Biological Approaches to Controlling Pollutants: Advances in Pollution Research

✍ Scribed by Sunil Kumar, Muhammad Zaffar Hashmi

• Publisher: Woodhead Publishing
• Year: 2021
• Tongue: English
• Leaves: 427
• Series: Woodhead Advances in Pollution Research
• Category: Library

✦ Synopsis

Biological Approaches to Controlling Pollutants, the latest release in the Advances in Pollution Research series, is a comprehensive guide on the most up-to-date biological methods for remediation of pollutants across a variety of industries, with consideration for the advantages, disadvantages and applications of each method. Considering the increasing levels of pollution and contaminated sites worldwide from high population growths and industrial expansion, the most recent advances in biological remediation techniques is an important field of study and one in which researchers need the most cutting-edge methodologies.

This book is a necessary read for environmental scientists, along with postgraduates, academics and researchers working in the area of environmental pollution. It will also be of interest to environmental engineers and any other practitioners who need to evaluate the latest advances in biotechnological control of pollutants.

✦ Table of Contents

Biological Approaches to Controlling Pollutants: Advances in Pollution Research
Copyright
Contributors
Acknowledgements
1. Advances in bioremediation: introduction, applications, and limitations
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Applications of bioremediation
1.2.1 Solid waste management and sewage treatment
1.2.2 Removal of toxic metals from polluted water bodies
1.2.3 Cleaning of oil spills
1.2.4 Removal of pesticides from agriculture field
1.2.4.1 Remediation methods for pesticides
1.3 Limitations of bioremediation
1.4 Conclusion
References
2. Advances in microbial management of soil
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Principal fungal species in mycoremediation
2.2.1 White rot fungi
2.2.2 Brown rot fungi
2.2.3 Soft rot fungi
2.3 Mechanisms in mycoremediation
2.3.1 Lignolytic enzymes
2.3.2 Lignin degradation occurs during nutrient starvation
2.3.3 Cellulolytic enzymes
2.4 Establishing mycoremediation systems
2.5 Factors influencing mycoremediation
2.5.1 Carbon and nitrogen sources
2.5.2 pH
2.5.3 Aeration
2.5.4 Temperature
2.5.5 Moisture content
2.6 Conclusions
References
Further reading
3. Adsorption of Cr(VI) ions from aqueous solutions by diatomite and clayey diatomite
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Experimental
3.2.1 Materials and methods
3.2.2 Adsorption experiment
3.3 Results and discussion
3.3.1 Physical-mechanical characterization
3.3.1.1 X-ray analysis
3.3.1.2 Fourier transform infrared analysis
3.3.1.3 Thermal and thermogravimetric analysis
3.3.1.4 Scanning electron microscopy analysis
3.3.1.5 Transmission electron microscopy investigations
3.3.1.6 PHPZC of clayey diatomite and pure diatomite
3.3.1.7 Effect of adsorbent dose on adsorption of Cr(VI) on diatomite end clayey diatomite
3.3.1.8 Effect of contact time
3.4 Conclusions
References
4. Advances in bioremediation of antibiotic pollution in the environment
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Sources of antibiotics
4.2.1 Concentration of antibiotics
4.2.2 Adverse effects of antibiotics
4.3 Bioremediation
4.3.1 Bioremediation techniques and strategies
4.3.1.1 In situ bioremediation
4.3.1.2 Ex-situ techniques
4.3.1.3 Bacteria–bacterial remediation
4.3.1.4 Aerobic methods of bioremediation
4.3.1.5 Anaerobic methods of bioremediation
4.3.1.6 Cyanobacteria for bioremediation
4.3.1.7 Antibiotic degradation by fungi (mycoremediation)
4.3.1.8 Antibiotic degradation by algae (phytoremediation)
4.4 Recent advances in bioremediation of antibiotics
4.4.1 Omics approach in bioremediation
4.4.2 Role of nanotechnology in bioremediation
4.4.3 Hybrid process for bioremediation
4.5 Future scope and limitations of bioremediation techniques
4.6 Limitations of bioremediation
4.7 Conclusions
References
