Ecosystem and Adjacent Areas (CLME+)
10.4.3 Caribbean Islands Biodiversity Hotspot (CIBH)
10.4.4 Wider Caribbean Region (WCR)
10.4.5 Greater Caribbean Region (GCR)
10.5 Governance Structure of Marine Biodiversity Management in the Caribbean Region
10.5.1 International Institutional Frameworks Pertinent to Marine Biodiversity in the Caribbean Region
10.5.1.1 United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) Regional Seas Programme (RSP)
10.5.1.2 United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) and Global Environment Facility (GEF) CLME+ Project
10.5.2 Regional Institutional Frameworks Pertinent to Marine Biodiversity in the Caribbean Region
10.5.2.1 Association of Caribbean States (ACS)
10.5.2.2 Caribbean Community (CARICOM)
10.5.2.3 Organisation of Eastern Caribbean States (OECS)
10.5.2.4 Caribbean Regional Fisheries Mechanism (CRFM)
10.5.2.5 Sub-Commission for the Caribbean and Adjacent Regions of the Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission for UNESCO (I...
10.5.3 International Legal Frameworks: Multilateral Environmental Agreements Pertinent to Marine Biodiversity in the Caribbean...
10.5.3.1 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS)
10.5.3.2 Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD)
10.5.3.3 Convention on Wetlands of International Importance Especially as Waterfowl Habitat (Ramsar Convention) and Convention...
10.5.3.4 International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships (MARPOL)
10.5.3.5 Agreement for the Implementation of the Provisions of UNCLOS Relating to the Conservation and Management of Straddlin...
10.5.4 Regional Legal Frameworks: Multilateral Agreements Pertinent to Marine Biodiversity in the Caribbean Region
10.5.4.1 Cartagena Convention and Its Protocols
10.5.4.2 Agreement Establishing the Caribbean Community Common Fisheries Policy (CCCFP)
10.5.5 Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs)
10.6 Challenges for Effective Marine Biodiversity Governance in the Caribbean Region
10.7 Conclusion
References
Chapter 11: The Convention on Biological Diversity and the Mediterranean Sea: A Beacon for International Environmental Governa...
11.1 Introduction
11.2 The Quasi Absence of the Mediterranean in the CBD Framework
11.3 The Limited Relevance of Systemic Integration for the Influence of the CBD on Mediterranean Regimes
11.3.1 A Brief Overview of Mediterranean International Environmental Law
11.3.2 The Limited Impact of Systemic Integration on Instruments of the Same Overall Regime
11.4 The CBD as an Emerging Guidepost for Biodiversity-Related Regimes in the Region
11.4.1 Norm Diffusion in International Law: A Key to the CBD´s Influence
11.4.2 A Progressive Opening of Mediterranean Regimes to Norm Diffusion: A Path for the CBD´s Influence
11.4.2.1 An Initial Self-Referential Attitude Within the Barcelona Convention
11.4.2.2 An Open Approach Within ACCOBAMS
11.4.2.3 A Focused Approach Within the GFCM
11.5 Conclusion
References