Behavior Therapy: First, Second, and Third Waves

✍ Scribed by William O'Donohue, Akihiko Masuda

• Publisher: Springer
• Year: 2022
• Tongue: English
• Leaves: 797
• Category: Library

✦ Synopsis

This book provides a comprehensive overview of first, second, and third wave behavior therapies, comparing and contrasting their relative strengths and weaknesses. Recent discussion and research has focused intently on third wave behavior therapies, in particular Dialectical Behavior Therapy and Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT). This is in contrast with first wave behavior therapies (what today might be called applied behavior analysis or clinical behavior therapy) and second wave behavior therapies brought about by the “cognitive revolution”. The editors aim to provide a fuller understanding of this psychotherapeutic paradigm, tracking how behavior therapies have evolved through history and various paradigm shifts in the field.

To this end, the book is organized into five sections covering:

• Introduction to the three waves of behavior therapy
• Assessment and measurement strategies
• Comparative issues and controversies
• Applications of the three waves of behavior therapy to 7 major disorders: anxiety, depression, obesity, psychosis, substance abuse, ADHD, and chronic pain
• Implications of and future directions for behavior therapies

This volume provides a useful perspective on the evolution of cognitive behavior therapy that will inform the study and practice of a variety of mental health professionals.

✦ Table of Contents

Preface
Contents
About the Editors
Part I: Introduction
The Three Waves of Cognitive Behavior Therapy: Scientific Aspirations and Scientific Status
History and Revolution of CBT: A Kuhnian Perspective
Wittgensteinian Fibres and CBT
Scientific Epistemology and CBT
Agnotology and CBT
Overview of Chapters in the Present Volume
References
Personal Perspectives on the Development of Behavior Therapy and Cognitive Behavior Therapy
Earliest Influences
Cognitive Factors in Behavior Therapy – The Development of Cognitive Behavior Therapy
The Person as an Active, Thinking Agent
Relaxation as an Active Cognitive Process
Countercontrol
Attribution
Perceived Control
Science and Practice: A Two-Way Street
Principles of Change Not Treatment Packages
Abnormal Psychology Textbook
Clinical Complexity and Psychotherapy Integration
The Therapist’s Thoughts and Feelings During Interactions with Patients
The Phenomenological Essence of CBT
Early Involvement in Basic Cognitive Research
Cognitive Assessment
Ethics and Psychotherapy of All Kinds
Clinical Problems as Clinicians’ Constructions
Conclusion
References
Meta-science and the Three Waves of Cognitive Behavior Therapy: Three Distinct Sets of Commitments
An Overview
Science and Problem Solving
First Wave: Skinner, Behavior Therapy, and Applied Behavior Analysis
B. F. Skinner’s Views of Science
Skinner’s Philosophy of Science and Evolutionary Epistemology
Skinner’s Indigenous Evolutionary Epistemology
The Second Wave: The Stoics and Neo-Popperians
The Stoics
Popper and the Neo-Popperians
Bartley’s Pan-Critical Rationalism
Pan-Critical Rationality and Evolution
Pan-Critical Rationality and Rational Emotive Therapy
The Third Wave: Post-Modernism and Contextualism
Functional Contextualism
Evolutionary Epistemology
Basic and Applied Science: A Reticulated Model
Middle-Level Terms and Constructs
Conclusions
References
What Is First-Wave Behavior Therapy?
A Representative View of Behavior Therapy
Neobehaviorism
Behavior Analysis
Conclusion
Foundations of Behavior Therapy
Long Past: 500 B.C.E.–1900 C.E.
Conclusion
Short History: 1900–1950
Recent Origins: 1950–1960
Institutional Founding (1960–1970)
Yesterday and Today
Yesterday
Today
Conclusion
References
What Is Second Wave Behavior Therapy?
Essentials of CBT
The Origins of CBT
Overcoming the Limits of First Wave Behavior Therapy
REBT and CT
Albert Ellis’ Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy
Aaron Beck’s Cognitive Behavior Therapy
The Relationship Between Second and Third Wave Therapies
CBT Strategies
What Do Patients Learn in CBT?
Conclusion
References
What Is Third Wave Behavior Therapy?
