Biofuel Production: Biological Technologies and Methodologies

✍ Scribed by Ramkrishna Sen, Shantonu Roy

• Publisher: CRC Press
• Year: 2022
• Tongue: English
• Leaves: 157
• Edition: 1
• Category: Library

✦ Synopsis

Biofuels and bioenergy have emerged as an alternative option based on their sustainability, concomitant waste treatment, and site-specific flexibility. This book encompasses all the knowhow of different biofuel production processes through biological methods. It describes recent advancements in all major biofuel technologies such as biohydrogen, biomethane, bioethanol, syngas and so forth. Related protocols supported by schematic representation are included, encompassing comprehensive up-to-date scientific and technological information in biofuels and bioenergy.

Features:

• Includes practical approaches focused on process design and analysis in biofuel production via biological routes

• Discusses kinetic equations of different microbial systems

• Provides comprehensive coverage of biochemical kinetics and equations related to biofuel process

• Describes protocols for setting up of experiments for pertinent biofuel technologies

• Emphasis on practical engineering approaches and experiments

This book is aimed at researchers and graduate students in chemical, biochemical and bioprocess engineering, and biofuels.

✦ Table of Contents

Cover
Half Title
Title Page
Copyright Page
Table of Contents
Author Biographies
Preface
1 Introduction to Biofuel and Bioenergy
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Renewable Energy Scenario
1.2.1 Technologies Available for Renewable Energy Generation
1.2.1.1 Solar-Based Energy Generation
1.2.1.2 Wind Energy
1.2.1.3 Tidal Energy
1.2.1.4 Geothermal Energy
1.2.1.5 Nuclear Energy
1.2.1.6 Bioenergy and Biofuel From Biomass
1.3 Environmental and Ecological Impact
References
2 Dark Fermentative Hydrogen Production
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Microbial Perspective On Dark Fermentative Hydrogen-Producing Microorganisms
2.2.1 Mesophilic Dark Fermentative Hydrogen Production
2.2.1.1 Hydrogen-Producing Clostridium sp.
2.2.1.2 Hydrogen-Producing Enterobacter sp.
2.2.1.3 Hydrogen-Producing Escherichia sp.
2.2.1.4 Hydrogen-Producing Citrobacter sp.
2.2.1.5 Hydrogen-Producing Bacillus sp.
2.2.2 Production of Hydrogen From Thermophilic Dark Fermentative
2.2.2.1 Hydrogen-Producing Thermoanaerobacterium sp.
2.2.2.2 Hydrogen-Producing Thermoanaerobacter sp.
2.2.2.3 Hydrogen-Producing Clostridium sp.
2.2.2.4 Hydrogen-Producing Caldicellulosiruptor sp.
2.2.2.5 Hydrogen-Producing Thermotoga sp.
2.3 Biochemistry of Dark Fermentative Hydrogen Production
2.3.1 Genetic Alteration of a Metabolic Process for Enhancement of Hydrogen Production
2.4 Concept of Consortia Development
2.5 Process Parameters Influencing Dark Fermentative Hydrogen Production
2.5.1 The Role of PH in Dark Fermentation
2.5.2 The Role of Temperature in Hydrogen Production
2.5.3 The Role of Partial Pressure in Hydrogen Production
2.5.4 The Role of Hydraulic Retention Time (HRT) in Hydrogen Production
2.6 Mathematical Models Expressing Substrate Conversion Efficiency and Microbial Growth
2.6.1 Mathematical Model Expressing Product Formation Kinetics
2.7 Protocol for Biohydrogen Production
2.7.1 Experimental Setup for Dark Fermentation
2.7.2 Dry Cell Weight Determination
2.7.3 Glucose Estimation By Dinitro Salicylic Acid Method
Conclusions
References
3 Biomethane Production Process
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Microbiology and Biochemistry of Methanogenesis
3.2.1 Taxonomic Diversity of Methanogens
3.2.2 Taxonomical Classification of Methanogens
