Biogas Plants: Waste Management, Energy Production and Carbon Footprint Reduction

✍ Scribed by Wojciech Czekala

• Publisher: Wiley
• Year: 2023
• Tongue: English
• Leaves: 347
• Series: Wiley Series in Renewable Resource
• Edition: 1
• Category: Library

✦ Synopsis

Biogas Plants

Comprehensive resource highlighting the global significance of biogas and reviewing the current status of biogas production.

Biogas Plants presents an overview of biogas production, starting from the substrates (characteristics, pretreatment, and storage), addressing technical and technological aspects of fermentation processes, and covering the environmental and agricultural significance of obtained digestate.

Written by a team of experts with extensive theoretical and practical experience in the areas of bio-waste, biogas plants, and reduction of greenhouse gas emissions, Biogas Plants discusses keys topics including:

• Anaerobic digestion, including discussion of substrates and products
• Advantages of biogas plants, with emphasis on their future potential for stable and controlled renewable energy
• Global significance of the biogas sector, including its importance in electro-energy system stabilization, biogas plants for energy storage, bio-waste utilization, and biomethane production

A thorough and complete resource on the subject, Biogas Plants will appeal to academic researchers and industry scientists and engineers working in the fields of biogas, bio-waste, bioenergy, renewable resources, waste management and carbon reduction, along with process engineers, environmental engineers, biotechnologists, and agricultural scientists.

For more information on the Wiley Series in Renewable Resources, visit www.wiley.com/go/rrs

