Preface
Contents
Contributors
Part I: Introduction
Chapter 1: An Overview of the Potentials, Threats and Conservation of Biodiversity in Africa
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Values of Biodiversity in Africa
1.2.1 Economic Value of Biodiversity
1.2.2 Sociocultural Value of Biodiversity
1.2.3 Ecological Value of Biodiversity
1.2.4 Intrinsic Value of Biodiversity
1.2.5 Research and Educational Value of Biodiversity
1.3 Drivers of Biodiversity Loss in Africa
1.4 Towards Sustainability in African Biodiversity Utilization and Conservation
1.5 Conclusion
References
Part II: Values of Biodiversity
Chapter 2: Industrial Applications of Biodiversity Potentials in Africa
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Declination of Biodiversity in Africa with Respect to Sustainable Development Goals
2.2.1 Biodiversity and Sustainable Development Goals
2.2.2 Effect of Biodiversity on Sustainable Development Goals Interactions
2.2.3 Measures-Taking Importance for Accomplishing the Focused Biodiversity of SDGs 14 and 15
2.3 Potentials of Biodiversity in Africa
2.3.1 Scales, Linkages, and Connections
2.3.2 Overcoming Skepticism in Biodiversity Utilization in Agriculture
2.4 Industrial Applications of Biodiversity Potentials in Africa
2.4.1 Pharmacological Bioprospecting
2.4.2 Cosmetics Industries
2.4.3 Biomonitoring
2.4.4 Biomimetics
2.4.5 Bioremediation
2.5 Benefits of Industrial Application of Biodiversity Potentials in Africa
2.5.1 Improved Soil Fertility
2.5.2 Pest Control
2.5.3 Increased Crop and Livestock Production
2.5.4 Increased Crop and Fish Production
2.6 Sustainability of Industrial Applications of Biodiversity Potentials
2.7 Conclusion
References
Chapter 3: Botanical Gardens: A Reliable Tool for Documenting Sustainability Patterns in Vegetative Species
3.1 Introduction
3.2 History of Botanical Gardens
3.3 Biological Diversity of Plants
3.4 Conservation of Biodiversity in Botanical Gardens
3.4.1 In Situ/Internal Conservation
3.4.2 Ex Situ Conservation
3.5 Role of Botanical Gardens in Sustainability of Vegetative Species
3.5.1 Ecological Restoration
3.5.2 Botanical Gardens´ Role in Urban Greening
3.5.3 Role of Botanical Gardens in Scientific Research
3.5.4 Recreation and Well-Being of Humans
3.5.5 Botanical Gardens and Biosecurity
3.5.6 Gardens as Bridgeheads for Invasions of Pests
3.5.7 Gardens as Sentinel Sites for Detection and Elimination of Pests
3.5.8 Determination of Pest-Host Range
3.5.9 Public Awareness and Education
3.6 Highlights of Existing and Functioning Botanical Gardens
3.6.1 Regional Distribution of Botanical Gardens
3.6.2 Report on Distribution of Botanic Garden Worldwide
3.6.3 World Best Botanical Gardens
3.6.4 Exquisite Botanical Gardens in Africa
3.6.5 Description of the Listed Botanical Gardens
3.6.6 Categories of Worldwide Botanical Garden Ex Situ Collections
3.7 Herbaria
3.8 Major Challenges Facing Botanical Garden Existence in Africa
3.9 Way Forward on Improving the Botanical Garden Existence in Africa
3.10 Greenhouse System of Gardening
3.11 Conclusion
References
Chapter 4: Food Security: A Pathway Towards Improved Nutrition and Biodiversity Conservation
