Behavior Modification: What It Is and How To Do It

✍ Scribed by GARRY. MARTIN; Joseph J. Pear

• Publisher: Routledge
• Year: 2023
• Tongue: English
• Leaves: 409
• Category: Library

✦ Synopsis

Behavior Modification is a comprehensive, practical presentation of the principles of behavior modification and guidelines for their application. It introduces forms of behavior modification ranging from helping children learn necessary life skills, to training pets, to solving personal behavior problems. It teaches practical "how-to" skills, including discerning long-term effects; designing, implementing, and evaluating behavioral programs; interpreting behavioral episodes; observing and recording behaviors; and recognizing instances of reinforcement, extinction, and punishment. The material is presented in an engaging, readable format that assumes no prior knowledge of behavior modification or psychology. Specific cases and examples clarify issues and make the principles real. Guidelines throughout provide a ready source to use as a reference in applying the principles. Questions for Learning, an average of 25 per chapter, are included to support students in checking their knowledge of the material when preparing for tests and exams. Application Exercises are also included in most chapters to assist students in the development of the practical skills they will need to complete behavior modification projects effectively. Behavior Modification is ideal for courses in Behavior Modification, Applied Behavior Analysis, Behavior Therapy, the Psychology of Learning, and related areas; and for students and practitioners of various helping professions--such as clinical psychology, counselling, education, medicine, nursing, occupational therapy, physiotherapy, psychiatric nursing, psychiatry, social work, speech therapy, and sport psychology--who are concerned directly with enhancing various forms of behavior development.