✦ Table of Contents

Cover
Title Page
Copyright
Contents
List of Contributors
Series Preface
Chapter 1 Anaerobic Digestion Process and Biogas Production
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Basic Knowledges of AD Processes and Operations
1.2.1 Fundamental Mechanisms and Typical Processes of AD
1.2.2 Factors Affecting the AD Process of Biogas Production
1.3 Current Challenges of AD Process and Biogas Production
1.3.1 Ammonia Inhibition
1.3.2 Volatile Fatty Acid Inhibition
1.3.3 Psychrophilic Temperature Inhibition
1.4 Proposed Strategies for Enhanced Biogas Production
1.4.1 Promoting Direct Interspecies Electron Transfer via Conductive Materials Additive
1.4.2 Co‐digestion of Different Substrates
1.4.3 Bioaugmentation
1.4.4 Bioelectrochemical System‐Assisted AD
1.5 Techno‐Economic and Environmental Assessment of Anaerobic Digestion for Biogas Production
1.5.1 Techno‐Economic Analysis
1.5.2 Environmental Feasibility and Benefit Assessment
1.5 References
Chapter 2 Pretreatment of Lignocellulosic Materials to Enhance Biogas Recovery
2.1 Introduction
2.1.1 Lignocellulosic Waste Material Production
2.1.2 Structural Insight of Lignocellulosic Materials
2.1.3 Biogas Production from Lignocellulosic Materials and the Need for Pretreatment
2.2 Available Pretreatment Technologies for Lignocellulosic Materials and the Corresponding Biogas Recovery Associated
2.2.1 Physical Pretreatment
2.2.2 Chemical Pretreatment
2.2.3 Biological Pretreatment
2.2.4 Physiochemical Pretreatment of Lignocellulosic Biomass in the Production of Biogas
2.3 Pertinent Perspectives
2.3.1 Integrated Biorefinery While Treating Various Wastes
2.3.2 Biogas Production from Lignocellulosic Waste and Its Economic Viability
2.4 Conclusions
2.4 Acknowledgments
2.4 References
Chapter 3 Biogas Technology and the Application for Agricultural and Food Waste Treatment
3.1 Development of Biogas Plants
3.1.1 Agricultural Waste
3.1.2 Municipal Solid Waste
3.2 Anaerobic Digestion Process
3.3 Biogas Production from Livestock and Poultry Manure
3.3.1 Successful AD of Cattle and Swine Manure
3.3.2 Successful Anaerobic Digestion of Chicken Manure in a Large Plant
3.3.3 Strategies for Mitigating Ammonia Inhibition in Chicken Manure AD
3.4 Food Waste Anaerobic Digestion
3.4.1 Challenges of Food Waste AD and the Solutions
3.4 References
Chapter 4 Biogas Production from High‐solid Anaerobic Digestion of Food Waste and Its Co‐digestion with Other Organic Wastes
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Reactor Systems for HSAD
4.2.1 High‐solid Anaerobic Membrane Bioreactor
4.2.2 Two‐stage HSAD Reactor System
4.2.3 High‐solid Plug‐flow Bioreactor
4.3 Intensification Strategies for HSAD
4.3.1 High‐solid Anaerobic Co‐digestion (HS‐AcD)
4.3.2 Supplementation of Additives
4.3.3 Bioaugmentation Strategies for HSAD
4.3.4 Optimization of Process Parameters
4.4 Microbial Communities for HSAD
4.5 Digestate Management for HSAD
4.6 Conclusions and Perspectives
4.6 Acknowledgments
4.6 References
Chapter 5 Biomethane – Production and Management
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Purification and Usage of Biogas
5.2.1 Biological Desulfurization Within the Digester
5.2.2 Desulfurization by Adsorption on Iron Hydroxide
5.2.3 Desulfurization by Adsorption on Activated Carbon
5.3 Opportunities for Biogas Upgrading
5.3.1 CO2 Separation Through Membranes
5.3.2 CO2 Separation by Water Scrubbing
5.3.3 Chemical Separation of CO2/Chemical Scrubbing
5.3.4 Pressure Separation of CO2 (Pressure Swing Adsorption)
5.3.5 Cryogenic CO2 Separation
5.4 Possibilities of Using Biomethane
5.4.1 Production of bioCNG and bioLNG Fuels
5.4.2 Production of Biohydrogen
5.5 Profitability of Biomethane Production and Recommended Support Systems
5.6 Conclusion
5.6 References
Chapter 6 The Biogas Use
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Biogas Utilization Technologies
6.3 Use of Biogas as Trigeneration
6.4 Biogas as a Transportation Fuels
6.5 Use of Biogas in Reciprocating Engine
6.6 Spark Ignition Gas Engine
6.7 Use of Biogas in Generator
6.8 Use of Biogas in Gas Turbines
6.9 Usage of Biogas in Fuel Cell
6.10 Hydrogen Production from Biogas
6.11 Biogas Cleaning for its Utilization
6.11.1 Carbon Dioxide
6.11.2 Water
6.11.3 Hydrogen Sulfide
6.11.4 Oxygen and Nitrogen
6.11.5 Ammonia
6.11.6 Volatile Organic Compounds
6.11.7 Particles
6.11.8 Foams and Solid Particles
6.12 Different Approaches for H2S Removal
6.12.1 Iron Sponge
6.12.2 Proprietary Scrubber Systems
6.12.3 Ferric Chloride Injection
6.12.4 Biological Method
6.13 Different Approaches for Moisture Reduction
6.13.1 Compression or Condensation
6.13.2 Adsorption
6.13.3 Absorption
6.14 Siloxane Removal
6.14.1 Gas Drying
6.15 CO2 Separation
6.15.1 Cryogenic Technique
6.15.2 Water Scrubber
6.15.3 Adsorption
6.15.4 Membrane Separation
6.16 Conclusion
6.16 References
Chapter 7 Digestate from Agricultural Biogas Plant – Properties and Management
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Digestate from Agricultural Biogas Plant – Production, Properties, and Processing
7.2.1 Production
7.2.2 Properties
7.2.3 Processing
7.3 Digestate from Agricultural Biogas Plant – Management
7.3.1 Raw Digestate Fertilization
7.3.2 Liquid Fraction Management
7.3.3 Solid Fraction Management
7.3.4 Energy Management of the Solid Fraction
7.4 Conclusion
7.4 References
Chapter 8 Environmental Aspects of Biogas Production
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Impact of Farms and Livestock Complexes on the Environment
8.3 The Environmental Benefits of Biogas Production
8.4 Environmental Safety of the Integrated Model of Bioprocesses of Hydrogen Production and Methane Generation in the Stages of Anaerobic Fermentation of Waste
8.5 Life Cycle Assessment for Biogas Production
8.6 Environmental Issue of Biogas Market in Ukraine – Case Study
8.7 Conclusion
8.7 References
Chapter 9 Hybrid Environmental and Economic Assessment of Biogas Plants in Integrated Organic Waste Management Strategies
