Basic knowledge of pharmacology

✍ Scribed by Roland Seifert

• Publisher: Springer
• Year: 2019
• Tongue: English
• Leaves: 487
• Category: Library

✦ Table of Contents

Preface
Acknowledgments
Contents
About the Author
Abbreviations
Part I: General Principles
1: Introduction and Pharmacodynamics
1.1 Drugs and Poisons
1.2 Drugs and Medicines
1.3 International Nonproprietary Names (INN) Versus Brand Names
1.4 Cultural Differences in Drug Use
1.5 Mechanism-Oriented Nomenclature of Drug Classes
1.6 Drug Development
1.7 Pharmacological Targets: Receptors, Enzymes, Transporters, and Ion Channels
1.8 Concentration-Response Relations: Agonists and Antagonists
1.9 Therapeutic Index: Drug Safety
1.10 Questions and Answers
1.11 Exercises
Further Reading
2: Pharmacokinetics
2.1 ADME Parameters: Pharmacotherapeutic Relevance
2.2 Significance of the First-Pass Effect
2.3 Significance of the Blood-Brain Barrier (BBB)
2.4 Significance of the Plasma Half-Life
2.5 Significance of CYP Inducers and CYP Inhibitors
2.6 Question and Answers
2.7 Exercises
Further Reading
3: Drug Allergy
3.1 Pathophysiological Background
3.2 Overview on Type I to Type IV Drug Allergies
3.3 Pathophysiology and Therapy of Type I Reaction and Pseudoallergic Reactions
3.4 Pathophysiology and Prevention of Type IV Reactions
3.5 Question and Answers
3.6 Exercises
Further Reading
4: Treatment of Drug Intoxications
4.1 General Aspects on Intoxications
4.2 Primary Poison Elimination
4.3 Secondary Poison Elimination
4.4 Cardinal Symptoms, Treatment, and Antidotes for Important Drug Intoxications
4.5 Question and Answers
4.6 Exercises
Further Reading
Part II: Pharmacology of Integrative Systems
5: Cholinergic and Adrenergic System
5.1 Physiological Background
5.2 Acetylcholine Receptors and Adrenergic Receptors
5.3 Pharmacological Modulation of Selected Organ Functions by Acetylcholine Receptors and Adrenergic Receptors
5.4 Pharmacological Modulation of the Cholinergic Synapse
5.5 Pharmacological Modulation of the Noradrenergic Synapse
5.6 Questions and Answers
5.7 Exercises
Further Reading
6: Serotonergic System
6.1 (Patho)physiological Background
6.2 Pharmacological Modulation of Serotonin Receptors
6.3 Pharmacological Modulation of the Serotonergic Synapse
6.4 Pharmacological Treatment of Migraine
6.5 Pharmacological Treatment of Vomiting
6.6 Questions and Answers
6.7 Exercises
Further Reading
7: Histaminergic System
7.1 (Patho)physiological Background and Histamine Receptors
7.2 H1R Antagonists
7.3 Pharmacological Modulation of Gastric Proton Secretion
7.4 Pharmacological Modulation of the Mast Cell
7.5 Questions and Answers
7.6 Exercises
Further Reading
8: Dopaminergic System
8.1 (Patho)physiological Background and Pharmacological Interventions in the Dopaminergic System
8.2 Pathophysiology and Pharmacotherapy of Parkinson’s Disease (PD)
8.3 Pathophysiology and Pharmacotherapy of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)
8.4 Questions and Answers
8.5 Exercises
Further Reading
9: NO-cGMP System
9.1 (Patho)physiological Background
9.2 NO Donors
9.3 PDE5 Inhibitors
9.4 sGC Stimulators and Activators
9.5 Question and Answers
9.6 Exercises
Further Reading
10: Pain Pharmacology
10.1 Pain Pathophysiology
10.2 Pharmacological Interventions for Pain Therapy
10.3 Non-MOR Agonists: COX Inhibitors, Paracetamol, and Metamizole
10.4 MOR Agonists
10.5 Questions and Answers