4.1 Introduction
4.1.1 Food Security and Biodiversity
4.1.2 What Is Biodiversity?
4.1.2.1 Variations in Genetic Structure
4.1.2.2 Variations in Species
4.1.2.3 Variations Among the Ecosystem
4.1.3 Importance of Biodiversity
4.1.4 Challenges of Biodiversity
4.1.5 Prescribed Solution to Biodiversity Loss
4.1.6 Advances in Biodiversity Research
4.2 Global Food Security
4.2.1 Food Security and Sustainable Development Goals
4.2.2 Agriculture and Biodiversity Loss
4.3 Plant and Animal Sources of Food
4.3.1 Food of Plant Origin
4.3.1.1 Cultivation
4.3.2 Nutritive Values and Contribution to Well-Being
4.3.3 Socio-Economic Benefits of Foods of Plant Origin
4.3.4 Plant-Based Food and the Environment
4.4 Foods of Animal Origin
4.4.1 Breeding, Processing, and Preservation
4.4.2 Nutritive Values of Foods of Animal Origin
4.4.3 Socio-economic Benefits of Foods of Animal Origin
4.4.4 Foods from Animal Sources and the Environment
4.5 Food Security and Biodiversity Conservation
4.6 Measures to Fight Against Biodiversity Loss
4.6.1 Farming Sustainability
4.6.2 Recognition of Biodiversity
4.7 Biodiversity Friendly Approaches to Food Production and Economic Implications
4.7.1 Biodiversity Friendly Approaches to Food Production
4.7.2 Conservation Agriculture
4.7.3 Organic Agriculture
4.7.4 Integrated Pest Management
4.7.5 Agroforestry
4.7.6 Landscape Management
4.7.7 Sustainable Soil Management
4.7.8 Integrated Plant Nutrient Management
4.8 Food Security and Biodiversity Loss
4.8.1 Economic Implications on Biodiversity
4.9 Conclusion
References
Chapter 5: Benefits and Threats of Biodiversity Conservation in Stubbs Creek Forest Reserve, Nigeria
5.1 Introduction
5.2 History, Legal Status and Administrative Framework of SCFR
5.3 Description of SCFR
5.4 Biodiversity of SCFR
5.5 Benefits of SCFR and Its Biodiversity
5.6 Threats to the Biodiversity of SCFR
5.6.1 Exotic Nipa Palm Invasion
5.6.2 Oil and Gas Exploration
5.6.3 Expanding Human Settlements
5.6.4 Farming and Land-Use Change
5.6.5 Wood Logging/Lumbering
5.6.6 Wildlife Hunting
5.6.7 Fishing Activities
5.6.8 Wine Tapping and Distilling
5.6.9 Over-Exploitation of Non-timber Products
5.6.10 Poor Waste Management
5.6.11 Infrastructural Development
5.6.12 Flooding and Other Activities
5.7 Conservation Priorities for Stubbs Creek
5.8 Conclusion
References
Chapter 6: Therapeutic Potentials of Wildlife Resources and Options for Conservation
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Concept of Wildlife Resources
6.3 Wildlife with Therapeutics Potentials
6.3.1 Mammals with Therapeutics Potentials
6.3.2 Birds with Therapeutics Potentials
6.3.2.1 Conservation Strategies for Birds
6.3.3 Amphibians with Therapeutics Potentials
6.3.4 Reptiles with Therapeutics Potentials
6.3.5 Fishes with Therapeutics Potentials
6.3.5.1 Therapeutic Importance of Fish
Healthy Eye and Brain Performance
Healthy Bone Maintenance and Cardiovascular Diseases Management
Lupus Challenge
Rheumatoid Arthritis
Psoriasis Challenge
Asthma
Kidney Disorders
Cancers and Diabetes
6.3.5.2 Conservation Strategies of Fish Species
Ex Situ Fisheries Resource Conservation:
In Situ Fisheries Resource Conservation (Within the Native Environment)
6.4 Factors Affecting the Decline in Wildlife Resources with Therapeutic Potentials
6.4.1 Bush Burning
6.4.2 Bushmeat Trade/Direct Consumption
6.4.3 Climate Change
6.4.4 Habitat Destruction
6.4.5 Excessive Exploitation
6.4.6 Others
6.5 Conservation Strategies of Wildlife Resources with Therapeutics Potentials
6.6 Strategic Approaches to Wildlife Conservation in View of Its Therapeutic Potentials
6.6.1 Colonial Wildlife Management Strategies of Protected Areas
6.6.2 Post-colonial Wildlife Management Strategies of Protected Areas
6.7 Community Conservation Strategy
6.8 Conservation and Sustainability
6.9 Conclusion
References
Chapter 7: Threats to African Arthropods and Their Biodiversity Potentials on Food Security, Environmental Health and Criminal...