Third Wave Behavior Therapies
History
“Anomalies” in the Context of the Second Wave
Change in Content Versus Change in Context
The Role of Differing Assumptions
Treatment Methods
Acceptance as Key Process
Evidence
Contextual CBT
Third Wave and the Rise of Process Based Treatment
Summary
References
Part II: Assessment and Case Conceptualization
Second Wave Assessment and Case Formulation
Two Levels of Assessment
Targets of Self Report Assessment
Theoretical Critiques
Second Wave Formulation
Implications for the Third Wave
Summary and Conclusion
References
Dialectical Behavior Therapy: Assessment and Case Conceptualization
The Development of DBT
The Biosocial Model
The DBT Treatment Structure
Research Evidence
The Role of Assessment in DBT
Case Conceptualization in DBT
Similarities and Differences Between DBT and Other Therapies
Training and Certification in DBT
Conclusion
References
Radically Open Dialectical Behavior Therapy: Theory, Assessment and Case Conceptualization
Overcontrol Defined
Development of RO DBT: Similarities and Differences from ‘Standard’ DBT
Biosocial Model of RO DBT
Distinct Aspects of RO DBT Treatment
Research Evidence
Treatment Resistant Depression
Anorexia Nervosa
Autism Spectrum Disorder
Transdiagnostic Psychiatric Conditions
Assessment in RO DBT
Four Session Orientation
Subtypes of Overcontrol
Validated Questionnaires
Case Conceptualization
Treatment Hierarchy
RO DBT Suicidal Behavioral Protocol
Therapeutic Alliance: Ruptures and Repair
Five Behavioral Themes of Social Signaling
Chain Analysis
Conclusion
References
Part III: Comparative Issues and Controversies
The Advantages of First Wave Behavior Therapy and Problems with the Others
Before the First Wave
The First Wave
First Ripples
A Russian Wave
The South African and European and Wave
The American Operant Deluge
Ripening and Expansion of Applied Behavior Analysis: 1980’s–2020
A New Profession
Problems with Waves Two and Three
Treasures from the Deep or Flotsam and Jetsam?
References
Cognitive Therapy and the Three Waves: Advantages, Disadvantages and Rapprochement
Historical Context of the Cognitive Therapy
The Cognitive Revolution in Psychology
Beck’s Cognitive Model
Cognitive Model of Therapy
How Are Other Approaches Viewed?
Does the Content of Thoughts Matter?
Behavior Counts
Case Conceptualization
Parsimony vs. Complexity
Disengagement and Decentering Can Be Helpful
Acceptance Is Helpful—Even Necessary
Relevance of More Complicated Problems
Philosophical Problems with Behaviorism
Different Approaches for Different Problems
Final Thoughts
References
Advantages of Third Wave Behavior Therapies
Arrival of Third Wave Behavior Therapy
Aims of the Present Chapter
Third Wave Behavior Therapies
Characteristics of Third Wave Behavior Therapy Movement
Contributions of Third Wave Behavioral Therapies
Clarifying the Assumptions of One’s Own Philosophical Worldview and Those of Others
Being Deliberate About Treatment Development and Using Philosophy as a Guide
Development of Pragmatic Theories High in Precision and Scope: A Unified Model of Behavioral Adaptation and Behavior Change
Continued Commitment to Empirical Verification
Additive Advantages of Third Wave Behavior Therapy
Behaviorally-Informed Unified Models of Optimal Health and Behavior Change
Additive Conceptual and Applied Elements
Reflection and Conclusion
References
Part IV: Treatments for Specific Disorders
First Wave Conceptualizations of Anxiety Disorders
Early Behavioral Models
Classical Conditioning and Generalization
Counter-Conditioning and Reciprocal Inhibition
Two-Factor Theory
Rescorla-Wagner Model
Safety Signal Theory
Vicarious Conditioning
Contemporary Learning Models
Influence of Symbolic Generalization on Models of Fear Learning
Influence of Personality and Latent Inhibition on Models of Fear Learning
Influence of Evolutionary Factors on Models of Fear Learning: Biological Preparedness and Species-Specific Defense Reactions (SSDRs)
Influence of Neuroscience on Models of Fear Extinction: Inhibitory Learning
Challenges from the Second and Third Waves of Psychotherapy
Challenges from the Second Wave
Challenges from the Third Wave
A Case Example
Conclusions
References