10.6 Exercises
Further Reading
11: Immunopharmacology
11.1 Pathophysiology of Autoimmune Diseases and Transplant Rejection: Pharmacological Interventions
11.2 Glucocorticoids (GCR Agonists)
11.3 Inhibitors of Purine and Pyrimidine Metabolism and DNA Synthesis
11.4 Immunophilin Ligands
11.5 Biologicals
11.6 Questions and Answers
11.7 Exercises
Further Reading
12: Pharmacology of the Kidney
12.1 Pathophysiology of Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD)
12.2 Pharmacotherapeutic Principles and Specific Drugs for CKD Treatment
12.3 Dose Adjustment in CKD
12.4 ADRs of Drugs on Kidney Function
12.5 Questions and Answers
12.6 Exercises
Further Reading
Part III: Pharmacotherapy
13: Drugs for Treatment of Gastrointestinal Diseases
13.1 Pathophysiology and Pharmacotherapy of Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD)
13.2 Pathophysiology and Pharmacotherapy of Peptic Ulcer Disease (PUD)
13.3 Pathophysiology and Pharmacotherapy of Diarrhea
13.4 Pathophysiology and Pharmacotherapy of Constipation
13.5 Pathophysiology and Pharmacotherapy of Ulcerative Colitis (UC) and Crohn’s Disease (CD)
13.6 Questions and Answers
13.7 Exercises
Further Reading
14: Drugs for Treatment of Respiratory Tract Diseases
14.1 Pathophysiology of Asthma
14.2 Pharmacotherapy of Asthma
14.3 Pathophysiology of  Chronic-Obstructive Lung Disease (COPD)
14.4 Pharmacotherapy of COPD
14.5 Pathophysiology of Cystic Fibrosis (CF)
14.6 Pharmacotherapy of CF
14.7 Questions and Answers
14.8 Exercises
Further Reading
15: Drugs for Treatment of Hypertension
15.1 Pathophysiology of Hypertension
15.2 Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells as Targets for Antihypertensive Drugs
15.3 Pharmacological Modulation of Blood Pressure via the RAAS
15.4 Class A Antihypertensive Drugs
15.5 Class B Antihypertensive Drugs
15.6 Class C Antihypertensive Drugs
15.7 Class D Antihypertensive Drugs
15.8 Drugs for Resistant Hypertension
15.9 Practical Aspects of Hypertension Therapy
15.10 Therapy of Hypertensive Emergencies
15.11 Questions and Answers
15.12 Exercises
Further Reading
16: Drugs for Treatment of Chronic Heart Failure and Coronary Heart Disease
16.1 Pathophysiology of Chronic Heart Failure (CHF)
16.2 Important Clinical Studies on CHF Pharmacotherapy
16.3 CHF Pharmacotherapy
16.4 Pathophysiology of Coronary Heart Disease (CHD) and Pharmacotherapeutic Concepts
16.5 Questions and Answers
16.6 Exercises
Further Reading
17: Drug-Induced Arrhythmias and Drugs for the Treatment of Arrhythmias
17.1 Pathophysiology of Arrhythmias and Pharmacological Interventions
17.2 Atrial Fibrillation (AF)
17.3 Ventricular Tachycardia (VT)
17.4 Torsade-de-pointes Arrhythmia (TdP)
17.5 Questions and Answers
17.6 Exercises
Further Reading
18: Drugs for Treatment of Thromboembolic Diseases
18.1 Hemostasis, Fibrinolysis, and Pharmacological Interventions for Thromboembolic Diseases
18.2 Heparins
18.3 Vitamin K Antagonists (VKAs)
18.4 Direct-Acting Oral Anticoagulants (DOACs)
18.5 Fibrinolytics
18.6 (Patho)physiological Regulation of Platelet Activation
18.7 Platelet Aggregation Inhibitors (PAIs)
18.8 Questions and Answers
18.9 Exercises
Further Reading
19: Drugs for Treatment of Diabetes Mellitus
19.1 Pathophysiology of Diabetes Mellitus (DM) and Pharmacotherapeutic Concepts
19.2 Insulins
19.3 Metformin
19.4 PPAR-γ Agonists
19.5 Sulfonylureas
