Biodegradable Polymers: Materials and their Structures

✍ Scribed by Manjari Sharma

• Publisher: CRC Press
• Year: 2021
• Tongue: English
• Leaves: 243
• Edition: 1
• Category: Library

✦ Synopsis

This book is about development of biodegradable polymers alternatives, which are required to save our reserves of fossil fuels and to save our mother earth from further environmental degradation. This book deals with the family of biodegradable polymers which have to be prepared with a novel idea of studying polymers with a “Cradle to Grave” approach. It touches upon basic materials, which can be potential materials to prepare biodegradable polymers with their basic structures, properties, behaviour and limitations known till date. This book will help students in understanding various characterization techniques which can be used for the study of identification of functional group, structural properties, thermal behaviour, crystallographic nature, mechanical properties and morphological properties through FTIR–ATR for physico chemical properties, DSC & TGA for thermal studies, XRD for crystallographic studies & SEM for morphological studies. It also provides an overview of various testing methods to analyse
biodegradability including standard guideline for evaluation of biodegradation and compostability of polymer material through ASTM/ISO/EN standard methods.
Note: T&F does not sell or distribute the Hardback in India, Pakistan, Nepal, Bhutan, Bangladesh and Sri Lanka.

✦ Table of Contents

Cover
Half Title
Title Page
Copyright Page
Dedication
Brief Contents
Table of Contents
1. Introduction
1.0 Introduction
1.1 Background
1.2 Definitions
1.3 Developmental Need
1.4 Recycling
1.5 Process Compatibilities
1.6 Need of Development of Biodegradable Polymer
1.7 Challenge in Present Scenario
1.8 Manufacturers of Biodegradable Polymers as on Date
1.9 Commercial Biodegradable Products of Starch
1.10 Applications of Biodegradable Polymer
1.11 Objectives for Development
1.12 Current Status in India
1.13 Current Status in World
1.14 Conclusion
1.15 References
2. Classification of Biodegradable Polymers
2.0 Categories of Polymers
2.1 Non-degradable and Non-renewable Polymers
2.2 Degradable and Non-renewable Polymers
2.3 Biodegradable and Non-renewable Polymers
2.4 Biodegradable and Renewable Polymers
2.5 Categories of Biodegradable Polymers
2.6 Details of Different Categories Based Biodegradable Polymers
2.7 References
3. Materials and Their Structures
3.0 Biodegradable Polymer - Materials and their Structures
3.1 Polysaccharides
3.1.1 Starch
3.1.2 Cellulose
3.1.3 Chitin and Chitosan
3.2 Protein- Based
3.3 Bacterial/Microbial Polyesters
3.4 Poly (Glycolic Acid)
3.5 Synthetic Polyester
3.5.1 Polycaprolactone
3.5.2 Poly (Lactic Acid)
3.6 Poly (Vinyl Alcohol)
3.7 Starch/Poly (Vinyl Alcohol) (PVA) Based Biodegradable Polymers
3.8 Starch/Poly (Epsilon-Caprolactone) (PCL) Based Biodegradable Polymers
3.9 Starch/Poly (D, L-Lactic Acid) (PLA) Based Biodegradable Polymers
3.10 Starch / Poly-hydroxy-alkanoates (PHA) Based Biodegradable Polymers
3.11 Starch/Poly (Butylenes Succinate-Co-Butylene Adipate) (PBSA) Based Biodegradable Polymers
3.12 Starch with Olefins Vinyl Derivatives
3.13 Starch and Olefins with Acrylate Derivatives
3.14 Starch and Olefins with Anhydride Group
3.15 References
4. Innovation Till Date
4.0 Research in the Field of Biodegradable Polymers as on Date
4.1 References
5. Characterization Techniques
5.0 Characterization Techniques
5.1 Physico-chemical Analysis
5.1.1 FTIR: ATR Fourier Transform Infrared: Attenuated Total Reflectance: Spectroscopy
5.2 Thermal Analysis
5.2.1 DSC: Differential Scanning Calorimetery
5.2.2 TGA: Thermo Gravimetric Analysis
5.2.3 Thermo Mechancial Analyser (TMA)
5.2.4 Dynamic Mechanical Analyser (DMA)
5.3 Crystallographic Study
5.3.1 XRD: X-Ray Diffraction
5.4 Morphology Analysis
5.4.1 SEM: Scanning Electron Microscopy
5.5 Water Absorption Analysis
5.6 Physico-mechanical Properties
5.6.1 Tensile Strength
5.6.2 Tear Strength
5.6.3 Burst Strength
5.7 Degradation Study
5.7.1 Weight Loss Study
5.7.2 Carbonyl Index Study
5.7.3 Mechanical Properties After Degradation
5.7.4 Morphology Study After Degradation
5.8 References
6. Biodegradation
6.0 Biodegradation
6.1 Degradation Process of Bio-degradable Polymer
6.2 Factors Affecting Biodegradability
6.3 International Standard Methods for Bio-degradability Testing
6.4 Methods of Biodegradation
6.4.1 Soil Burial
6.4.2 Composting
6.5 Definition of Composting
6.5.1 According to ASTM Standards
6.5.2 According to ISO Draft Standards
6.5.3 According to British Standards
6.5.4 According to US Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA)
6.6 Factors Affecting Composting Process
6.7 Phases of Composting Process
6.8 An International Standard Related to Composting
6.8.1 ASTM Standards Related to Composting
6.8.2 ISO Standards Related to Composting
6.8.3 EN Standard Related to Composting
6.9 Methods of Biodegradability Testing by Composting
6.9.1 ISO 14855-1 and 2
6.10 Methods of Bio-degradation Testing
6.11 Biodegradation Supporting Environments
6.12 Duration of Bio-degradation and Risk of their Entry into Nature
6.13 Biodegradation Measurement Procedures
6.14 References
Glossary
Index