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Causes of Threats to Arthropods Biodiversity in Africa
7.2.1 Habitat Threats to Arthropod Biodiversity in Africa
7.2.2 Agricultural Threats to Arthropods Biodiversity in Africa
7.2.3 Pollution Threats to Arthropod Biodiversity in Africa
7.2.4 Invasive Species Threats to Arthropod Biodiversity in Africa
7.2.5 Over-exploitation of Edible Arthropods Threats to Arthropod Biodiversity in Africa
7.2.6 Climate Change Threats to Arthropod Biodiversity in Africa
7.3 Effects of Threats to Arthropod Biodiversity in Africa
7.3.1 Collapse of Ecosystem Sustainability
7.3.2 Malnutrition and Poverty
7.3.3 Agricultural Downturn
7.4 Potentials of African Arthropods Biodiversity
7.4.1 Anthophilous Potentials of African Insects in Agricultural Crops and Orchards
7.4.2 Entomophagous Potentials of African Insects Biodiversity in Food and Feed Formulation
7.4.3 Biomonitoring Potentials of African Insects Biodiversity for Monitoring Pollution
7.4.4 Forensic Potentials of African Insects in Medico-criminal Investigation
7.5 Efforts to Salvage Arthropod Biodiversity in Africa
7.6 Conclusion
References
Part III: Drivers of Biodiversity Loss in Africa
Chapter 8: Leaving No One Behind: Impact of Soil Pollution on Biodiversity in the Global South: A Global Call for Action
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Soil Pollutants: Properties, Origins, and Health Consequences
8.3 Ecosystem Pollution in Soils and Its Impacts
8.3.1 Negative Impact of Contaminated Soil on the Terrestrial Ecosystem and the Food Chain
8.3.2 The Effects of Soil Contamination on Aquatic Environments
8.3.3 Socioeconomic Consequences of Soil Pollution
8.4 Worldwide Status and Trends of Soil Contamination: Global South
8.4.1 Transport of Waste and Its Management
8.4.2 Industrial Activities
8.4.3 Mining
8.4.4 Agriculture
8.5 Efforts to Combat Soil Pollution
8.5.1 Governmental and Legal Structures to Address Soil Pollution
8.5.2 Strengthened Monitoring, Reporting, and Knowledge
8.5.3 Contamination and Pollution of Soil Management
8.5.4 Risk Assessment and Identification
8.6 Management of Contaminated Sites
8.7 Contaminated Soils Management
8.7.1 Soils Management as a Pollution Source
8.8 Priority Actions Towards Preventing and Halting Soil Contamination and Polluted Soils Clean-Up
8.9 Future Directions and Conclusions
References
Chapter 9: The Impact of Unsustainable Exploitation of Forest and Aquatic Resources of the Niger Delta, Nigeria
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Anthropogenic Activities That Impact Species Population in the Niger Delta
9.2.1 Urbanization
9.2.2 Sand Dredging and Mining
9.2.3 Coastal Development
9.2.4 Industrialization
9.2.5 Overexploitation of Resources
9.2.6 Pollution
9.2.7 Invasive Species
9.3 Causes of Overexploitation of Aquatic and Forestry Resources
9.3.1 Ignorance
9.3.2 Poverty
9.3.3 Lack of Regulation of Resource Overexploitation
9.3.4 Unemployment
9.3.5 Pollution
9.4 Environmental Factors That Lead to Population Decline
9.4.1 Inbreeding Depression
9.4.2 Outbreeding Depression
9.4.3 Loss of Genetic Variation
9.4.4 Demographic Stochasticity
9.4.5 Environmental Stochasticity
9.4.6 Allee Effect
9.5 Socioeconomic Factors That Lead to Population Decline
9.6 Regulation and Monitoring of Resource Exploitation
9.7 Mapping of Aquatic and Forest Resources
9.8 Conclusion and Recommendation
References
Chapter 10: Advantages and Potential Threats of Agrochemicals on Biodiversity Conservation
10.1 Introduction
10.2 The Ecosystem
10.2.1 Components of the Ecosystem
10.2.2 Ecological Interactions in the Ecosystem
10.2.3 Relationship Between Ecosystem and Human activities
10.3 Agricultural Intensification and the Environment
10.4 Advantages and Potential Threats of Agrochemicals in Agriculture
10.4.1 Advantages of Agrochemicals in Agriculture
10.4.2 Negative Impacts of Agrochemicals on Humans, Animals, and the Environment
10.4.3 Potential Threats of Agrochemicals in Agriculture
10.4.4 Potential Threats of Agrochemicals to Biodiversity Conservation
10.5 Legislation and Laws Regarding the Use of Agrochemicals in Agriculture
10.5.1 Use of Agrochemicals in Agriculture
10.5.2 The Laws and Legislation on Usage of Agrochemicals in Africa
10.5.3 Framework for Analyzing Implementation of Policies on Agrochemicals
10.5.4 World Health Organization Classification of Agrochemicals
10.5.4.1 Ethiopia
10.5.4.2 Botswana
10.5.4.3 Nigeria
10.5.4.4 Zambia
10.5.4.5 Malawi
10.5.4.6 Benin, Ethiopia, Ghana, and Senegal
10.6 Conventional and Organic Farming Practice
10.6.1 Microbial Activity
10.6.2 Plant Nutrient and Nutrition
10.6.3 Nitrogen Levels
10.6.4 Soil Carbon
10.7 Sustainable Solutions to Agrochemicals
10.8 Biodiversity and the Development of Sustainable Organic Farming
10.8.1 Mycorrhiza: A Study Sample
10.9 Conclusion
References
Chapter 11: Fish Production and Biodiversity Conservation: An Interplay for Life Sustenance