19.6 GLP-1R Agonists and DPP4 Inhibitors
19.7 SGLT-2 Inhibitors
19.8 α-Glucosidase Inhibitors
19.9 Therapy of Hypoglycemia
19.10 Therapy of Diabetic Coma
19.11 Questions and Answers
19.12 Exercises
Further Reading
20: Drugs for Treatment of Osteoporosis
20.1 Pathophysiology of Osteoporosis and Pharmacological Interventions
20.2 Vitamin D3 and Calcium
20.3 Bisphosphonates
20.4 Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators (SERMs)
20.5 Denosumab
20.6 Teriparatide
20.7 Questions and Answers
20.8 Exercises
Further Reading
21: Drugs for Treatment of Thyroid Gland Diseases
21.1 Physiology of the Thyroid Gland
21.2 Pathophysiology and Pharmacotherapy of Hyperthyroidism
21.3 Pathophysiology and Pharmacotherapy of Hypothyroidism
21.4 Questions and Answers
21.5 Exercises
Further Reading
22: Drugs for Treatment of Dyslipidemias
22.1 Pathogenesis of Atherosclerosis and Pharmacological Interventions
22.2 HMG-CoA Reductase Inhibitors
22.3 Inhibitors of Cholesterol Absorption
22.4 Bile Acid Sequestrants
22.5 PPAR-α Agonists
22.6 PCSK9 Inhibitors
22.7 Questions and Answers
22.8 Exercises
Further Reading
23: Drugs for Treatment of Gout
23.1 Pathophysiology of Gout
23.2 Drugs for Treatment of  Acute Gout
23.3 Drugs for Treatment of Chronic Gout
23.4 Questions and Answers
23.5 Exercises
Further Reading
24: Sex Hormones: Hormonal Contraception and Hormone Replacement Therapy
24.1 Physiology of Sex Hormones
24.2 Pharmacological Interventions
24.3 Hormonal Contraceptives
24.4 Hormone Replacement Therapy (HRT) for Women
24.5 Questions and Answers
24.6 Exercises
Further Reading
25: Neuron Inhibitors with Pleiotropic Effects and Allosteric GABAAR Modulators
25.1 Neuropsychiatric Diseases with Neuronal Imbalance: Neuron Inhibitors with Pleiotropic Effects (NIPEs) as Pharmacological Strategy
25.2 Epilepsies as Paradigm for Diseases with Neuronal Imbalance and Treated with NIPEs
25.3 Selected NIPEs
25.4 Allosteric GABAAR Modulators
25.5 Questions and Answers
25.6 Exercises
Further Reading
26: Local Anesthetics
26.1 Mechanism of Action of Local Anesthetics
26.2 Important Local Anesthetics, Applications, and ADRs
26.3 Vasoconstrictors in Local Anesthesia
26.4 Questions and Answers
26.5 Exercises
Further Reading
27: Inhalation and Injection Anesthetics
27.1 Principles of Inhalation Anesthesia
27.2 Important Inhalation Anesthetics
27.3 Important Injection Anesthetics
27.4 Questions and Answers
27.5 Exercises
Further Reading
28: Drugs for Treatment of Depression and Bipolar Disorder
28.1 Pathophysiology of Depression and Pharmacotherapeutic Concepts
28.2 NSMRIs
28.3 SSRIs
28.4 SSNRIs
28.5 α2AR Antagonists
28.6 Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors (MAOIs)
28.7 Pathophysiology of Bipolar Disorder
28.8 Lithium and NIPEs
28.9 Nontraditional Indications of NE/5-HT Enhancers and Lithium
28.10 Treatment of Depression with p-mGPCR Antagonists
28.11 Questions and Answers
28.12 Exercises
Further Reading
29: Drugs for Treatment of Schizophrenia
29.1 Pathophysiology of Schizophrenia and Pharmacotherapeutic Concepts
29.2 D2R-mGPCR Antagonists
29.3 p-mGPCR Antagonists
29.4 Nontraditional Indications of mGPCR Antagonists
29.5 Treatment of Schizophrenia with NE/5-HT Enhancers, Lithium, and NIPEs
29.6 Questions and Answers
29.7 Exercises
Further Reading
30: Drugs for the Treatment of Alzheimer’s Disease
30.1 Pathophysiology of Dementias and Pharmacotherapeutic Concepts
