Biodiesel Fuels: Science, Technology, Health, and Environment (Handbook of Biodiesel and Petrodiesel Fuels)

✍ Scribed by Ozcan Konur (editor)

• Publisher: CRC Press
• Year: 2021
• Tongue: English
• Leaves: 449
• Edition: 1
• Category: Library

✦ Synopsis

This first volume of the Handbook of Biodiesel and Petrodiesel Fuels presents a representative sample of the population papers in the field of biodiesel fuels in general.

Part I provides an overview of the research field on both biodiesel and petrodiesel fuels highlighting primary and secondary research fronts in these fields.

Part II presents a representative sample of the population papers in the field of biooils covering major research fronts. The research on the biooils is a fundamental part of the research on the biodiesel fuels. The research in this field has intensified in recent years with the application of advanced catalytic technologies and nanotechnologies in both production and upgrading of biooils. It covers pyrolysis, hydrothermal liquefaction, and upgrading, and characterization and properties of biooils besides an overview of the research field.

Part III presents a representative sample of the population papers in the field of biodiesel fuels in general covering major research fronts. The research in this field has progressed in the lines of production, properties, and emissions of biodiesel fuels. As in the case of biooils, catalysts and additives play a crucial role for the biodiesel fuels. It covers biomass-based catalyst-assisted biodiesel production, enzymatic biodiesel production, additives in biodiesel production, properties, characterization, performance, and policies of biodiesel fuels besides an overview of the research field.

Part IV presents a representative sample of the population papers in the field of glycerol, biodiesel waste, covering major research fronts. The research in this field has intensified in recent years with the increasing volume of biodiesel fuels, creating eco-friendly solutions for these wastes of biodiesel fuels for producing valuable biofuels and biochemicals from glycerol. It covers biohydrogen and propanediol production from glycerol as a case study for bioenergy and biochemicals, respectively.

This book will be useful to academics and professionals in the fields of Energy Fuels, Chemical Engineering, Physical Chemistry, Biotechnology and Applied Microbiology, Environmental Sciences, and Thermodynamics.

Ozcan Konur is both a materials scientist and social scientist by training. He has published around 200 journal papers, book chapters, and conference papers. He has focused on the bioenergy and biofuels in recent years. In 2018, he edited Bioenergy and Biofuels, which brought together the work of over 30 experts in their respective field. He also edited the Handbook of Algal Science, Technology, and Medicine with a strong section on the algal biofuels in 2020.