11.1 Introduction
11.1.1 Fish Production and Food Security
11.2 Threats and Weaknesses in Food Fish Production
11.3 Aquaculture Production Systems
11.4 Systems of Aquaculture
11.4.1 Pond Culture
11.4.2 Cage culture
11.4.3 Pen Culture
11.4.4 Raceway
11.5 The Effects of Aquaculture on Biodiversity
11.6 Mitigation
11.7 Negative Implications of Aquaculture on Conservation of Aquatic Biodiversity
11.7.1 Escapement and Genetic Alterations of Wild Stocks
11.7.2 The Effects of Effluents on Water Quality
11.7.3 Sensitive Land Conversion
11.7.4 Inefficient Resource Use
11.7.5 Disease or Parasite Transfer from Captive to Wild Stocks
11.8 Positive Impacts of Aquaculture
11.9 Global Freshwater Fish Biodiversity
11.10 FAO´s World Major Fishing Areas
11.10.1 Africa Freshwater Fishery and Major Fish Species Composition
11.11 Most Commonly Cultured Freshwater Fish Species in Africa
11.11.1 Nile tilapia and perch
11.11.2 Clarias gariepinus
11.12 Inland Fisheries Production
11.13 Exotic Species Introduction
11.13.1 Ways by Which Exotic Species Affect Native Species
11.13.2 Signs of Invasiveness Possibility
11.13.3 Characteristics Making a Region Vulnerable to Biological Invasions
11.13.4 Inadvertent (Accidental) Introductions
11.13.5 Deliberate Introductions
11.13.6 Challenges to Global Fish Introductions
11.14 Impacts of Exotic Fish Species
11.14.1 Impacts of Introduced Species
11.14.1.1 Ecological Impacts
11.14.1.2 Genetic Impacts
11.14.1.3 Socioeconomic Impacts
11.15 Efforts to Regulate Introductions at the International and National Levels
11.15.1 Institutions Responsible for Monitoring of Exotic Aquatic Species
11.15.2 Suggested Strategies to Be Followed While Introducing Exotic Fish Species
11.16 Conservation of Inland Fish Biodiversity
11.17 Factors Affecting Fish Diversity
11.17.1 Habitat Destruction
11.17.2 Over-Exploitation
11.17.3 Wanton Destruction
11.17.4 Aquatic Pollution
11.17.5 Diseases
11.17.6 Genetic Problems in Threatened Species
11.18 Strategies for Fish Biodiversity Conservation
11.18.1 In Situ Conservation
11.18.2 Ex Situ Conservation
11.18.3 Live Gene Banks
11.18.4 Tissue Preservation
11.18.5 Breeding in Captivity
11.18.6 Aqua Ranching
11.18.7 Biomass Conservation
11.18.8 Translocation
11.18.9 Control of Exotic Fishes
11.18.10 Sustainability in Fish Harvest
11.18.11 Implementation of Closed Seasons
11.18.12 Habitat Restoration
11.18.13 Mass Awareness
11.18.14 Geographic Information System
11.19 The Interplay: Is There a Way Forward?
11.20 Conclusion
References
Chapter 12: Impact of Pharmaceutical Compounds on the Microbial Ecology of Surface Water Resources
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Pharmaceutical Compounds as Emerging Contaminants
12.3 Pharmaceutical Sources and Pathways in the Environment
12.3.1 Primary and Secondary Sources
12.3.2 Pathways of Excretion
12.4 Occurrence of Pharmaceuticals in Aquatic Environment
12.5 Microbial Ecology of Surface Water
12.5.1 Microbial Evolution
12.5.2 Microbial Diversity and Ecosystem Functions
12.6 Impacts of Pharmaceuticals on the Microbial Ecology of the Aquatic Environment
12.6.1 Impacts of Antibiotic Contaminants on the Microbial Ecology of the Surface Water
12.6.2 Impacts of Non-steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs on the Microbial Ecology of the Surface Water
