Cover
Half Title
Title Page
Copyright Page
Dedication
Contents
Preface
Authors
1 Electric and magnetic fields: Basic concepts
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Electric field concepts
1.3 Magnetic field concepts
1.4 Sources of electric fields (MaxwellβsΒ equations)
1.5 Sources of magnetic fields (MaxwellβsΒ equations)
1.6 Electric and magnetic field interactions with materials
1.7 Other electromagnetic field definitions
1.8 Waveforms used in electromagnetics
1.9 Sinusoidal EM functions
1.10 Root mean square or effective values
1.11 Wave properties in lossless materials
1.12 Boundary conditions for lossless materials
1.13 Complex numbers in electromagnetics (the phasor transform)
1.14 Wave properties in lossy materials
1.15 Boundary conditions for lossy materials
1.16 Energy absorption
1.17 Electromagnetic behavior as a function of size and wavelength
1.18 Electromagnetic dosimetry
2 EM behavior when the wavelength is large compared to the object size
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Low-frequency approximations
2.3 Fields induced in objects by incident E fields in free space
2.4 E Field patterns for electrode configurations
2.4.1 Capacitor-plate electrodes
2.4.2 Displacement current
2.4.3 In vitro electrode configurations
2.5 Electrodes for reception and stimulation in the body
2.5.1 Electrodes for reception
2.5.1.1 Electrophysiological assessment
2.5.1.2 Intracellular recording: receiving signals from the brain and nerves
2.5.1.3 Impedance imaging
2.5.1.4 Impedance monitoring for lung water content and percent body fat
2.5.2 Electrodes for stimulation
2.5.2.1 Cardiac pacemakers and defibrillators
2.5.2.2 Pulsed electromagnetic fields
2.5.2.3 Direct nerve stimulation
2.5.2.4 Ablation
2.6 Fields induced in objects by incident B fields in free space
2.7 E field patterns for in vitro applied B fields
2.8 Measurement of low-frequency electric and magnetic fields
2.9 Summary
3 EM behavior when the wavelength is about the same size as the object
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Waves in lossless media
3.2.1 Spherical waves
3.2.2 Planewaves
3.3 Wave reflection and refraction
3.3.1 Planewave reflection at metallic interfaces
3.3.2 Planewave reflection and refraction at dielectric interfaces
3.4 Waves in lossy media
3.4.1 Waves in metals
3.4.2 Waves in lossy dielectrics
3.4.3 Energy absorption in lossy media
3.5 Transmission lines and waveguides
3.5.1 TEM systems
3.5.2 TEM systems for exposing biological samples
3.5.3 Waveguides
3.5.3.1 TE and TM mode patterns in rectangular waveguides
3.5.3.2 Mode excitation and cutoff frequencies
3.5.3.3 Waveguide systems for exposing biological samples
3.6 Resonant systems
3.7 Antennas
3.8 Diffraction
3.8.1 Diffraction from apertures
3.8.2 Diffraction from periodic structures
3.9 Measurement of mid-frequency electric and magnetic fields
3.10 Summary
4 EM behavior when the wavelength is much smaller than the object
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Ray propagation effects
4.2.1 Refraction at dielectric interfaces
4.2.2 Optical polarization and reflection from dielectric interfaces
4.2.3 Ray tracing with mirrors and lenses
4.2.4 Imaging with lenses
4.2.5 Graded-index lenses
4.3 Total internal reflection and fiber optic waveguides
4.3.1 Multimode optical fibers
4.3.2 Single-mode optical fibers
4.4 Propagation of laser beams
4.4.1 Linewidths of laser beams
4.4.2 The Gaussian spherical profile
4.4.3 Propagation characteristics of a Gaussian beam
4.4.4 Focusing a Gaussian beam with a lens
4.4.5 Applying the Gaussian beam equations
4.5 Scattering from particles
4.5.1 Rayleigh scattering
4.5.2 Mie scattering
4.6 Photon interactions with tissues
4.6.1 Light scattering in tissues and photon migration
4.6.2 Tissue absorption and spectroscopy
4.7 X-Rays
4.8 Measurement of high-frequency electric and magnetic fields (light)
4.9 Summary
5 Bioelectromagnetic dosimetry
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Polarization
5.3 Electrical properties of the human body
5.4 Human models
5.5 Energy absorption (SAR)
5.5.1 SARs at low frequencies
5.5.2 SAR as a function of frequency
5.5.3 Effects of polarization on SAR
5.5.4 Effects of object size on SAR
5.6 Extrapolating from experimental animal results to those expected in humans
5.7 Numerical methods for bioelectromagnetic simulation
5.7.1 The FDTD method
5.7.1.1 Computation of fields in a human under a 60-Hz power line
5.7.1.2 Computation of SARΒ from cellular telephones
5.7.2 The impedance method
5.7.2.1 Calculation of the E fields induced near implants during MRI
5.7.2.2 Modeling an implant inΒ the human body
5.7.2.3 Results of the numerical calculations
5.7.3 The finite difference/finite element method
5.7.3.1 The finite difference method (FDM)
5.7.3.2 The finite element method (FEM)
5.8 Electromagnetic guidelines and regulations
5.8.1 Allowable frequencies
5.8.2 Limits on absorbed power
5.8.3 Localized exposure limits
5.8.4 Induced current and shock guidelines
5.8.5 Power-line and static field limits
5.9 Conclusion and summary
References
6 Electromagnetics in medicine: Today and tomorrow
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Fundamental potential and challenges
6.3 Hyperthermia for cancer therapy
6.3.1 Types of hyperthermia applicators
6.3.1.1 Capacitive applicators
6.3.1.2 Inductive applicators
6.3.1.3 Radiative applicators
6.3.1.4 Invasive applicators
6.3.2 Engineering problems remaining in hyperthermia
6.4 Magnetic effects
6.4.1 Magnetic resonance imaging
6.4.2 Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy
6.5 Proposed bioelectromagnetic effects
6.5.1 Soliton mechanisms
6.5.2 Spatial/temporal cellular integration
6.5.3 Stochastic resonance
6.5.4 Temperature-mediated alteration of membrane ionic transport
6.5.5 Plasmon resonance mechanisms
6.5.6 Radon decay product attractors
6.5.7 Rectification by cellular membranes
6.5.8 Ion resonance
6.5.9 Ca[sup(++)] oscillations
6.5.10 Magnetite interactions
6.6 Emerging bioelectromagnetic applications
6.6.1 Low-frequency applications
6.6.2 Medium-frequency applications
6.6.3 High-frequency applications
6.7 Conclusion
Appendix A
Appendix B
Appendix C
Index