✦ Table of Contents

Cover
Half Title
Series
Title
Copyright
Dedication
Contents
Preface
About the 12th Edition of This Book
Changes in the 12th Edition
Digital Materials for Professors and Students: Test Questions, Practica,PowerPoint Slide Material, and Flashcards
To the Student
Acknowledgments
Using This Book to Study for the Behavior Analysis Certification Board®Examinations
Part I The Behavior Modification Approach
Chapter 1 Introduction
What Is Behavior?
What Is Behavior Modification?
What Is Behavioral Assessment?
Historical Highlights of Behavior Modification
Current Use of “Behavior Modification,” “Behavior Modifier,” and Related Terms
Some Misconceptions About Behavior Modification
The Approach of This Book
Summary of Chapter 1
Application Exercises
Chapter 2 Areas of Application: An Overview
Parenting and Child Management
Education: From Preschool to University
Developmental Disabilities
Schizophrenia
Psychological Problems Treated in Clinical Settings
Self-Management of Personal Problems
Medical and Health Care
Gerontology
Behavioral Community Psychology
Business, Industry, and Government
Behavioral Sport Psychology
Behavior Modification With Diverse Populations
Conclusion
Summary of Chapter 2
Application Exercises
Chapter 3 Defining, Measuring, and Recording Target Behavior
Minimal Phases of a Behavior Modification Program
Indirect, Direct, and Experimental Behavioral Assessments
Characteristics of Behavior for Direct Assessment
Strategies for Recording Behavior
Minimal Time Strategies for Measuring the Amount of Behavior
Assessing the Accuracy of Observations
Assessing the Accuracy of a Treatment
Data! Data! Data! Why Bother?
Summary of Chapter 3
Application Exercises
Chapter 4 Doing Behavior Modification Research
The Reversal-Replication (ABAB) Design
Multiple-Baseline Designs
The Changing-Criterion Design
Alternating-Treatments or Multielement Design
Data Analysis and Interpretation
Single-Subject versus Control-Group Designs
Summary of Chapter 4
Application Exercises
Part II Basic Behavioral Principles and Procedures
Chapter 5 Respondent (Classical, Pavlovian) Conditioning of Reflexive Behavior
Behavioral Principles and Procedures
Principle of Respondent Conditioning
Higher-Order Conditioning
Respondently Conditioned Responses
Procedures for Eliminating a Conditioned Reflex
Generalization and Discrimination of Respondent Behavior
Applications of Respondent Conditioning and Extinction
An Introduction to Operant Conditioning: Another Type of Learning
Summary of Chapter 5
Application Exercises
Chapter 6 Increasing a Behavior With Positive Reinforcement
Positive Reinforcement
Factors Influencing the Effectiveness of Positive Reinforcement
Pitfalls of Positive Reinforcement
Guidelines for the Effective Application of Positive Reinforcement
Summary of Chapter 6
Application Exercises
Chapter 7 Increasing Behavior With Conditioned Reinforcement
Unconditioned and Conditioned Reinforcers
Factors Influencing the Effectiveness of Conditioned Reinforcement
Pitfalls of Conditioned Reinforcement
Guidelines for the Effective Application of Conditioned Reinforcement
Summary of Chapter 7
Application Exercises
Chapter 8 Decreasing a Behavior With Operant Extinction
Operant Extinction
Factors Influencing the Effectiveness of Operant Extinction
Pitfalls of Operant Extinction
Guidelines for the Effective Application of Operant Extinction
Summary of Chapter 8
Application Exercises
Chapter 9 Getting a New Behavior to Occur With Shaping
Shaping
Factors Influencing the Effectiveness of Shaping
Pitfalls of Shaping
Guidelines for the Effective Application of Shaping
Summary of Chapter 9
Application Exercises
Chapter 10 Developing Behavioral Persistence With Schedules of Reinforcement
Some Definitions
Ratio Schedules
Simple Interval Schedules
Schedules With a Limited Hold
Duration Schedules
Overview of Six Commonly Used Intermittent Reinforcement Schedules for Increasing and Maintaining Behavior
Effects of Intermittent Reinforcement With Animals Versus Humans
Concurrent Schedules of Reinforcement
Pitfalls of Intermittent Reinforcement
Guidelines for the Effective Application of Intermittent Reinforcement
Summary of Chapter 10
Application Exercises
Chapter 11 Responding at the Right Time and Place: Operant Stimulus Discrimination and Stimulus Generalization
Learning to Respond at the Right Time and Place
Controlling Stimuli of Operant Behavior: SDs and S∆s
Operant Stimulus Discrimination
Operant Stimulus Generalization
Factors Influencing the Effectiveness of Operant Stimulus Discrimination Training
Pitfalls of Operant Stimulus Discrimination Training
Guidelines for Effective Operant Stimulus Discrimination Training
Summary of Chapter 11
Application Exercises
Chapter 12 Changing the Stimulus Control of a Behavior With Fading
Fading
Dimensions of Stimuli for Fading
Factors Influencing the Effectiveness of Fading
Fading Versus Shaping
Pitfalls of Fading
Guidelines for the Effective Application of Fading
Summary of Chapter 12
Application Exercises
Chapter 13 Getting a New Sequence of Behaviors to Occur With Behavior Chaining
Behavior Chaining
Methods for Teaching a Behavioral Chain
Chaining Compared With Fading and Shaping
Factors Influencing the Effectiveness of Behavioral Chaining
Pitfalls of Behavioral Chaining
Guidelines for the Effective Application of Behavioral Chaining