12.6.3 Impacts of Antidepressants on the Microbial Ecology of the Surface Water
12.7 Protection of Surface Water Against Pharmaceutical Compounds
12.8 Conclusion
References
Chapter 13: Effects of Water Pollution on Biodiversity Along the Coastal Regions
13.1 Introduction
13.1.1 Resources and Uses of Coastal regions
13.1.2 Sources of Water
13.1.3 Importance of Water
13.1.4 System of Farming
13.1.5 Indigenous Way of Disinfecting Water
13.1.6 Water Pollution and Impacts on Climate
13.2 Coastal Regions and Anthropogenic Activities
13.2.1 Transportation in the Ports and Marine Environment
13.2.2 Waste Disposal
13.2.3 Urban Settlement
13.3 Human Anthropogenic Activities Along the Coastal Region
13.3.1 Some Profound Anthropogenic Activities
13.3.1.1 Dredging/Land Reclamation
13.3.1.2 Oil Mining
13.3.1.3 Aquaculture
13.3.1.4 Agriculture
13.4 Water Pollution and Biodiversity
13.4.1 What Is Coastal Water Pollution?
13.4.2 Importance of Biodiversity
13.4.3 Case Studies on Coastal Water Pollution and Biodiversity
13.4.4 Threats to Coastal Biodiversity
13.4.4.1 Water Pollution
13.4.4.2 Climate Change
13.4.4.3 Exotic Species Invasion
13.4.4.4 Degradation of Habitat
13.4.4.5 Modification of Water Flow
13.5 Coastal Ecological Communities and Biodiversity Loss
13.5.1 Stability of Ecosystem Processes and Biodiversity Functions in Coastal Regions
13.6 Conclusion
References
Chapter 14: Impacts of Climate Change on Aquatic Biodiversity in Africa
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Aquatic Biodiversity
14.2.1 Aquatic Biodiversity and Sustainable Development Goals
14.2.2 Aquatic Ecosystem and Sustainable Development Goals
14.2.3 Aquatic Biodiversity and Sustainability
14.2.4 Challenges of Biodiversity
14.3 The Climate Change Concept
14.3.1 Causes of Climate Change
14.3.2 Natural Causes of Climate Change
14.3.2.1 Changes in Earth´s Orbit and Its Rotation
14.3.2.2 Solar Activity Variations
14.3.2.3 The Human Causes of Climate Change
14.4 Climate Change in Africa
14.5 Effects of Climate Change on Aquatic Systems
14.5.1 Rise in Sea Level
14.5.2 Increased Salinity
14.5.3 Floods
14.5.4 Drought
14.5.5 Effect on Water Supply and Quality Leading to National Security Issues
14.5.6 Change in Rainfall Pattern
14.6 Effects of Climate Change on Biodiversity
14.6.1 Effects on Fish Species
14.6.1.1 Coral Bleaching
14.6.1.2 Sea Warming
14.6.2 Effects on the Environment
14.6.2.1 Agriculture and Food Security
14.6.2.2 Change in Distributions Pattern
14.6.3 Effect on Health of Human Beings
14.6.4 Ecosystem Effects
14.6.5 Effects on Vulnerable Population
14.6.6 Effect on Tourism
14.7 Conservative Strategies of Fish Species to Climate Change
14.7.1 Adaptive Strategies
14.8 Climate Change and Ecosystem Services
14.8.1 Responses of Biodiversity