5. Advances in biodegradation and bioremediation of environmental pesticide contamination
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Pesticides: a necessary evil
5.3 Classification of pesticides
5.4 Pesticide stock/banned pesticides
5.5 Pesticides and soil ecology
5.6 Overview of green technologies
5.7 Microbial population in bioremediation process or microbial remediation
5.7.1 On this basis microbes can be divided into several groups
5.7.1.1 Aerobic
5.7.1.2 Anaerobic
5.7.1.3 Methylotrophs
5.7.1.4 Ligninolytic fungi
5.7.1.5 Bioaugmentation
5.7.1.6 Bioventing
5.7.1.7 Bioreactors
5.7.1.8 Land farming
5.7.1.9 Composting
5.7.1.10 Biofilter
5.7.1.11 Biosparging
5.7.1.12 Biopiles
5.8 Factors affecting bioremediation
5.9 Advantages of bioremediation
5.10 Disadvantages of bioremediation
5.11 Phytoremediation
5.11.1 Limitations and disadvantages of phytoremediation (Chaudhry et al., 2002)
5.11.2 Advantages of phytoremediation (Moosavi and Seghatoleslami, 2013)
5.12 Phycoremediation
5.12.1 Phycostabilization
5.12.2 Phycovolatilization
5.12.3 Phycofiltration
5.12.4 Constructed wetlands
5.12.5 Hydraulic barrier
5.12.6 Factors affecting algae production
5.12.7 Advantages of phycoremediation (Rajkumar and Takriff, 2016)
5.12.8 Applications of phycoremediation
5.13 Rhizoremediation
5.13.1 Role of rhizospheric microbes in rhizoremediation (Seneviratne et al., 2017)
5.13.2 Steps taken in process of rhizoremediation
5.13.3 Factors affecting rhizoremediation (Kaur et al., 2019)
5.14 Biodegradation of pesticides
5.15 Biodegradation of bound pesticides
5.16 Conclusion
References
Further reading
6. Advances in biodegradation and bioremediation of arsenic contamination in the environment
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Biological methods for arsenic removal
6.2.1 Bioremediation
6.2.1.1 Mechanism of arsenic detoxification in microbes
6.2.2 Advances in bioremediation
6.2.2.1 Bioremediation by biofilms
6.2.2.2 Arsenic resistance mechanism controlled by genes
6.2.3 Phytoremediation
6.2.3.1 Mechanism of arsenic detoxification in plants
6.2.4 Advances in phytoremediation
6.3 Conclusion
References
7. Advances in biodegradation and bioremediation of emerging contaminants in the environment
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Constructed wetlands
7.2.1 Pharmaceutical (nonsteroidal antiinflammatory) drugs and personal care products
7.2.2 Pesticides
7.2.3 Surfactants
7.2.4 Hormones
7.2.5 Antibiotic-resistant genes
7.3 Membrane bioreactors
7.4 Electromicrobiology
7.5 Nanotechnology for bioremediation
References
Further reading
8. Advances in dye contamination: health hazards, biodegradation, and bioremediation
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Health hazards of dyes to humans
8.2.1 Health hazards of dyes to nature
8.2.2 Health hazards of dyes to flora and fauna
8.3 Natural dyes
8.3.1 Madder
8.3.2 Tyrian purple
8.4 Synthetic dyes
8.4.1 Azo dyes
8.4.2 Triphenylmethane dyes
8.4.3 Anthraquinone dyes
8.5 Bioremediation
8.5.1 Bioremediation of dyes
8.6 Health hazards
8.7 Biodegradation
8.8 Aerobic biodegradation
8.9 Anaerobic biodegradation
8.10 Biodegradation of dyes
8.11 Methods for biodegradation of dyes
8.12 Past strategies
8.13 Microbes used in biodegradation of dyes
8.14 Biodegradation of dyes by bacteria
8.15 Decolorization of azo dyes by bacteria
8.16 Biodegradation of dyes by fungi
8.17 Phytoremediation of dyes
8.18 Conclusion
References
9. Advances in bioremediation of industrial wastewater containing metal pollutants
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Sources of heavy metal contaminants
9.3 Role of microbes in bioremediation process
9.4 Mechanism of microbial detoxification of heavy metals
9.4.1 Intracellular sequestration
9.4.2 Extracellular sequestration
9.4.3 Extracellular barrier preventing metal entry into microbial cell
9.4.4 Methylation of metals
9.4.5 Reduction of heavy metal ions by microbial cells
9.4.6 Bioremediation capacity of microorganisms on heavy metals
9.4.7 Bacteria remediation capacity of heavy metals
9.4.8 Fungi remediation capacity of heavy metals