Summary of Chapter 13
Application Exercises
Chapter 14 Differential Reinforcement Procedures to Decrease Behavior
Decreasing Operant Behavior
Differential Reinforcement of Low Rates
Differential Reinforcement of Zero Responding
Differential Reinforcement of Incompatible Behavior
Differential Reinforcement of Alternative Behavior
Pitfalls of Differential Reinforcement Procedures for Decreasing Behavior
Guidelines for the Effective Application of Differential Reinforcement to Decrease Behavior
Summary of Chapter 14
Application Exercises
Chapter 15 Decreasing Behavior With Punishment
The Principle of Punishment
Types of Punisher
Factors Influencing the Effectiveness of Punishment
Some Examples of Therapeutic Punishment
Potential Harmful Side Effects of Punishment
Should Punishment Be Used?
Pitfalls of Punishment
Guidelines for the Effective Application of Punishment
Summary of Chapter 15
Application Exercises
Chapter 16 Establishing Behavior by Escape and Avoidance Conditioning
Escape Conditioning (Negative Reinforcement)
Avoidance Conditioning
Pitfalls of Escape and Avoidance Conditioning
Guidelines for the Effective Application of Escape and Avoidance Conditioning
Summary of Chapter 16
Application Exercises
Chapter 17 Respondent and Operant Conditioning Together
Respondent and Operant Conditioning Compared
Operant–Respondent Interactions
Respondent and Operant Components of Emotions
Respondent and Operant Components of Thinking
Private Thoughts and Feelings: More Respondent-Operant Interactions
Summary of Chapter 17
Application Exercises
Chapter 18 Transferring Behavior to New Settings and Making It Last: Programming of Generality of Behavior Change
Generality
Programming Generality of Operant Behavior
Programming Generality of Respondent Behavior
Pitfalls of Generality
Guidelines for Programming Generality of Operant Behavior
Summary of Chapter 18
Application Exercises
Part III Capitalizing on Operant Antecedent Control Procedures
Chapter 19 Antecedent Control: Rules and Goals
Antecedent Control of Operant Behavior
Rules
Goals
Summary of Chapter 19
Application Exercises
Chapter 20 Antecedent Control: Modeling, Physical Guidance, and Situational Inducement
Capitalizing on Existing Stimulus Control
Modeling
Physical Guidance
Situational Inducement
Summary of Chapter 20
Application Exercises
Chapter 21 Antecedent Control: Motivation
A Traditional View of Motivation
A Behavioral View of Motivation
Some Applications of Motivating Operations
Motivating Operations and Behavior Modification
Summary of Chapter 21
Application Exercises
Part IV Putting It All Together to Develop Effective Behavioral Programs
Chapter 22 Functional Assessment of Causes of Problem Behavior
Functional Assessment Procedures
Major Causes of Operant Problem Behaviors
Respondent or Elicited Problem Behaviors
Medical Causes of Problem Behaviors
Guidelines for Conducting a Functional Assessment
Summary of Chapter 22
Application Exercises
Chapter 23 Planning, Applying, and Evaluating a Behavioral Program
Deciding Whether to Design a Program Following a Referral
Selection and Implementation of a Pre-Program Assessment Procedure
Strategies of Program Design
Preliminary Implementation Considerations
Implement the Program
Program Maintenance and Evaluation
Summary of Chapter 23
Application Exercises
Chapter 24 Token Economies
A Token Economy
Steps for Setting Up and Managing a Token Economy
Generality Programming to the Natural Environment
Contingency Management
Ethical Considerations
A Summary of Considerations Necessary in Designing a Token Economy
Research on Token Economies
Summary of Chapter 24
Application Exercises
Chapter 25 Helping an Individual to Develop Self-Control
Causes of Self-Control Problems
A Behavioral Model for Self-Control
Steps in a Self-Control Program
Circumvention of the Therapist
Summary of Chapter 25
Application Exercises
Part V Behavior Therapy for Psychological
Disorders
Chapter 26 Behavioral Approaches to Psychotherapy: Cognitive Restructuring, Self-Directed Coping Methods, and Mindfulness and Acceptance Procedures
Introduction to Behavioral Approaches to Psychotherapy
A Behavioral Interpretation of Aspects of the Therapies in This Chapter
Concluding Comments
Summary of Chapter 26
Application Exercises
Chapter 27 Psychological Disorders Treated by Behavioral and Cognitive-Behavioral Therapies
Specific Phobias
Other Anxiety Disorders
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
Depression
Alcohol and Other Addictive Substance Use Disorders
Eating Disorders
Insomnia
Couple Distress
Sexual Dysfunction
Habit Disorders
Summary of Chapter 27
Part VI A Historical Perspective and Ethical Issues
Chapter 28 Giving It All Some Perspective: A Brief History
The Pavlovian-Wolpean Orientation
The Operant Conditioning Orientation: Applied Behavior Analysis
Social Learning Theory
Cognitive Behavior Therapy
The Terms Behavior Modification, Behavior Therapy, Cognitive Behavior Modification, Cognitive Behavior Therapy, and Applied Behavior Analysis
The Development of Behavior Modification Around the World
The Future of Behavior Modification
Summary of Chapter 28
Chapter 29 Ethical Issues
A Behavioral View of Ethics
Arguments Against Deliberately Controlling Behavior
Ethical Guidelines
Summary of Chapter 29 and Conclusion
Glossary
References
Author Index
Subject Index