14.8.1.1 Shifts in Species Distribution
14.8.1.2 Demographic Responses
14.8.1.3 Phenological Shifts Response
14.9 Conclusion
References
Chapter 15: Anthropogenic Restructuring of Fiddler Crabs (Uca tangeri) Communities: A Solid Wastes Perspective
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Biology of Fiddler Crabs (Uca tangeri)
15.2.1 Morphology of Fiddler Crabs (Uca tangeri)
15.2.2 Reproduction
15.2.3 Food and Feeding Habits
15.2.4 Excretion in Fiddler Crabs
15.2.5 Circulatory System and Respiration in Crabs
15.2.6 Nervous System
15.3 Habitat and Ecology of Fidler Crabs
15.4 Roles of Fiddler Crabs in their Ecosystem
15.5 Anthropogenic Activities
15.6 Solid Wastes and the Aquatic Environment (Intertidal Zone)
15.7 Anthropogenic Impacts and Effects of Solid Wastes on Fiddler Crab Population and Habitats
15.7.1 Conservation and Sustainability of Uca tangeri
15.8 Conclusion
References
Chapter 16: Aquatic Biodiversity Loss: Impacts of Pollution and Anthropogenic Activities and Strategies for Conservation
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Sources of Water Pollution
16.3 Aquatic Pollution and Biodiversity
16.4 Importance of Biodiversity
16.5 The Main Threats to Biodiversity
16.5.1 Climate Change
16.5.1.1 Impact of Climate Change on Biodiversity
16.5.2 Pollution
16.5.2.1 Impact of Pollution on Biodiversity
16.5.3 Overexploitation
16.5.3.1 Impact of Overexploitation on Biodiversity
16.5.4 Invasion by Exotic Species
16.5.5 Habitat Degradation
16.5.5.1 Impact of Habitat Degradation on Biodiversity
16.6 Effects of Anthropogenic Factors on Water Quality
16.6.1 Industrial Applications
16.6.2 Solid and Liquid Wastes
16.6.3 Mining Processes
16.6.4 Agricultural Practices
16.6.4.1 Pesticides
16.6.4.2 Fertilisers
16.6.5 Urbanisation
16.6.5.1 Municipal Wastes
16.6.5.2 Livestock Productions
16.6.5.3 Land Use Practices
16.7 Biodiversity Loss and Common Species
16.8 Conservation of Biodiversity
16.8.1 In-Situ Conservation
16.8.2 Ex-Situ Conservation
16.8.3 Cost Efficiency Plans for Conservation
16.8.4 Recommendation
16.9 Conclusion
References
Part IV: Trends, Scenarios and Governance in Relation to Biodiversity Conservation
Chapter 17: Traditional Methods of Plant Conservation for Sustainable Utilization and Development
17.1 Introduction
17.2 Guiding Principles for Plant Conservation and some Modern Plant Conservation Practices
17.3 Traditional System of Plant and Natural Resource Conservation
17.4 Challenges and Threats to Traditional Methods of Plant Conservation and Utilization
17.5 Benefits of Complementary Approach to Plant Conservation
17.6 Recommendations
17.7 Conclusion
References
Chapter 18: The Challenges and Conservation Strategies of Biodiversity: The Role of Government and Non-Governmental Organizati...
