Bioengineering and Biomaterials in Ventricular Assist Devices (Emerging Materials and Technologies)

✍ Scribed by Eduardo Guy Perpétuo Bock (editor)

• Publisher: CRC Press
• Year: 2021
• Tongue: English
• Leaves: 363
• Edition: 1
• Category: Library

✦ Table of Contents

Cover
Half Title
Series Page
Title Page
Copyright Page
Dedication
Table of Contents
Foreword: What Is “Social” about Artificial Hearts?
Editor
Contributors
Introduction
Part I: Bioengineering in Ventricular Assist Devices
Chapter 1 VAD Design
1.1 Author’s Experiences—How It Began
1.2 Ventricular Assist Device (VAD)
1.3 Rotor Geometry
1.4 Hemolysis and Thrombosis
1.5 Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD)
1.6 Transventricular Assist Device (TVAD)
1.7 Apical Aortic Blood Pump (AABP)
1.8 Temporary Ventricular Assist Device (TVAD)
References
Chapter 2 Electromechanical Actuators
2.1 Brushless Direct Current (BLDC) Motor
2.2 Axial Flow Brushless Motors
2.3 Electromagnetism
2.4 Analytical Design
2.5 Actuator Winding
2.6 Electrical Conductor
2.7 Computational Modeling
2.8 Magnetic Flow Density Analysis
2.9 Ventricular Assist Devices (VADs)
2.10 Permanent Magnet Direct Current (PMDC) Motor
2.11 Classification of PMBL Motors
2.12 Brushless DC Motors
2.13 Analytic Study of BLDC
2.13.1 Mathematical Model of BLDC Motor
2.13.2 Mathematical Constants of BLDC Motors
2.13.3 Voltage Index (Ke) and Velocity Index (Kv)
2.13.4 Torque Index (Kt)
2.13.5 Motor Size Index (Km)
2.14 Finite Element Method
2.14.1 Finite Element Method
References
Chapter 3 Cardiovascular System Simulators
3.1 Introduction
3.2 History of Cardiovascular Simulators
3.3 Hybrid Cardiovascular Simulator Evaluation Tests
3.3.1 Hybrid Cardiovascular Simulator Parameters
3.3.2 Changes in Left Ventricle Preload
3.3.3 Changes in Left Ventricle Afterload
3.3.4 Changes in Left Ventricle Elastance
3.4 Discussion and Conclusions
References
Chapter 4 Control Systems
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Adverse Events of Patients Implanted by Ventricular Assist Devices
4.3 LVAD Physiological Controllers
4.4 Strategies for Preload-Based Physiological Controllers of LVADs
4.5 Strategies for Afterload-Based Physiological Controllers of LVADs
4.6 Strategies for Heart Rate-Based Physiological Controllers of LVADs
4.7 Strategies for Multi-Objective-Based Physiological Controllers of LVADs
4.8 Strategies for Hemodynamic-Based Physiological Controllers of LVADs
4.9 Comparison between LVADs’ Physiological Control Strategies
References
Chapter 5 Supervisory and Intelligent Systems
5.1 Introduction: Background and Driving Forces
5.2 Bibliographic Review
5.2.1 Control Systems Theory
5.2.2 Supervisory Control System Architecture
5.2.3 Digital Transformation
5.2.4 RAMI 4.0
5.2.5 Health 4.0
5.3 Architecture of a VAD Control System
5.3.1 Cyber-Physical VAD Definition
5.4 VAD Supervisory System
5.4.1 Architecture Model for Supervisory System for VAD
5.4.2 RAMI 4.0 in the Health Context 4.0
5.4.3 The Behavioral Model of a VAD’s Supervisory System
5.5 Conclusion
References
Chapter 6 Safety and Security
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Safety and Security Concepts Applied on Ventricular Assist Device Control System
6.3 Control System Topology
6.4 Risk Analysis Applied to VAD Control Systems
6.5 Fault Diagnosis
6.6 Failure Handling in VADs
6.7 Failure Recovery Methods
6.8 Method for Developing the Security Control System for VADs
6.9 Failure Sensing and Severity
6.10 Control System Architecture
6.11 Method for the Development of the Security Control System
6.12 Final Conclusions
References
Part II: Biomaterials in Ventricular Assist Devices
Chapter 7 Hemocompatibility, Hemolysis, Cell Viability, and Immunology .
7.1 Introduction: Biocompatibility in Medicine and Science
7.2 Hemocompatibility and a Standard Protocol to Test Testing Material Capacity to Be Biocompatible (ISO 10993-4)
7.3 Five Components of Blood Flow Never Working Alone
7.4 Coagulation
7.5 Thrombosis
7.6 Platelets
7.7 Erythrocytes
7.8 Immunology and Inflammation
