Cover
Title Page
Copyright
BRIEF CONTENTS
CONTENTS
PREFACE
TOPICS AND READINGS
SPECIAL FEATURES
NEW TO THIS EDITION
ANCILLARIES
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Part 1: Principles and Theories
CHAPTER 1: Moral Reasoning in Bioethics
ETHICS AND BIOETHICS
ETHICS AND THE MORAL LIFE
IN DEPTH: MORALITY AND THE LAW
MORAL PRINCIPLES IN BIOETHICS
Autonomy
Nonmaleficence
Beneficence
Utility
Justice
ETHICAL RELATIVISM
IN DEPTH: ANTHROPOLOGY AND MORAL DIVERSITY
ETHICS AND RELIGION
MORAL ARGUMENTS
Argument Fundamentals
Patterns of Moral Arguments
IN DEPTH: FALLACIES IN MORAL REASONING
Evaluating Premises
Assessing Whole Arguments
KEY TERMS
SUMMARY
ARGUMENT EXERCISES
FURTHER READING
NOTES
CHAPTER 2: Bioethics and Moral Theories
THE NATURE OF MORAL THEORIES
INFLUENTIAL MORAL THEORIES
Utilitarianism
IN DEPTH: UTILITARIANISM AND THE GOLDEN RULE
Kantian Ethics
Natural Law Theory
Rawlsโ Contract Theory
Virtue Ethics
The Ethics of Care
IN DEPTH: CAN VIRTUE BE TAUGHT?
Feminist Ethics
Casuistry
CRITERIA FOR JUDGING MORAL THEORIES
APPLYING THE CRITERIA
Utilitarianism
Kantโs Theory
KEY TERMS
SUMMARY
FURTHER READING
NOTES
READINGS
Utilitarianism: JOHN STUART MILL
The Moral Law: IMMANUEL KANT
Virtue and the Moral Life: BERNARD MAYO
The Ethics of Care: VIRGINIA HELD
Moral Saints: SUSAN WOLF
Part 2: Medical Professional and Patient
CHAPTER 3: Paternalism and Patient Autonomy
SHADES OF AUTONOMY AND PATERNALISM
REFUSING TREATMENT
IN DEPTH: THE HIPPOCRATIC OATH
IN DEPTH: PHYSICIAN AUTONOMY
FUTILE TREATMENT
LEGAL BRIEF: Refusing Treatment for Childrenon Religious Grounds
IN DEPTH: CPR AND DNR
IN DEPTH: MORAL CONFLICTS IN NURSING
CLASSIC CASE FILE: Elizabeth Bouvia
APPLYING MAJOR THEORIES
KEY TERMS
SUMMARY
FURTHER READING
NOTES
READINGS
Paternalism: GERALD DWORKIN
The Refutation of Medical Paternalism: ALAN GOLDMAN
Why Doctors Should Intervene: TERRENCE F. ACKERMAN
Autonomy, Futility, and the Limits of Medicine: ROBERT L. SCHWARTZ
Patient Autonomy and Physician Responsibility: COMMENTARIES BY PATRICK C. BEEMAN AND RYAN C. VANWOERKOM
Bouvia v. Superior Court: CALIFORNIA COURT OF APPEAL
Fundamental Elements of the Patient-Physician Relationship: AMA COUNCIL ON ETHICAL AND JUDICIAL AFFAIRS
In Defense of the Traditional Nurse: LISA H. NEWTON
Advocacy or Subservience for the Sake of Patients?: HELGA KUHSE
CHAPTER 4: Truth-Telling and Confidentiality
PATERNALISM AND DECEPTION
IN DEPTH: DO PATIENTS WANT THE TRUTH? DO PHYSICIANS TELL IT?
CONFIDENTIAL TRUTHS
LEGAL BRIEF: Confidentiality and a Duty to Warn
IN DEPTH: TRUTH-TELLING AND CULTURAL DIVERSITY
CLASSIC CASE FILE: Carlos R.
APPLYING MAJOR THEORIES
KEY TERMS
SUMMARY
FURTHER READING
NOTES
READINGS
Telling the Truth to Patients:A Clinical Ethics Exploration: DAVID C. THOMASMA
On Telling Patients the Truth: MACK LIPKIN
Is It Ever OK to Lie to Patients?: SHELLY K. SCHWARTZ
Respect for Patients, Physicians, and the Truth: SUSAN CULLEN AND MARGARET KLEIN
Why Privacy Is Important: JAMES RACHELS
Confidentiality in Medicineโ A Decrepit Concept: MARK SIEGLER
Ethical Relativism in a Multicultural Society: RUTH MACKLIN
Tarasoff v. Regents of the University of California: SUPREME COURT OF CALIFORNIA
CHAPTER 5: Informed Consent
AUTONOMY AND CONSENT
CONDITIONS OF INFORMED CONSENT
IN DEPTH: DECISION-MAKING CAPACITY
IN DEPTH: TWO VIEWS OF INFORMED CONSENT
APPLYING MAJOR THEORIES
CLASSIC CASE FILE: Jerry Canterbury
KEY TERMS
SUMMARY
FURTHER READING
NOTES
READINGS
The Concept of Informed Consent: RUTH R. FADEN AND TOM L. BEAUCHAMP
Informed Consentโ Must It Remain a Fairy Tale?: JAY KATZ
Transparency: Informed Consent in Primary Care: HOWARD BRODY
Informed Consent: Some Challenges to the Universal Validity of the Western Model: ROBERT J. LEVINE
Canterbury v. Spence: UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
CHAPTER 6: Human Research
THE SCIENCE OF CLINICAL TRIALS
IN DEPTH: THE TUSKEGEE TRAGEDY
BENEFICENCE, SCIENCE, AND PLACEBOS
SCIENCE AND INFORMED CONSENT
IN DEPTH: WOMEN IN CLINICAL TRIALS
RESEARCH ON THE VULNERABLE
IN DEPTH: WHY ENTER A CLINICAL TRIAL?