9.4.9 Heavy metal removal using biofilm
9.4.10 Algae remediation capacity of heavy metals
9.4.11 Immobilized biosorption of heavy metals
9.5 Conclusion
References
10. Advances in microbial and enzymatic degradation of lindane at contaminated sites
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Lindane and India
10.3 Lindane degradation
10.3.1 Microbial diversity in lindane degradation
10.3.1.1 Algal degradation
10.3.1.2 Actinomycetes degradation
10.3.1.3 Fungal degradation
10.3.2 Genes and enzymes for lindane degradation
10.3.2.1 The lin genes
10.4 Future prospects
References
11. Advances in bioremediation of nonaqueous phase liquid pollution in soil and water
11.1 Introduction
11.1.1 Effects of pollution
11.1.2 Nonaqueous phase liquid pollution
11.1.3 Bioremediation
11.2 Materials and methods
11.3 Results and discussion
11.3.1 Bioremediation techniques: an overview
11.3.2 Bioremediation of nonaqueous phase liquid polluted soil–water resources
11.3.3 Bacterial remediation
11.3.4 Biosurfactants
11.3.5 Bioaugmentation
11.3.6 Upgraded biostimulation strategies
11.3.7 Phycoremediation
11.3.8 Mycoremediation
11.3.9 Plant-assisted bioremediation strategies
11.3.10 Combined bioremediation strategies of nonaqueous phase liquids
11.3.11 Constructed wetland treatment of nonaqueous phase liquids
11.3.12 Nonaqueous phase liquid metabolism and associated kinetics models
11.4 Conclusion
References
12. Advances in bioremediation of organometallic pollutants: strategies and future road map
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Properties of organometallic compounds
12.3 Sources of organometallic pollutants
12.4 Toxicity and effects of organometallic pollutants
12.5 Bioremediation factors
12.6 Bioremediation process
12.7 Current strategies in the field of organometallic pollutants
12.8 Future road map for reducing organometallic pollutants
12.8.1 Future challenges
12.9 Conclusion
References
Further reading
13. Bioremediation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from contaminated dumpsite soil in Chennai city, India
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Materials and methods
13.2.1 Enrichment of indigenous microbes
13.2.1.1 Degradation and growth study of indigenous microbes from soil samples
13.2.1.1.1 Effect of temperature
13.2.1.1.1 Effect of temperature
13.2.2 Effect of co-substrates on isolates from soil samples
13.2.3 Experimental setup for semimicrocosm study
13.2.4 Instrumental analysis
13.2.4.1 High performance liquid chromatography
13.3 Results and discussion
13.3.1 Overview of the bioremediation process
13.3.2 Screening and isolation of microbes from dumpsite soil
13.3.3 Degradation of napthalene by microbial species isolated from soil samples
13.3.4 Degradation of phenanthrene by microbial species isolated from the soil sample
13.3.5 Effect of co-substrates on napthalene degradation
13.3.6 Effect of co-substrates on phenanthrene degradation
13.3.7 Semimicrocosm study
13.4 Conclusion
References
14. Advances in bioremediation of biosurfactants and biomedical wastes
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Life cycle assessment of biomedical waste
14.3 Bioremediation
14.3.1 Bioremediation techniques
14.3.2 Bioremediation of medical waste: state of the art
14.4 Biosurfactants
14.4.1 Biosurfactants as useful tools in bioremediation
14.5 Conclusion
References
15. Can algae reclaim polychlorinated biphenyl–contaminated soils and sediments?
15.1 Introduction
15.1.1 Phycoremediation of polychlorinated biphenyls
15.1.2 Modes of phycoremediation
15.1.2.1 Bioaccumulation
15.1.2.2 Degradation
15.1.3 Factors that affect phycoremediation
15.1.4 The phycoremediation promise of genetically modified algae
15.2 Conclusion
References
16. Bacterial remediation to control pollution
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Bacterial remediation
16.3 Types of pollutants subjected for bacterial remediation
16.3.1 Bacterial remediation of organic pollutants
16.3.1.1 Pesticides
16.3.1.2 Hydrophobic toxic environmental pollutants