3.2.2.1 Methane-Producing Methanobacteriales sp.
3.2.2.2 Methane-Producing Methanococcales sp.
3.2.2.3 Methane-Producing Methanomicrobiales
3.2.2.4 Methane-Producing Methanosarcinales
3.2.2.5 Methane-Producing Methanopyrales ord. nov.
3.3 Microbial Interactions
3.3.1 General Considerations On Competition/or Methanogenic Substrates
3.3.1.1 Competition for Hydrogen
3.3.1.2 Competition for Acetate
3.3.1.3 Obligate Interspecies Hydrogen/ Formate Transfer
3.3.1.4 Interspecies Acetate Transfer
3.4 Biochemistry of Biomethane Production
3.4.1 Methanogenesis From CO₂ and H₂: Bioenergetic of Hydrogenotrophic Methanogens
3.4.2 Acetoclastic Methanogenesis
3.4.2.1 Acetate Activation to Acetyl-CoA
3.4.2.2 Cleavage of the Carbon-Sulfur and Carbon–Carbon Bonds in Acetyl-CoA
3.4.2.3 Electron Transport and Bioenergetics During Acetate Activation
3.5 Protocol for Biomethane Production Using Isolates
Conclusions
References
4 Bioethanol Production Process
4.1 Introduction
4.1.1 Usage of Ethanol as Fuel
4.1.1.1 Ethyl Tert-Butyl Ether (ETBE)
4.1.1.2 Diesel and Bioethanol Mixtures (E-Diesel)
4.2 Feedstock for Bioethanol Production
4.2.1 Pre-Treatments of Lignocellulosic Biomass
4.2.2 The Hydrolysis Process
4.2.3 Fermentation Process
4.3 Protocol for Bioethanol Production
4.3.1 Enzymatic Hydrolysis of Starchy Feedstock
4.3.2 Enzymatic Hydrolysis of Lignocellulosic Biomass (LCB)
4.3.3 Production of Bioethanol
4.3.4 Estimation of Bioethanol
4.3.4.1 Colorimetric Method of Ethanol Estimation (Qi et al., 2011)
4.3.4.2 Ethanol Estimation Using Gas Chromatography—Flame Ionization Detector (FID)
Conclusions
References
5 Biobutanol Production Process
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Characteristics of Butanol
5.3 Technologies for Butanol Production
5.3.1 Chemical Synthesis of Butanol
5.3.2 Biological Route for Butanol Synthesis: ABE Fermentation
5.4 Feedstocks for Biobutanol Production
5.5 Purification and Separation of Butanol
5.6 Protocol for Biobutanol Production
5.6.1 Cultivation Method for Clostridium Acetobutylicum for Butanol Production
5.6.1.1 Growth Media Composition (Per Liter) (Baer et al., 1987)
5.6.1.2 Process of Media Preparation and Fermentation
5.6.1.3 Product Recovery Through Distillation (Roffler et al., 1988)
Conclusions
References
6 Algal Cultivation and Biodiesel Production From Its Biomass
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Present State of the Art of Photobioreactor (PBR) Development
6.2.1 Photobioreactor Performance
6.2.1.1 Strategies to Improve the Photobioreactor Efficiency
6.3 Protocol for Algal Cultivation
Conclusions
References
7 Bioelectricity Production Using Microbial Fuel Cell
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Classifications of Microbial Fuel Cells (MFC)
7.2.1 Mediator MFC
7.2.2 Mediator-Less MFCs
7.3 Microbiology and Biochemistry of Microbial Fuel Cells
7.3.1 Microbiology of Electrogens
7.3.1.1 Axenic Electrogenic Microbial Cultures
7.3.1.2 Exoelectrogens Isolated From MFC
7.3.1.3 Mixed-Culture-Based MFCs
7.4 Biochemistry of Microbial Fuel Cell
7.4.1 Biochemistry of the Mediator-Based Electron Transfer Methods
7.4.1.1 Biochemistry of Indigenous Mediator Producing Electrogenic Microbes
7.4.2 Electron Transfer in Mediator-Less MFC
7.5 Methods for Understanding Performance of MFC
7.5.1 Activation Overpotential
7.5.2 Ohmic Overpotential
7.5.3 Concentration Overpotential
7.5.4 Effect of Cathode Performance
7.6 Microbial Fuel Cell Design
7.6.1 Dual-Chambered MFC
7.6.2 Single-Chambered MFC
7.6.3 Stacked MFC
7.7 Protocol for Operation of a Dual-Chamber MFC
7.7.1 Protocol of Assembly of MFC
Conclusions
References
Index