✦ Table of Contents

Cover
Half Title
Title Page
Copyright Page
Table of Contents
Preface
Acknowledgements
Editor
Contributors
Part I: Biodiesel and Petrodiesel Fuels:
Science, Technology, Health,
and the Environment
Chapter 1: Biodiesel and Petrodiesel Fuels: Science, Technology, Health, and the Environment
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Materials and Methodology
1.3 Contents of the Handbook
1.3.1 Volume 1: Biodiesel Fuels in General
1.3.1.1 Part I: Introduction to Petrodiesel and Biodiesel Fuels
1.3.1.2 Part II: Biooils
1.3.1.3 Part III: Biodiesel Fuels in General
1.3.1.4 Part IV: Glycerol
1.3.2 Volume 2: Feedstock-based Biodiesel Fuels
1.3.2.1 Part V: Edible Oil-based Biodiesel Fuels
1.3.2.2 Part VI: Nonedible Oil-based Biodiesel Fuels
1.3.2.3 Part VII: Waste Oil-based Biodiesel Fuels
1.3.2.4 Part VIII: Algal Oil-based Biodiesel Fuels
1.3.3 Volume 3: Petrodiesel Fuels
1.3.3.1 Part IX: Crude Oils
1.3.3.2 Part X: Petrodiesel Fuels in General
1.3.3.3 Part XI: Petrodiesel Fuel Exhaust Emissions
1.3.3.4 Part XII: Health Impact of Petrodiesel Fuel Exhaust Emissions
1.4 Discussion
1.5 Conclusions
Acknowledgements
References
Chapter 2: A Scientometric Review of the Research: Biodiesel and Petrodiesel Fuels
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Materials and Methodology
2.3 Results
2.3.1 Indices and Documents
2.3.2 Authors
2.3.3 Publication Years
2.3.4 Institutions
2.3.5 Funding Bodies
2.3.6 Source Titles
2.3.7 Countries
2.3.8 ‘Web of Science’ Subject Categories
2.3.9 Citation Impact
2.3.10 Keywords
2.3.11 Research Fronts
2.4 Discussion
2.5 Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 3: A Review of the Research: Biodiesel and Petrodiesel Fuels
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Materials and Methodology
3.3 Results
3.3.1 Biodiesel Fuels in General
3.3.1.1 Biooils
3.3.1.2 Biodiesel Fuels in General
3.3.1.3 Glycerol
3.3.2 Feedstock-based Biodiesel Fuels
3.3.2.1 Edible Oil-based Biodiesel Fuels
3.3.2.2 Nonedible Oil-based Biodiesel Fuels
3.3.2.3 Waste-Oil-based Biodiesel Fuels
3.3.2.4 Algal-Oil-based Biodiesel Fuels
3.3.3 Petrodiesel Fuels
3.3.3.1 Crude Oils
3.3.3.2 Petrodiesel Fuels in General
3.3.3.3 Petrodiesel Fuel Exhaust Emissions
3.3.3.4 Health Impact of the Petrodiesel Exhaust Emissions
3.4 Discussion
3.5 Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 4: Nanotechnology Applications in Diesel Fuels and Related Research Fields: A Review of the Research
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Materials and Methodology
4.3 Results
4.3.1 Biooils
4.3.2 Biodiesel Fuels
4.3.2.1 Production
4.3.2.2 Properties
4.3.2.3 Glycerol
4.3.2.4 Edible Oil-based Biodiesel Fuels
4.3.2.5 Nonedible Oil-based Biodiesel Fuels
4.3.2.6 Waste Oil-based Biodiesel Fuels
4.3.3 Crude Oils
4.3.3.1 Water-in Oil Emulsions
4.3.3.2 Oil Recovery
4.3.3.3 Remediation of Crude Oils
4.3.4 Petrodiesel Fuels
4.3.4.1 Production
4.3.4.2 Properties
4.4 Discussion
4.4.1 Biooils
4.4.2 Biodiesel Fuels
4.4.2.1 Production
4.4.2.2 Properties
4.4.2.3 Glycerol
4.4.2.4 Edible Oil-based Biodiesel Fuels
4.4.2.5 Nonedible Oil-based Biodiesel Fuels
4.4.2.6 Waste Oil-based Biodiesel Fuels
4.4.3 Crude Oils
4.4.3.1 Water-in-Oil Emulsions
4.4.3.2 Oil Recovery
4.4.3.3 Remediation of Crude Oils
4.4.4 Petrodiesel Fuels
4.4.4.1 Production
4.4.4.2 Properties
4.5 Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
Part II: Biooils
Chapter 5: Biooils: A Scientometric Review of the Research
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Materials and Methodology
5.3 Results
5.3.1 Indices and Documents
5.3.2 Authors
5.3.3 Publication Years
5.3.4 Institutions
5.3.5 Funding Bodies
5.3.6 Source Titles
5.3.7 Countries
5.3.8 ‘Web of Science’ Subject Categories
5.3.9 Citation Impact
5.3.10 Keywords
5.3.11 Research Fronts
5.4 Discussion
5.5 Conclusion
Acknowledgments
5.A Appendix
References
Chapter 6: Characterization and Properties of Biooils: A Review of the Research
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Materials and Methodology
6.3 Results
6.3.1 Properties of Biooils
6.3.2 Characterization of Biooils
6.4 Discussion
6.4.1 Properties of Biooils
6.4.2 Characterization of Biooils
6.5 Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 7: Biomass Pyrolysis and Pyrolysis Oils: A Review of the Research
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Materials and Methodology