16.3.1.3 Explosives
16.3.1.4 Volatile organic compounds
16.3.2 Bacterial remediation of inorganic pollutants
16.3.2.1 Heavy metals
16.3.2.2 Metalloids
16.3.2.3 Radionuclides
16.3.3 Bacterial remediation of perchlorate
16.3.4 Bacterial remediation of xenobiotics and aromatic compounds as pollutants
16.3.5 Bacterial remediation of brewery effluents and pollutants in wastewater
16.4 Future prospects of bacterial remediation of pollutants
16.5 Conclusion
References
17. Role of lower plants in the remediation of polluted systems
17.1 Introduction
17.2 Bryophytes
17.2.1 Use of bryophytes in controlling air pollution
17.2.2 Use of bryophytes in controlling water pollution
17.2.3 Use of bryophytes in controlling soil pollution
17.3 Lichens
17.3.1 Use of lichen in controlling air pollution
17.3.2 Use of lichens in controlling water pollution
17.3.3 Use of lichen in controlling soil pollution
17.4 Algae
17.4.1 Use of algae in controlling air pollution
17.4.2 Use of algae in controlling water pollution
17.4.3 Use of algae in controlling soil pollution
17.5 Fungi
17.5.1 Use of fungi in controlling air pollution
17.5.2 Use of fungi in controlling water pollution
17.5.3 Use of fungi in controlling soil pollution
17.6 Summary and conclusion
References
18. Higher plant remediation to control pollutants
18.1 Introduction
18.2 Heavy metal pollutants
18.3 Phytoremediation technology
18.3.1 Phytoremediation mechanism
18.3.2 Plant species used in phytoremediation
18.4 Air pollutants and their remediation
18.4.1 Phytoremediation of air pollutants
18.4.2 Phytoremediation mechanism for removal of air pollutants
18.4.3 Remediation of particulate matter/aerosol
18.4.4 Remediation of gaseous pollutants
18.4.4.1 Carbon monoxide
18.4.4.2 Carbon dioxide
18.4.4.3 Sulfur oxides
18.4.4.4 Nitrogen oxides
18.4.4.5 Ozone
18.4.4.6 Volatile organic compounds
18.4.4.7 Benzene, toluene, and xylenes
18.4.4.8 Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and phenols
18.4.5 Phytoremediation of indoor and outdoor pollutants
18.5 Phytoremediation of water pollutants
18.5.1 Aquatic plants and phytoremediation
18.6 Advantages of phytoremediation
References
19. Aquatic plant remediation to control pollution
19.1 Introduction
19.1.1 Pollution
19.1.2 Pollutant contaminants in aquatic ecosystem
19.1.2.1 Inorganic pollutants
19.1.2.2 Organic pollutants
19.1.2.3 Radionuclide contamination
19.1.3 Phytotechnologies
19.2 Materials and methods
19.3 Results and discussion
19.3.1 Phytoremediation technology
19.3.2 Characteristics of phytoremediation of aquatic plants
19.3.3 Mechanism of phytoremediation
19.3.3.1 Phytoextraction
19.3.3.2 Phytostabilization
19.3.3.3 Rhizofiltration
19.3.3.4 Phytovolatilization
19.3.3.5 Phytodegradation
19.3.3.6 Phytotransformation
19.3.4 The potential roles of aquatic plants in remediation of polluted water resources
19.3.4.1 Bioremediation
19.3.4.2 Phycoremediation—an emerging technology
19.3.4.3 Phytoremediation of industrial effluents
19.3.4.4 Phytoremediation of metropolitan wastewaters
19.3.5 Other preferences for aquatic plants
19.4 Conclusion
References
20. Biofilm in remediation of pollutants
20.1 Introduction
20.2 Characteristic features of biofilm
20.3 Bioremediation
20.4 Mechanism of action of biofilms in bioremediation
20.5 Role of microbes in bioremediation
20.6 Types of bioremediation
20.7 Approaches for use of biofilms based remediation (in situ)
20.7.1 Biostimulation or natural attenuation
20.7.2 Bioaugmentation or bioenhancement
20.7.3 Approaches for biofilm-based remediation (ex situ)
20.7.4 Fixed-bed reactor
20.7.5 Fluidized-bed reactor
20.7.6 Rotating biological contactors
20.7.7 Membrane biofilm reactor
20.7.8 Sequential aerobic-anaerobic two-stage biofilm reactor
20.8 Types of pollutants remediated by biofilms
20.8.1 Persistent organic pollutants
20.8.1.1 Petroleum industry
20.8.2 Heavy metals
20.9 Advantages of biofilm-based bioremediation
20.10 Disadvantages of biofilm-based bioremediation
20.11 Conclusion
References
Index
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