18.1 Introduction
18.2 Review of Literature on Biodiversity Crisis
18.3 Biodiversity Inventory
18.4 Loss of Biodiversity in Nigeria
18.5 What Is the Definition of Conservation?
18.6 Biodiversity Conservation and Poverty Alleviation
18.7 Understanding Biodiversity Direct Pressures
18.7.1 Degradation and Habitat Change
18.7.2 Overexploitation
18.7.3 Pollution
18.7.4 Exotic Species Introduced and Invasions
18.7.5 Climate Change
18.8 Protected Areas System and Conservation Infrastructure
18.9 The Biodiversity Nature and the Issues it Causes
18.10 The Role of Government at all Levels in Biodiversity Conservation
18.10.1 At the National/Federal Government Level
18.10.2 At the State Government Level
18.10.3 At the Local Government Level
18.10.4 The Non-Governmental Organization
18.11 Constraints and Prospects for Biodiversity Conservation
18.12 Future Directions
18.13 Conclusion
References
Chapter 19: ``Let Them Eat Their Declarations´´: Interrogating Natural Resource-Rich States´ Inertia Towards Biodiversity Cons...
19.1 Introduction
19.2 The Rentier State Theory
19.3 Declarations on Biodiversity and Their Accountability Gaps in SSA
19.4 Explaining the Ruse in Biodiversity Conservation in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA)
19.4.1 The Rentier Character of Africa´s Mineral-Rich States and Fate of Biodiversity
19.4.2 Oil Transnational Corporations and Biodiversity Loss
19.4.3 External Interests in Resources and Biodiversity Loss
19.4.4 Armed Conflicts, Peacetime and Biodiversity Loss
19.5 Conclusion
References
Chapter 20: Sacred Groves in the Global South: A Panacea for Sustainable Biodiversity Conservation
20.1 Introduction
20.2 Origin and Historical Perspectives of Sacred Groves in the Global South
20.3 Some Challenges Facing Sacred Groves: Disappearance of Sacred Groves in the Global South
20.4 Traditional Practices that Protect the Sacredness of Sacred Groves
20.5 Ecological Relevance of Sacred Groves
20.6 Roles of Sacred Groves in Biodiversity Conservation
20.7 Contemporary Approach to Biodiversity Conservation in the Global South that Integrates the Efforts and Systems of Sacred ...
20.8 Conclusion
References
Chapter 21: Forest Conservation Strategies in Africa: Historical Perspective, Status and Sustainable Avenues for Progress
21.1 Introduction
21.2 The African Forest: Biodiversity Richness and Diversity
21.3 Phytogeography of the African Forests
21.3.1 The Guinea-Congo Region
21.3.2 The Sudan-Zambezian Region
21.3.3 The Afromontane Region
21.3.4 East Malagasy Region
21.4 Historical Perspectives of Forest Conservation in Africa
21.5 Current Approaches to Forest Conservation in Africa
21.6 Actual and Emerging Benefits of the African Forests
21.6.1 African Forest Is a Source of Revenue
21.6.2 Africa´s Forests Are a Storehouse for Medicine
21.6.3 Prevent Diseases Outbreaks
21.6.4 Africa´s Forests Are Critical for Mitigating the Impact of Climate Change
21.6.5 African Forest Sustains Traditional and Cultural Practices
21.6.6 A Resource Tool for Science
21.7 Threats to Forest Conservation in Africa
21.7.1 High Rates of Deforestation and Forest Degradation in Africa
21.7.2 Lack of Proper Monitoring of Invasive Alien Species
21.7.3 Occurrence of Adverse Events Like Fire
21.7.4 Poor Management Strategy of the Concerned Authority
21.7.5 African Agriculture and Food Production System
21.7.6 Unemployment and Poverty Index