APPLYING MAJOR THEORIES
KEY TERMS
SUMMARY
CLASSIC CASE FILE: The UCLA Schizophrenia Study
FURTHER READING
NOTES
READINGS
The Nuremberg Code
Declaration of Helsinki: Ethical Principles for Medical Research Involving Human Subjects: WORLD MEDICAL ASSOCIATION
The Belmont Report: THE NATIONAL COMMISSION FOR THE PROTECTION OF HUMAN SUBJECTS OF BIOMEDICAL AND BEHAVIORAL RESEARCH
Final Report: Human Radiation Experiments: ADVISORY COMMITTEE ON HUMAN RADIATION EXPERIMENTS
Of Mice but Not Men: Problems of the Randomized Clinical Trial: SAMUEL HELLMAN AND DEBORAH S. HELLMAN
A Response to a Purported Ethical Difficulty with Randomized Clinical Trials Involving Cancer Patients: BENJAMIN FREEDMAN
How to Resolve an Ethical Dilemma Concerning Randomized Clinical Trials: DON MARQUIS
Racism and Research: The Case of the Tuskegee Syphilis Study: ALLAN M. BRANDT
The Ethics of Clinical Research in the Third World: MARCIA ANGELL
Ethical Issues in Clinical Trials in Developing Countries: BARUCH BRODY
Part 3: Life and Death
CHAPTER 7: Abortion
STARTING POINT: THE BASICS
Fact File U. S. Abortions
IN DEPTH: ABORTION AND PUBLIC OPINION
THE LEGAL STRUGGLE
IN DEPTH: LATE-TERM ABORTION
PERSONS AND RIGHTS
IN DEPTH: DOES A FETUS FEEL PAIN?
APPLYING MAJOR THEORIES
KEY TERMS
SUMMARY
CLASSIC CASE FILE: Nancy Klein
FURTHER READING
NOTES
READINGS
A Defense of Abortion JUDITH JARVIS THOMSON
Why Abortion Is Immoral: DON MARQUIS
An Almost Absolute Value in History: JOHN T. NOONAN, JR.
On the Moral and Legal Status of Abortion: MARY ANNE WARREN
Virtue Theory and Abortion: ROSALIND HURSTHOUSE
Abortion and the Concept of a Person: JANE ENGLISH
Abortion: MARGARET OLIVIA LITTLE
Abortion Through a Feminist Ethics Lens: SUSAN SHERWIN
Roe v. Wade: UNITED STATES SUPREME COURT
Planned Parenthood of Southeastern Pennsylvania v. Casey: UNITED STATES SUPREME COURT
CHAPTER 8: Reproductive Technology
IN VITRO FERTILIZATION
Fact File Assisted Reproduction
SURROGACY
IN DEPTH: IVF AND CHILDRENโS FUTURE CHILDREN
CLONING
IN DEPTH: CLONING TIME LINE
APPLYING MAJOR THEORIES
IN DEPTH: SHERRI SHEPHERD: HOW SURROGACY CAN GO WRONG
KEY TERMS
SUMMARY
CLASSIC CASE FILE: Baby M
Cases for Evaluation: CASE 1: The Fate of Frozen Embryos
FURTHER READING
NOTES
READINGS
IVF: The Simple Case: PETER SINGER
IVF and Womenโs Interests: An Analysis of Feminist Concerns: MARY ANNE WARREN
โGive Me Children or I Shall Die!โ New Reproductive Technologies and Harm to Children : CYNTHIA B. COHEN
Instruction on Respect for Human Life in Its Origin and on the Dignity of Procreation: CONGREGATION FOR THE DOCTRINE OF THE FAITH
The Presumptive Primacy of Procreative Liberty: JOHN A. ROBERTSON
Surrogate Mothering: Exploitation or Empowerment?: LAURA M. PURDY
Is Womenโs Labor a Commodity?: ELIZABETH S. ANDERSON
Egg Donation and Commodification: BONNIE STEINBOCK
The Wisdom of Repugnance: LEON R. KASS
Cloning Human Beings: An Assessment of the Ethical Issues Pro and Con: DAN W. BROCK
Opinion in the Matter of Baby M: NEW JERSEY SUPREME COURT
CHAPTER 9: Genetic Choices
GENES AND GENOMES
GENETIC TESTING
IN DEPTH: DIRECT-TO-CONSUMER GENETIC TESTS
GENE THERAPY
Fact File Available Genetic Tests for Cancer Risk
Fact File Recent Research in Gene Therapy
STEM CELLS
APPLYING MAJOR THEORIES
KEY TERMS