Third Wave Conceptualization of Anxiety, Obsessive Compulsive Disorders, and Obsessive Compulsive Related Disorders
Overview of Exposure Therapy in the Third Wave
Research Overview
Mindfulness Based Therapies for Adult Anxiety Disorders
Dialectical Behavior Therapy for Adult Anxiety Disorders
Acceptance and Commitment Therapy for Adult Anxiety Disorders
Mindfulness Based Therapies for Anxiety Disorders in Youth
Dialectical Behavior Therapy for Anxiety Disorders in Youth
Acceptance and Commitment Therapy for Anxiety Disorders in Youth
Mindfulness Based Therapies for OCD and OCRDs in Adults
Dialectical Behavior Therapy for OCD and OCRDs in Adults
Acceptance and Commitment Therapy for OCD and OCRDs in Adults
Third Wave Therapies for Youth with OCD and OCRDs
Thoughts on the Three Waves
Process of Change Research
Clinical Example Using ACT
Conclusion and Future Directions
References
Depressive Disorders: First Wave Case Conceptualization
Description and Diagnosis
Behavioral Model of Depression
Operant Conditioning
History of Development
Empirical Evidence in Support
Empirical Evidence Against
Behavioral Activation
Description
Empirical Evidence in Support
Empirical Evidence Against
Use with Different Clients
Clinical Case Example
Description
Application
Potential Difficulties
Ambivalence
Homework Compliance
Resistance
Summary
References
Second Wave Treatment for Depressive Disorders
Cognitive Theories of Depression
Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy
Cognitive Therapy
The Cognitive Triad in Detail
Negative View of the World
Negative View of the Self
Negative View of the Future
Treatment of Depressive Disorders
Conducting REBT
Conducting CT
Cognitive Techniques
Other Aspects of Beck’s CT for Depression
CT Case Illustration
Initial Evaluation
Case Conceptualization
First Session
Second Session
Third Through Ninth Sessions
Termination Session
Empirical Research
Outcome Research
REBT
CT
Research Examining Treatment Models and Processes/Mechanisms of Change
REBT
CT
Conclusion
References
Depression: Third Wave Case Conceptualization
Current Standard of Care for Depression
Rationale for Adapting Mindfulness Meditation to Prevent Depression Relapse
Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy (MBCT)
Structure of MBCT
Efficacy of MBCT
Therapeutic Change Mechanisms of MBCT
Cost-Effectiveness of MBCT
Emergent Themes from Qualitative and Case Studies of MBCT
MBCT Case Illustration
Concluding Remarks
References
First Wave Treatment of Obesity
Biology of Obesity
Basic Factors Related to Obesity
Biopsychosocial Factors Related to Obesity
Physiological Measurement of Obesity
Behavior Analysis and Obesity
Behavioral Assessment of Obesity
Behavioral Interventions for Obesity
First Wave Behavioral Treatments of Obesity
Recommendations from First Wave Behavioral Treatments of Obesity
Limitations of First Wave Behavior Analytic Approaches in the Treatment of Obesity
Second and Third Wave Behavioral Treatments
Conclusion
References
Obesity: Third Wave Case Conceptualization
Theoretical Rationale
Mindfulness-Based Interventions (MBIs)
Acceptance-Based Behavioral Treatments (ABTs)
Treatment Overviews
Mindfulness-Based Interventions (MBIs)
Acceptance-Based Behavioral Treatments (ABTs)
Research Support and Future Directions
Mindfulness-Based Interventions (MBIs)
Acceptance-Based Behavioral Treatments (ABTs)
Conclusions
References
First-Wave Behavior Therapies for Schizophrenia and Related Psychotic Disorders
Early Behavioral Research with Psychotic Disorders
Landmark Studies of Teodoro Ayllon and Colleagues in the State Mental Hospitals
First-Wave Behavior Therapies for Specific Problems and Their Derivatives
Delusional Speech
Hallucinatory Behavior
Social Skills
Personal Grooming and Hygiene
Vocational Skills
Recreational Behavior
Functional Analysis of Psychotic Behavior
Summary and Conclusions: Past and Present Contexts of First-Wave Behavior Therapies
References
Schizophrenia Spectrum and Other Psychotic Disorders: Second Wave Case Conceptualization
Overview of CBT for Psychosis
Clinical Methods and Indications
Review of Research
Limitations
Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy for Delusions
Cognitive Biases and Distortions