21.7.7 Over- and Unsustainable Harvesting of Forest Resources
21.8 Towards an Optimal Conservation Strategy for the African Forests
21.9 Recommendations
21.10 Conclusion
References
Chapter 22: Factors Militating Against Biodiversity Conservation in the Niger Delta, Nigeria: The Way Out
22.1 Introduction
22.2 Threat Factors of Biodiversity in the Niger Delta
22.2.1 Population Growth and Urbanization
22.2.2 Anthropogenic Activities
22.2.2.1 Slash-and-Burn Method of Preparing Farmlands for Cultivation
22.2.2.2 Unbridled Logging Without Replacement Culture
22.2.2.3 Fuelwood Extraction and Trade
22.2.2.4 Gathering and Trading on Non-Timber Products (NTPs)
22.2.2.5 Overexploitation of Fisheries and Degradation of Spawning Grounds
22.3 Mechanisms of Biodiversity Loss
22.3.1 Habitat Destruction
22.3.2 Adverse Changes or Alterations in Abiotic and Biotic Environments Due to Environmental Pollution
22.3.3 Overexploitation of Selected Species
22.3.4 Habitat Fragmentation
22.3.5 Exotic Species
22.3.5.1 Ecological Impacts
22.3.5.2 Economic Impacts
22.3.5.3 Example of Exotic Species
22.3.6 Natural/Ecological Disasters
22.3.7 Global Warming/Climate Change
22.3.8 Improper Waste Disposal
22.3.9 Overhunting and Trapping of Wildlife
22.3.10 Traditional/Cultural Practices
22.4 Petroleum Industry Activities
22.4.1 Impact of Onshore Seismic Exploration
22.5 Impact of Gas Flaring
22.5.1 Impact of Pipeline Construction and Operation
22.6 Causes of Pipeline Vandalism and Explosion in Nigeria
22.6.1 Complacent Attitude of some Pipeline Operators
22.6.2 Economic Status and Emotional State of Host Communities
22.6.3 Patronage of the Vandals´ Bounty
22.7 Consequences of the Pipeline Vandalism and Explosion
22.8 Biodiversity Loss and Ecosystem Effect
22.8.1 Impact of Oil Spill on Biodiversity
22.8.2 Impact of Refinery on Biodiversity
22.9 Recommendation: The Way Forward
22.10 Conclusion
References
Chapter 23: Challenges of Biodiversity Conservation in Africa: A Case Study of Sierra Leone
23.1 Introduction
23.1.1 Status of Biodiversity Conservation in Sierra Leone
23.1.2 Forest Biodiversity of Sierra Leone
23.1.3 Coastal Biodiversity of Sierra Leone
23.2 Biodiversity Conservation Benefits in Sierra Leone
23.2.1 Biodiversity Contribution to the Gross Domestic Products of Sierra Leone
23.2.2 Biodiversity Contribution to Rural Livelihood
23.2.3 Biodiversity Contribution to Food in Sierra Leone
23.3 Biodiversity Conservation Threats and Challenges
23.3.1 Conventional Farming Method Threats to Biodiversity Conservation in Sierra Leone
23.3.2 Population Growth as a Threat to Biodiversity
23.3.3 Mineral Mining Threats to Biodiversity Conservation in Sierra Leone
23.3.4 Illegal Poaching
23.3.5 Civil War and Biodiversity Decline in Sierra Leone
23.3.6 Poverty and Threats to Biodiversity Conservation
23.3.7 Wildfire Outbreak Threats to Biodiversity in Sierra Leone
23.3.8 Food Security and Pet Trade Threats to Biodiversity
23.3.9 Climate Change Threats to Biodiversity Conservation in Sierra Leone
23.3.10 Land Use and Urbanization
23.3.11 Fuelwood and Charcoal Burning Impact on Biodiversity in Sierra Leone
23.3.12 Timber Logging Impact on Biodiversity Conservation in Sierra Leone
23.4 Biodiversity Conservation Legal Instrument Instituted in Sierra Leone
23.5 The Way Forward in Conserving and Maintaining Biodiversity Abundance in Sierra Leone
23.5.1 Conclusion
23.5.2 Recommendations
References
Index