7.3 Results
7.3.1 Pyrolysis
7.3.1.1 Kinetic Studies
7.3.1.1 Pyrolysis Oils
7.3.2 Pyrolysis Oil Upgrading
7.4 Discussion
7.4.1 Pyrolysis
7.4.1.1 Kinetic Studies
7.4.1.2 Pyrolysis Oils
7.4.2 Pyrolysis Oil Upgrading
7.5 Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 8: An Overview of Catalytic Bio-oil Upgrading, Part 1:: Processing Aqueous-Phase Compounds
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Objectives and Challenges in the Bio-oil Upgrading Process
8.3 The Processing of Aqueous-Phase Compounds
8.3.1 Reforming to Produce Hydrogen
8.3.2 C–C Coupling of Small Oxygenates
8.3.3 Other Processes
8.4 Outlook
References
Chapter 9: An Overview of Catalytic Bio-oil Upgrading, Part 2:: Processing Oil-Phase Compounds and Real Bio-oil
9.1 Introduction
9.2 The Processing of Oil-Phase Compounds
9.2.1 Catalytic Hydrodeoxygenation of Lignin-Derived Aromatic Oxygenates
9.2.2 Catalytic Hydrodeoxygenation of Carbohydrate-Derived Furanic Oxygenates
9.3 The Processing of Real Bio-oils
9.3.1 Hydrotreating
9.3.2 Zeolite Cracking
9.3.3 Other Processes
9.4 Outlook
References
Chapter 10: Bio-oil Production through Hydrothermal Liquefaction (HTL) of Biomass: Recent Developments and Future Prospects
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Comparison of HTL and Other Technologies for Biofuel Production
10.2.1 Biofuels from Various Biomasses
10.2.2 Merits of HTL for Biomass Conversion
10.3 HTL of Biomass
10.3.1 Major Components of Biomass and Their Decomposition Routes in the HTL Process
10.3.1.1 Cellulose
10.3.1.2 Hemicellulose
10.3.1.3 Lignin
10.3.1.4 Protein
10.3.1.5 Lipids
10.3.1.6 Carbohydrates
10.3.2 Effect of HTL Parameters
10.3.2.1 Biomass Feedstock Composition
10.3.2.2 Reaction Temperature
10.3.2.3 Reaction Time
10.3.2.4 Reaction Solvents
10.3.2.5 Reaction Pressure
10.4 Catalytic Upgrading of Biocrude Oil
10.4.1 Catalytic Hydrogenation
10.4.1.1 Direct Hydrogen Donor
10.4.1.2 Indirect Hydrogen Supply ( in situ Hydrogen Supply)
10.4.1.3 Catalytic Cracking
10.4.2 Catalytic Esterification
10.5 Conclusions and Prospects
Acknowledgments
References
Part III: Biodiesel Fuels in General
Chapter 11: Biodiesel Fuels: A Scientometric Review of the Research
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Materials and Methodology
11.3 Results
11.3.1 Indices and Documents
11.3.2 Authors
11.3.3 Publication Years
11.3.4 Institutions
11.3.5 Funding Bodies
11.3.6 Source Titles
11.3.7 Countries
11.3.8 ‘Web of Science’ Subject Categories
11.3.9 Citation Impact
11.3.10 Keywords
11.3.11 Research Fronts
11.4 Discussion
11.5 Conclusion
Acknowledgments
11.A Appendix
References
Chapter 12: Biomass-based Catalyst-Assisted Biodiesel Production
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Synthesis of a Biomass-Based Catalyst
12.2.1 Hydrothermal Carbonization
12.2.2 Template-Directed Carbonization
12.2.3 High Temperature Carbonization
12.4.1 Mud or Rocks
12.4.2 Animal Bones
12.4.3 Seashells
12.4.4 Eggshells
12.4.5 Plant-based Biomass
12.3 Activation of a Biomass-Based Catalyst
12.4 Calcium Rich Biomass
12.5 Challenges of Biodiesel Production via Biomass-based Catalysts
12.6 Conclusion
References
Chapter 13: Enzymatic Biodiesel Production: Challenges and Future Perspectives
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Technological Challenges for Enzymatic Biodiesel Production
13.3 Biocatalysts
13.3.1 Recent Advances in Lipase Immobilization
13.3.2 Whole-Cell Biocatalysts
13.3.3 Dry Fermented Solids
13.4 Enzymatic Biodiesel Production Routes
13.4.1 Transesterification/Esterification
13.4.2 Hydroesterification
13.5 Conclusions and Future Perspectives
Acknowledgment
References
Chapter 14: Biodiesel Additives: Status and Perspectives
14.1 Additives, Types, and their Selection
14.1.1 Categorization of Additives based on Functionality
14.1.2 Categorization of Additives based on Chemical Compounds
14.1.3 Categorization of Additives based on Size
14.1.4 Categorization of Additives based on State of Matter
14.2 Effect of Various Additives on Biodiesel Properties
14.2.1 Effect of Additives on Fuel Properties
14.2.2 Effect of Additives on Cold Flow Properties
14.2.2.1 Cold Filter Plugging Point (CFPP)
14.2.2.2 Pour Point
14.2.2.3 Cloud Point
14.3 Effect of various Additives on Engine Combustion, Performance, and Emission Characteristics
14.3.1 Effect of Additives on Combustion Characteristics