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Methodology
9.2.1 Overview
9.2.2 Waste Management Scenarios
9.2.3 Life Cycle Assessment
9.2.4 Life Cycle Costing
9.2.5 Eco‐Efficiency Analysis
9.2.6 Case Study: The UAE
9.3 Results and Discussion
9.3.1 Material and Energy Recovery
9.3.2 Life Cycle Assessment
9.3.3 Life Cycle Costing
9.3.4 Eco‐Efficiency Analysis
9.4 Conclusion
9.4 References
Chapter 10 Reduction of the Carbon Footprint in Terms of Agricultural Biogas Plants
10.1 Introduction
10.1.1 Manure Management and Biomethane Potential in Poland and EU Countries
10.1.2 Substrates Used for Biogas Plants in Poland
10.1.3 GHG Emissions from Agriculture and Biogas Plants as Tool for its Reduction
10.2 Methodology of CF
10.2.1 GHG Fluxes from Agriculture and Tools for its Calculations
10.2.2 System Boundaries for Biogas Plant and Data Collection
10.3 Life Cycle CO2 Footprints of Various Biogas Projects – Comparison with Literature Results
10.4 Conclusions
10.4 References
Chapter 11 Financial Sustainability and Stakeholder Partnerships of Biogas Plants
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Basic Technological Factors
11.3 Economic Evaluation and Failures
11.3.1 Investment Risks for Fixed Assets
11.3.2 Failures and Intervention
11.4 Stakeholders Partnership and Co‐governance
11.4.1 Government
11.4.2 Consultant and Constructor
11.4.3 Source of Waste Streams
11.4.4 Customers for Energy and Resource
11.5 Summary and Outlooks
11.5 Acknowledgments
11.5 References
Chapter 12 Measuring the Resilience of Supply Critical Systems: The Case of the Biogas Value Chain
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Background
12.3 Methodology
12.4 Measurement Scheme
12.4.1 Introduction to the Measurement Concept
12.4.2 Measuring Management System Resilience
12.4.3 Measuring the Resilience of Physical Resources and Assets
12.4.4 Total System Resilience
12.4.5 Applying the System Resilience Model to the Biogas Value Chain
12.5 Conclusion and Recommendations
12.5 References
Chapter 13 Theory and Practice in Strategic Niche Planning: The Polish Biogas Case
13.1 Introduction
13.1.1 The Promising Potential of Biogas Transition in Central Eastern European Countries
13.1.2 State‐of‐the‐Art Research for Navigating Sustainability Transitions
13.1.3 Chapter Organization
13.2 Main Conceptual Frameworks for Studying Sustainability Transitions
13.2.1 Strategic Niche Management (SNM)
13.2.2 Multi‐Level Perspective (MLP)
13.2.3 Transition Management (TM)
13.2.4 Technological Innovation Systems (TIS)
13.3 Studying Biogas from a Sustainability Transitions Perspective
13.3.1 Landscape, Regime, and Niche Dynamics
13.3.2 Policy Coherence for Niche Development
13.3.3 Transition Pathways
13.3.4 Social Network Analysis
13.4 Strategic Niche Planning for Sustainable Transitions
13.4.1 Methodological Steps
13.4.2 Case Study: Biogas Sector in Poland
13.5 Strategic Propositions and Concluding Comments
13.5.1 Research and Development
13.5.2 Education Activity – Enhance Brokerage
13.5.3 Networking‐Clusters
13.5.4 Resource Mobilization
13.5.5 Elaborate Legislation
13.5.6 Legitimation
13.5.7 Incentives for Market Penetration
13.5.8 Demand Pull Actions and Rural Development
13.6 Conclusion
13.6 References
Chapter 14 Social Aspects of Agricultural Biogas Plants
14.1 Introduction
14.2 The Benefits of Agricultural Biogas Plants for Society
14.2.1 Biogas Plant as a Renewable Energy Production Facility
14.2.2 Reducing the Negative Impact of Waste on the Environment
14.2.3 Create Markets for Substrates Used in Biogas Production
14.2.4 Integration with Agro‐Industrial Plants
14.2.5 Production and Use of Electricity
14.2.6 Production and Use of Heat
14.2.7 Possibility of Biomethane Production
14.2.8 Local Fuel in Developing Countries
14.2.9 Production of Valuable Fertilizer
14.2.10 Creating New Jobs for the Local Community
14.2.11 Development of Nearby Infrastructure and Companies
14.2.12 Tax Revenues to the Budget of Local Government Units
14.3 Social Acceptability of Agricultural Biogas Plants
14.3.1 Fear of Something New
14.3.2 Concerns About Unpleasant Odors
14.3.3 Concerns About Contamination of Soils and Groundwater When Using Digestate as Fertilizer
14.3.4 Concerns About Declining Property Values Around Biogas Plants
14.3.5 Concerns About the Destruction of Access Roads
14.4 Conclusion
14.4 References
Chapter 15 Practices in Biogas Plant Operation: A Case Study from Poland
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Legal Aspects Related to Running a Business in the Field of Biogas Production and Waste Management
15.2.1 Integrated Permit or Waste Processing Permit
15.2.2 Approval of the Plant by Veterinary Services for the Disposal of Waste of Animal Origin
15.2.3 Permit to Place Digestate on the Market
15.2.4 Permit to Introduce to the Electricity Distribution Network
15.3 Biogas Plant Components: A Case Study from Poland
15.3.1 Hall for Receiving and Processing Slaughterhouse Waste
15.3.2 Substrate Storage Yard
15.3.3 Solid Substrate Dispenser
15.3.4 Receiving Buffer Tank for Liquid Substrates
15.3.5 Solid Substrate Buffer Tank
15.3.6 Mixing Buffer Tank
15.3.7 Buffer and Mixing Tank
15.3.8 Technological Steam Generator
15.3.9 Main Pumping Station
15.3.10 First‐stage Fermentation Tanks
15.3.11 Second‐stage Fermentation Tank (3900 m3) with Biogas Tank (1800 m3)
15.3.12 Condensing Circuit
15.3.13 Biogas Refining System
15.3.14 Cogeneration Modules
15.3.15 Digestate Storage Reservoirs
15.3.16 Biogas Torch
15.3.17 Biofilter
15.4 Functioning of a Biogas Plant Processing Problematic Waste: A Case Study from Poland
15.4.1 Searching and Obtaining Substrates
15.4.2 Receiving, Storage, and Processing of the Substrate, Feeding of Raw Materials
15.4.3 Energy Production and Biogas Management
15.4.4 Digestate Management
15.4.5 Management of an Agricultural Biogas Plant
15.5 Summary
15.5 References
Index
EULA