7.9 The Major Two Alternatives to Avoid Problems with Hemocompatibility: Hydrophilic Materials and Hydrophobicity
7.10 Evaluation of Hemocompatibility in vitro and in vivo
7.11 Conclusion for VAD Devices
References
Chapter 8 Computational Hemodynamics
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Geometry and Domains
8.2.1 Stage Approach
8.2.2 Frozen Rotor-Stator Approach
8.2.3 Sliding Mesh
8.2.4 Transient Adaptive Meshes or Transient Rotor Stator Approach
8.3 Mesh: Relevance and Its Independency
8.3.1 Element Geometries: Tetrahedral vs Hexahedral
8.3.1.1 Overall Geometry
8.3.1.2 Phenomena Expected
8.3.1.3 Fluxes and Sources
8.4 Best Practice
8.5 Interface Treatment
8.5.1 Stationary
8.5.2 Nonstationary
8.6 Quality Parameters
8.6.1 Growth Rate
8.6.2 Skewness
8.6.3 Aspect Ratio and Asymmetry
8.6.4 Mesh Independency Test
8.7 Fluid Dynamics Equations
8.7.1 General Conservative Equations
8.7.2 Most Common Turbulence Models
8.7.2.1 Standard k-e Model
8.7.2.2 RNG k-e Model
8.7.2.3 Shear Stress Transport (SST) Model
8.8 Boundary Conditions and Wall Treatment
8.9 A View on CFD Programs
8.10 Final Remarks
References
Chapter 9 Biofunctional Materials
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Biofunctional Materials for Implantable Medical Devices
9.3 Biofunctionalization of VAD Components
References
Chapter 10 Bioceramics for VADs
10.1 Shafts and Bearings in VADs: Characteristics and Demands
10.2 Where Do Material Properties Come From?
10.4.1 Chemical Bonds
10.4.2 Crystal Structure
10.4.3 Microstructure of Materials
10.3 Transforming Ceramic Materials into Ceramic Products
10.3.1 Particulate Systems
10.3.2 Consistency
10.3.3 Densification
10.4 Ceramic Fabrication Processes
10.4.1 Colloidal Approach
10.4.2 Manufacturing Processes for VAD Bearings
10.4.3 Summary and Concluding Remarks
References
Chapter 11 Tribology in Ceramic Biomaterials
11.1 Concerns Regarding Contact Bearing Design for Use in VADs
11.2 The Contact Bearing Design
References
Chapter 12 Surface Engineering of Biomaterials by Plasma Electrolytic Oxidation
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Surface Treatment
12.2.1 Electrolysis
12.3 Influence of Process Parameters on the Properties of PEO-Treated Samples
12.3.1 Influence of Electrolyte Composition
12.3.2 Influence of Applied Voltage
12.4 Conclusions
References
Chapter 13 Additive Manufacturing for VADs
13.1 Introduction
13.2 VAD Development Strategies
13.3 Miniaturization: Transventricular and Transcatheter Devices
13.4 TET and VADs—a Possibility for Total Implantable Devices
13.5 Bioprinting
References
Chapter 14 Laser Additive Manufacturing for the Realization of New Material Concepts
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Short Overview of AM Processes and Respective Applications
14.3 Laser Additive Manufacturing
14.3.1 Fundamental Aspects of Laser Material Processing
14.3.2 LMD Process Characteristics
14.3.3 Defects, Structures, and Textures
14.4 Laser Postprocessing of Additive Manufactured Parts
14.5 Material Screening
14.5.1 Composite Materials
14.5.2 Graded Materials
14.5.3 High Entropy Alloys
14.6 Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 15 Biosensors
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Implantable Sensors Dedicated for Use in Treatment with VADs
15.3 Implantable Sensor Applications
15.4 Implantable Sensor Development
15.4.1 Standards
15.4.2 Bio-Hemocompatibility
15.5 Physiological Parameter Analyses That Are Changed in Patients with VADs
15.5.1 Blood Clotting Measurement
15.5.2 Blood Glucose Measurement
15.5.3 Blood Lactate Measurement
15.5.4 Measurement of c-Reactive Protein—A Future Perspective of Point-of-Care Technology
References
Chapter 16 Optics and VADs
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Ventricular Assist Devices
16.3 Optics
16.3.1 Photoelasticity
16.3.2 Laser Doppler Vibrometry
16.3.3 Moiré Methods
16.3.3.1 Shadow Moiré
16.3.3.2 Projected Fringes
16.3.3.3 Laser Speckle
16.4 Projects Involving Optics and VADs
References
Index