30.2 Currently Used Drugs
30.3 Pharmacological Strategies to Reduce Tau Aggregates
30.4 Pharmacological Strategies to Reduce Amyloid Plaques
30.5 Questions and Answers
30.6 Exercises
Further Reading
31: Drugs for the Treatment of Glaucoma and ­Age-Related Macular Degeneration
31.1 Pathophysiology of Glaucoma
31.2 Pharmacotherapy of Glaucoma
31.3 Pathophysiology of  Age-Related Macular Degeneration (AMD)
31.4 Pharmacotherapy of AMD
31.5 Questions and Answers
31.6 Exercises
Further Reading
32: Drugs for the Treatment of Malignant Tumor Diseases
32.1 Pathophysiology of Malignant Tumors and Pharmacological Interventions
32.2 Principles of Tumor Therapy
32.3 Classic Cytostatics
32.4 Targeted Therapeutics
32.5 Questions and Answers
32.6 Exercises
Further Reading
33: Drugs for the Treatment of Bacterial Infections
33.1 Principles of Antibacterial Chemotherapy
33.2 Important Bacterial Infections and Their Pharmacotherapy
33.3 Antibiotics Inhibiting Cell Wall Biosynthesis
33.4 Antibiotics Inhibiting DNA Replication
33.5 Antibiotics Inhibiting Protein Biosynthesis
33.6 Antibiotics Inhibiting Dihydrofolate Reductase
33.7 Anti-TB Drugs
33.8 Questions and Answers
33.9 Exercises
Further Reading
34: Drugs for the Treatment of Viral Infections
34.1 Overview of Viral Infections and Pharmacological Interventions
34.2 Virustatics for Treatment of Herpes Virus Infections
34.3 Virustatics for Treatment of HIV Infections
34.4 Virustatics for Treatment of Hepatitis C
34.5 Questions and Answers
34.6 Exercises
Further Reading
35: Drugs for the Treatment of Fungal Infections
35.1 Overview of Important Fungal Infections and Their Pharmacotherapy
35.2 Azole Antimycotics
35.3 Polyene Antimycotics
35.4 Echinocandins
35.5 Questions and Answers
35.6 Exercises
Further Reading
36: Integrative Case Studies
36.1 Lessons from History: Arrhythmias After Tropical Fruit Party
36.2 Questions and Answers
36.3 Generalized Pruritus and Lack of Antibiotic Efficacy in Uncomplicated Cystitis
36.4 Questions and Answers
36.5 Pain Despite Therapy with Analgesics
36.6 Questions and Answers
36.7 Toddler with GI Infection and Spasmodic Torticollis in the Emergency Room
36.8 Questions and Answers
36.9 Critical Assessment of a Medication Plan
36.10 Questions and Answers
36.11 Ballerina with Nervousness and Hypertension
36.12 Questions and Answers
36.13 Gestational DM Due to Fenoterol Infusion?
36.14 Questions and Answers
36.15 Meaningful Long-Term Therapy with Pantoprazole?
36.16 Questions and Answers
36.17 Nervous Breakdown After Nocturnal Computer Sessions
36.18 Questions and Answers
36.19 Sufficient Analgesic Therapy for Metastasizing Mammary Carcinoma?
36.20 Questions and Answers
Further Reading
37: The “100 List” of Drugs
37.1 How the “100 List” Was Compiled
37.2 Important Indications Covered by the “100 List”
37.3 Unique Drugs in the “100 List” and Structurally Related Drugs
37.4 Clinical Application of the “100 List”
37.5 Important Medical Fields Covered by the “100 List”
37.6 Risk of Abuse of the “100 List”
37.7 Cultural Differences in the Availability and  Use of the “100 List”
37.8 Pricing of the “100 List”
37.9 20 Drugs from the “100 List” that Every Physician Should Prescribe
37.10 Why Certain Commonly Prescribed Drugs Are Not in the “100 List”
37.11 Questions and Answers
37.12 Exercises
Further Reading
List of Generic Drugs
Index