Stages of CBTp
Stage 1: Engagement and Assessment Phase
Potential Problems in The Early Stages
Stage 2: Education and Orientation Phase
Stage 3: Verbal Disputation of Delusional Beliefs
Stage 4: Behavioral Challenging and Disputation Phase
Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy for Hallucinations
Overview of Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy for Hallucinations
Stage 1: Engagement and Assessment Phase
Stage 2: Education and Orientation
Stages 3 and 4: Cognitive and Behavioral Disputation Methods
Summary
References
Schizophrenia Spectrum and Other Psychotic Disorders: Third Wave Case Conceptualization
ACT for Psychosis
Theoretical Rationale
Treatment Processes
Common Strategies and Techniques
Clinical Considerations
Supporting Research
Other Third Wave Interventions for Psychosis
Case Illustration
Client Description and History of Illness
Assessment of the Client’s Problems, Goals, Strengths, and History
Case Formulation and Treatment Plan
Description of Therapy Course
Therapy Monitoring and Use of Feedback Information
Concluding Evaluation of the Therapy’s Process and Outcome
Comparing ACT vs First and Second Wave Approaches
Conclusion
References
Substance-Related and Addictive Disorders: First Wave Case Conceptualization
Introduction
Operant Conditioning
Clinical Applications of Operant Conditioning
Neurobiological Findings
Community Reinforcement Approach: An Applied Extension
The Use of Incentives: Alternative Rewards
Development and Effectiveness of CRA
Contextual Factors That Influence the Promotion of Healthy Alternative Reinforcers
Characteristics of Community Reinforcement Approach
CRA Treatment Plan: Happiness Scale and Goals of Counseling
CRA Procedures
Functional Analyses
Sobriety Sampling
CRA Skill Training
Job-Finding Skills
Social/Recreational Counseling
Systematic Encouragement
Relapse Prevention
Medication Monitoring
Relationship Therapy
Case Illustration
Background Information
Case Conceptualization
Course of Treatment: Introductory Session
Treatment Planning
Skill Training
Treatment Plan Updating
Treatment Plan Updating and Relapse Prevention
Case Conclusion
Community Reinforcement Approach & Contingency Management
Adolescent Version of Community Reinforcement Approach (A-CRA)
Community Reinforcement Approach and Family Training (CRAFT)
Conclusion
References
Substance Use Disorders: Second Wave Approaches
Social Learning Theory
Harm Reduction
Relapse Prevention
Motivational Interviewing
Group CBT
CBT for Specific SUDs
Alcohol
Cannabis Use Disorder
Tobacco Cessation
Stimulant Use Disorders
Opioid Use Disorder
Comorbidity with Other Mental Health Disorders
CBT SUD Technologies
CBT SUD Implementation
Conclusion
References
Third Wave Therapies and Substance Use Disorders: A Case Example
Case Description
Session 1: Awareness and Openness
Session 2: Acceptance and Engagement
Session 3: Awareness, Acceptance, and Engagement
Empirical Support
Meta-analytic Findings and Reviews of ACT and Other Third Wave Therapies.
Alcohol Use Disorders
Smoking Cessation Research
Other Addictive Behaviors Research
Third Wave and Second-Wave Therapy Comparisons
Understanding Mechanisms of Action
Conclusions
References
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: First Wave Case Conceptualization
First Wave Behavior Therapy: An Overview
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: An Overview
Intervention Approach for Behavioral Deficits
Reinforcer Identification
Self-Control
Academic Performance
Social Skills
Take Home Points
Intervention Approach for Behavioral Excesses
Behavioral Excesses Maintained by Social Positive Reinforcement
Behavioral Excesses Maintained by Social Negative Reinforcement
Behavioral Excesses Maintained by Automatic Reinforcements
Take Home Point
Case Application: A Case of Mark
Overview
Step 1: Assessments
Step 2: Development of Behavior Intervention Plan and Parent Training
Summary & Conclusions
References
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: Second Wave Conceptualization and Intervention
Cognitive Behavioral Conceptualization of ADHD
The “Waves” of Therapy for ADHD
Review of Second Wave Interventions for ADHD
Interventions for Children and Adolescents