14.3.2 Effect of Additives on Engine Performance Characteristics
14.3.3 Effect of Additives on Exhaust Emission Characteristics
14.4 Recent Trends and Advancements in the Field of Additives
14.5 Conclusion
References
Chapter 15: Qualitative Characterization of Biodiesel Fuels: Basics and Beyond
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Characteristics and Properties of Biodiesel
15.2.1 Combustion Properties
15.2.1.1 Cetane Number
15.2.1.2 Flash Point
15.2.2 Physical Properties
15.2.2.1 Specific Gravity
15.2.2.2 Heat of Combustion
15.2.2.3 Distillation Curve
15.2.3 Flow Properties
15.2.3.1 Low Temperature Flow Properties
15.2.3.2 Viscosity and Surface Tension
15.2.4 Storage and Stability
15.2.4.1 Oxidative Stability
15.2.4.2 Iodine Number
15.2.5 Chemical Properties
15.3 Factors Affecting Biodiesel Properties
15.3.1 Alcohol
15.3.2 Fatty Acid Composition
15.3.3 Contaminants
15.4 Effects of Biodiesel Properties on the Performance and Emissions of Diesel Engines
15.5 Conclusion and Summary
References
Chapter 16: Use of Biodiesel Fuels in Diesel Engines
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Biodiesel Properties
16.2.1 Viscosity
16.2.2 Density
16.2.3 Flash Point
16.2.4 Boiling Point
16.2.5 Cloud Point, Pour Point, and Cold Filter Plugging Point
16.2.6 Cetane Number
16.2.7 Calorific Value
16.2.8 Stability of Oxidation
16.2.9 Acid Number
16.2.10 Iodine Number
16.2.11 Carbon Residue
16.2.12 Sulfate Ash Content
16.2.13 Water and Sediment Content
16.2.14 Copper Strip Corrosion
16.3 Performance and Emission Characteristics
16.3.1 Engine Performance
16.3.1.1 Brake Power
16.3.1.2 Brake Specific Fuel Consumption
16.3.1.3 Brake Thermal Efficiency
16.3.1.4 Exhaust Gas Temperature
16.3.2 Combustion and Emission Characteristics
16.3.2.1 Combustion Characteristics
16.3.2.2 Emission Characteristics
16.4 Engine Durability and Corrosiveness Characteristics
16.4.1 Engine Durability
16.4.2 Corrosiveness Characteristics and Inhibitors
16.5 Deposits
16.5.1 Deposit Formation Mechanism
16.5.2 Deposits from the Use of Biodiesel
16.6 Conclusion
References
Chapter 17: Biodiesel Promotion Policies: A Global Perspective
17.1 Introduction
17.2 Consumption of Oil
17.3 Carbon Emissions
17.4 Energy Intensity
17.5 Policy Paralysis in the Biofuel Sector
17.6 Observations from Global Biodiesel Production Projects
17.6.1 Standards for Biodiesel Blends
17.6.2 Economic Sustainability of Feedstock
17.6.3 Wastelands
17.6.4 Policy Interventions
17.6.5 Energy Demand in the Marine and Aviation Sector
17.6.6 Energy Demand for Commercial Vehicles
17.7 Observations and Recommendations from a Status Report on the Implementation of Existing Biodiesel Promotion Policies
17.7.1 Greenhouse Gas Reduction Initiatives
17.7.2 Biodiesel Blending Percentage
17.7.3 Usage of Higher Percentage Biodiesel Blends
17.7.4 Production Capacity
17.7.5 Sustainable Development of Biodiesel Production
17.7.6 Scaling up Advanced Biofuels Is Essential
17.7.7 Policy Support to Commercialize Advanced Biofuels
References
Part IV: Glycerol
Chapter 18: Glycerol: A Scientometric Review of the Research
18.1 Introduction
18.2 Materials and Methodology
18.3 Results
18.3.1 Indices and Documents
18.3.2 Authors
18.3.3 Publication Years
18.3.4 Institutions
18.3.5 Funding Bodies
18.3.6 Source Titles
18.3.7 Countries
18.3.8 ‘Web of Science’ Subject Categories
18.3.9 Citation Impact
18.3.10 Keywords
18.3.11 Research Fronts
18.4 Discussion
18.5 Conclusion
Acknowledgments
18.A Appendix
References
Chapter 19: Hydrogen-Rich Syngas Production from Biodiesel-derived Glycerol: An Overview of the Modeling and Optimization Strategies
19.1 Introduction
19.2 Technological Routes for Hydrogen-Rich Syngas Production from Glycerol
19.3 Modeling and Optimization Strategies to Improve Glycerol Conversion
19.3.1 Modeling Strategies for Glycerol Conversion Processes
19.3.2 Optimization Strategies for Glycerol Conversion Processes
19.4 Conclusion
References
Chapter 20: Propanediol Production from Glycerol: A Review of the Research
20.1 Introduction
20.2 Materials and Methodology
20.3 Results
20.3.1 Catalytic Propanediol Production
20.3.2 Microbial Propanediol Production
20.4 Discussion
20.4.1 Catalytic Propanediol Production
20.4.2 Microbial Propanediol Production
20.5 Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
Index
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
K
L
M
N
O
P
R
S
T
U
V
W
X
Y
Z