SUMMARY
FURTHER READING
NOTES
READINGS
Implications of Prenatal Diagnosis for the Human Right to Life: LEON R. KASS
Genetics and Reproductive Risk:Can Having Children Be Immoral?: LAURA M. PURDY
The Morality of Screening for Disability: JEFF MCMAHAN
Genetic Dilemmas and the Childโs Right to an Open Future: DENA S. DAVIS
Disowning Knowledge: Issues in Genetic Testing: ROBERT WACHBROIT
The Non-Identity Problem and Genetic HarmsโThe Case of Wrongful Handicaps: DAN W. BROCK
Is Gene Therapy a Form of Eugenics?: JOHN HARRIS
Genetic Enhancement: WALTER GLANNON
Genetic Interventions and the Ethics of Enhancement of Human Beings: JULIAN SAVULESCU
Germ-Line Gene Therapy: LEROY WALTERS AND JULIE GAGE PALMER
What Does โRespect for Embryosโ Mean in the Context of Stem Cell Research?: BONNIE STEINBOCK
Declaration on the Production and the Scientific and Therapeutic Use of Human Embryonic Stem Cells: PONTIFICAL ACADEMY FOR LIFE
CHAPTER 10: Euthanasia and Physician-Assisted Suicide
DECIDING LIFE AND DEATH
LEGAL BRIEF: Euthanasia and Assisted Suicide: Major Developments
IN DEPTH: EUTHANASIA AND PHYSICIAN-ASSISTED SUICIDE: WHAT DO DOCTORS THINK?
AUTONOMY, MERCY, AND HARM
IN DEPTH: OREGONโS DEATH WITH DIGNITY ACT
APPLYING MAJOR THEORIES
IN DEPTH: PHYSICIAN-ASSISTED SUICIDE AND PUBLIC OPINION
CLASSIC CASE FILE: Nancy Cruzan
KEY TERMS
SUMMARY
Cases for Evaluation:CASE 1
FURTHER READING
NOTES
READINGS
Death and Dignity: A Case of Individualized Decision Making: TIMOTHY E. QUILL
Voluntary Active Euthanasia: DAN W. BROCK
When Self-Determination Runs Amok: DANIEL CALLAHAN
Physician-Assisted Suicide: A Tragic View: JOHN D. ARRAS
Active and Passive Euthanasia: JAMES RACHELS
Dying at the Right Time: Reflections on (Un)Assisted Suicide: JOHN HARDWIG
The Philosophersโ Brief: RONALD DWORKIN, THOMAS NAGEL, ROBERT NOZICK, JOHN RAWLS, THOMAS SCANLON, AND JUDITH JARVIS THOMSON
An Alternative to Brain Death: JEFF McMAHAN
Vacco v. Quill: UNITED STATES SUPREME COURT
Washington v. Glucksberg: UNITED STATES SUPREME COURT
Part 4: Justice and Health Care
CHAPTER 11: Dividing Up Health Care Resources
HEALTH CARE IN TROUBLE
IN DEPTH: UNEQUAL HEALTH CARE FOR MINORITIES
Fact File U.S. Health Care
THEORIES OF JUSTICE
IN DEPTH: PUBLIC OPINION: OBTAINING ADEQUATE HEALTH CARE
A RIGHT TO HEALTH CARE
IN DEPTH: PUBLIC HEALTH AND BIOETHICS
THE ETHICS OF RATIONING
CLASSIC CASE FILE: Christine deMeurers
KEY TERMS
SUMMARY
FURTHER READING
NOTES
READINGS
Is There a Right to Health Care and, if So, What Does It Encompass?: NORMAN DANIELS
The Right to a Decent Minimum of Health Care: ALLEN E. BUCHANAN
Rights to Health Care, Social Justice, and Fairness in Health Care Allocations: Frustrations in the Face of Finitude: H. TRISTRAM ENGELHARDT, JR.
Health Care Reform: Lessons from Canada: RAISA BERLIN DEBER
The Allocation of Exotic Medical Lifesaving Therapy: NICHOLAS RESCHER
QALYfying the Value of Life: JOHN HARRIS
Public Health Ethics: Mapping the Terrain: JAMES F. CHILDRESS, RUTH R. FADEN, RUTH D. GAARE, LAWRENCE O. GOSTIN, JEFFREY KAHN, RICHARD J. BONNIE, NANCY E. KASS, ANNA C. MASTROIANNI, JONATHAN D. MORENO, AND PHILLIP NIEBURG
Human Rights Approach to Public Health Policy: D. TARANTOLA AND S. GRUSKIN
APPENDIX: Answers to Chapter 1 Exercises
GLOSSARY
INDEX