Interventions for Adults
Conclusion
References
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: Third-Wave Behavior Therapy Conceptualization
Setting the Stage: Third-wave Behaviorism and Primary Care
Overview of ADHD and Implications for Clinicians
Research Related to Third-Wave Interventions and ADHD
Third-Wave Conceptualization of ADHD
ADHD Case Illustration and Conceptualization
Summary
References
Chronic Pain: Perspective on the Second Wave
Variations in Chronic Pain Treatment Across Waves of Behavior Therapy
First Wave
Second Wave – Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy
Beliefs About Pain
Catastrophic Thinking
Perceived Control
Self-Efficacy
Chronic Pain Treatment Within the CBT Approach
Treatment of A Chronic Pain Patient: Ms. M
Third Wave
Evidence Base for Chronic Pain Treatment Across Waves of Behavior Therapy
Challenges in Evaluating Efficacy and Effectiveness of Waves of Behavior Therapy for Chronic Pain
For Whom and Under Which Circumstances Are Second Wave Treatments Superior?
Future Directions
Conclusion
References
Chronic Pain: Third Wave Case Conceptualizations
Pain: An Overview
The ‘Waves’ of a Behavioral Approach to Chronic Pain
First Wave
Second Wave
Third Wave
ACT Case Conceptualization
Conceptual Issues
Questionnaire Assessment
Case Conceptualization Example
Effectiveness and Mechanism Data
The ‘Waves’ – Comparisons and Challenges
Future Objectives for a Behavioral Approach to Chronic Pain
Conclusion
References
Part V: CBT from International Perspectives
The History of Behavior Therapy in Brazil and Its Relationship with the Three Waves
Behavior Therapy in Brazil: A Historical Construction
Behavior-Analytic Therapy (TAC) and the Third Wave of Behavior Therapy
Behavior-Analytic Therapy (TAC): A Brazilian Model
Evidence for Behavior-Analytic Therapy (TAC)
Conclusion
References
History of Cognitive and Behavior Therapies in Japan: A Behavior Analytic Perspective
Behavior Therapy and Licensing Law for Psychologists in Japan
Public Image of Behavior Therapy in Japan: A Cultural Perspective
Preference of Assimilation and Accommodation Over Control
Japanese Language
Unwillingness to Recognize Oneself as a Control Agent
Person-Centered Approach and Japanese Culture
Dawn of Behavior Therapy in Japan (1950–1980): The First Wave
Studies of Nocturnal Enuresis by Kousaku Umezu: The Dawn of Behavior Therapy Research in Japan
Translation of the Volume Behaviour Therapy and the Neuroses by Hans Eysenck
Establishment of Japanese Association of Behavior Therapy in 1975
Further Development of Behavior Therapy and Division (1980–2001): The Second Wave
An Invited Visit of Albert Bandura in 1982: Bridging from Behavioral Theories to Cognitive Theories
Establishment of Japanese Association of Behavior Analysis in 1983
Publication of “Cognitive Behavior Therapy” by Yuji Sakano: The Establishment of Cognitive Behavior Therapy in Japan
Behavior Therapy’s Identity Crisis in Japan (2001–2020): The Third Wave
World Congress of Behavioral and Cognitive Therapies in 2004
Arrival of Mindfulness Revolution: A Role of Japanese Cognitive Behavior Therapy
Where Is Behavior Therapy Headed in Japan?
Education and Trainings
Conclusion
References
Part VI: Summary and Future Directions
The Future of First Wave Behavior Therapies
Signs of Professionalization
Organizational Infrastructure
Credentialing and Legal Regulation
Insurance Reimbursement and Billing Codes
Practice
Some Problems
Competing Credentials
Corporate Takeover of Behavior Analysis?
The Intrusion of Pseudo-scientific and Non-Research-Based Services
Summary and Conclusions
References
The Future of Third Wave Cognitive Behavior Therapies
Domain of Third Wave Cognitive Behavior Therapies
Changes in What Is Delivered and How
The ACT-RFT Relationship
Parallel Play
Reticulated Model
Amicable Separation
The Emergence of Process-Based Therapy (PBT)
A Confluence of Influences
ACT and the Rest of Third Wave Behavior Therapies
Contributions of Third Wave Cognitive Behavioral Therapies
Challenges That the Third Wave Movement Has Brought to the Field
After All, What Is the “Third Wave”?
Personal Reflections by Robert D. Zettle
Conclusion
References
Index