Barcodes for Mobile Devices

✍ Scribed by Hiroko Kato, Keng T. Tan, Douglas Chai

• Publisher: Cambridge University Press
• Year: 2010
• Tongue: English
• Leaves: 289
• Edition: 1
• Category: Library

✦ Synopsis

From inventory management in stores to automotive part tracking in assembly plants, barcodes are one of the most prevalent automatic identification and data capture technologies. This book provides a complete introduction to barcodes for mobile devices, presenting the most relevant and up-to-date information previously unavailable elsewhere or difficult to obtain. The focus throughout is on recent developments and two-dimensional (2D) barcodes, including the research and development steps towards colour barcodes for mobile devices, helping readers to develop their own barcodes. The authors also provide design details for their own novel colour 2D barcode: the Mobile MultiColour Composite (MMCC) barcode, plus coverage of RFID technology and one-dimensional barcodes. This book is ideal for professional developers of barcodes for mobile devices who need the latest technical details and information on how to develop barcodes. It is also a useful reference for graduate students researching the field of barcode technology and mobile computing.

✦ Table of Contents

Half-title......Page 3
Title......Page 5
Copyright......Page 6
Contents......Page 9
Acknowledgements......Page 11
1.1.1 Definition of barcode......Page 13
Start and stop characters......Page 14
X dimension......Page 15
Finder pattern......Page 16
Disadvantages......Page 17
Logistics in warehouses......Page 18
Healthcare industry......Page 19
International Standard Book Numbering......Page 20
Innovative and foreseeable barcode use......Page 21
1.2 Organisation of the book......Page 22
2.1 History of barcode technology......Page 23
2.2 Development of barcode technology......Page 28
One-dimensional barcode system......Page 30
One-dimensional barcode symbologies......Page 31
Interleaved 2 of 5......Page 33
Code 39......Page 34
Code 128......Page 35
EAN-13......Page 36
UPC-A......Page 37
EAN-8 and UPC-E......Page 38
Two-dimensional barcode system......Page 39
Two-dimensional barcode symbologies......Page 43
PDF417......Page 44
MicroPDF417......Page 46
MaxiCode (UPSCode)......Page 47
2.3.3 Three-dimensional barcode systems and symbologies......Page 49
2.4 Emerging technologies and barcode......Page 51
2.4.1 Barcode technology forecast......Page 52
GS1 DataBar symbologies......Page 53
GS1 DataBar Truncated......Page 54
GS1 DataBar Limited......Page 55
2D barcode for mobile devices as a ubiquitous computing tool......Page 57
2.4.2 RFID, NFC and barcode......Page 58
2.5 Summary......Page 59
3 Two-dimensional barcode for mobile phones......Page 61
3.1.1 Overview......Page 63
Timing pattern......Page 64
Format information......Page 65
Symbol version......Page 66
Symbol size......Page 67
Masking......Page 68
Structured append feature......Page 69
3.1.6 Applications......Page 70
3.1.7 Micro QR Code......Page 71
3.2.1 Overview......Page 72
3.2.2 Data Matrix symbol structure......Page 73
Data Matrix data capacity......Page 74
3.2.4 Advantageous features......Page 75
Structured append......Page 76
Image recognition and retrieval of the original data......Page 77
3.3.2 VeriCode and VSCode symbol structure......Page 78
Symbol shape and size......Page 79
Integration with other automatic identification technology......Page 80
3.4.1 Overview......Page 81
3.4.2 mCode symbol structure......Page 82
Error correction......Page 83
Data compression......Page 84
3.5.2 Trillcode symbol structure......Page 85
Symbol shape and size......Page 86
3.5.5 Applications......Page 87
Symbol shape......Page 88
3.6.4 Advantageous feature: 360° orientation......Page 89
3.7.1 Overview......Page 90
3.7.2 Visual Code symbol structure......Page 91
Recognition algorithm......Page 92
3.7.6 Applications......Page 93
3.8.2 BeeTagg symbol structure......Page 94
3.8.5 Scanning and decoding......Page 95
3.9.1 Overview......Page 97
3.9.2 ColorCode symbol structure......Page 98
Error detection......Page 99
3.9.4 Advantageous features......Page 100
3.10.1 Overview......Page 101
Symbol shape and size......Page 102
3.10.5 Scanning and decoding......Page 103
3.11 Summary......Page 104
4.1.1 Taxonomic research on 2D barcodes and a comparison with 1D barcodes......Page 106
4.1.3 A novel 2D barcode: Secure 2D code......Page 107
4.1.4 Secure data transmission between the physical and digital worlds......Page 108
4.2.1 Augmented reality......Page 109
FieldMouse with 1D barcode......Page 110
CyberCode......Page 111
Visual tag recognition algorithm......Page 112
Three-dimensional position reconstruction algorithm......Page 113
4.2.2 Ubiquitous computing......Page 117
TRIP......Page 118
4.2.3 Integration of barcode technology and wireless mobile devices......Page 121
Effective and interactive shopping applications using 1D barcode......Page 122
A wide variety of mobile applications using 2D barcodes QR Code......Page 126
SpotCode......Page 128
Bluetooth device discovery......Page 130
SiB: human-verifiable authentication system......Page 131
Visual Code......Page 132
4.3.1 Using colour elements for improving visual appearance......Page 133
4.3.2 Using colour elements for increasing data capacity......Page 134
4.4 Summary......Page 139
5.1.1 Reed–Solomon codes......Page 142
Basic principle of Reed–Solomon code......Page 143
Galois field arithmetic......Page 144
Encoding Reed–Solomon codes......Page 145
Decoding Reed–Solomon codes......Page 146
Detecting the error locations......Page 147
5.1.2 Other error detecting and correcting techniques......Page 148
Hamming codes......Page 149
Decoding......Page 150
Parity......Page 151
5.2.1 Interleaving......Page 152
5.2.2 Masking......Page 154
5.3 Symbol structuring......Page 155
5.3.1 Finder pattern......Page 156
5.3.2 Use of supplementary means......Page 158
5.3.3 Structured append......Page 160
5.3.4 Use of reference cells......Page 161
5.4 Summary......Page 162
6.1 Aims of the prototype colour 2D barcode development......Page 164
6.2.1 Symbol design......Page 165
Symbol shape......Page 166
Designing the finder pattern......Page 167
6.2.2 Colour selection for encoding data......Page 169
Fundamentals of colour......Page 170
RGB colour space......Page 172
CMY or CMYK colour space......Page 173
YCbCr colour space......Page 175
HSI, HLS, HSV and HSB colour spaces......Page 177
JPEG compression algorithm......Page 178
Lighting effect on colour values......Page 183
Use of reference colours......Page 184
Thresholding to remove lighting effect......Page 185
Colour selection scheme to enhance clear colour separation......Page 188
Additional colour symbol and its brightness......Page 190
MMCC™ code structure......Page 192
6.3 MMCC™ barcode encoding algorithm......Page 193
Generating an MMCC™ symbol......Page 194
6.4.1 MMCC™ barcode symbol-recognition algorithm......Page 215
Searching for the finder pattern......Page 216
Correcting the orientation of the candidate finder pattern......Page 217
6.4.2 MMCC™ barcode decoding algorithm......Page 218
Reading the colour values of the centroid of each data cell......Page 219
Determining the colour of each data cell......Page 220
6.5 Summary......Page 222
7.1 Purpose of the experiments......Page 224
Procedure......Page 225
Experiment setting......Page 226
Procedure......Page 227
7.3.1 The results of the first experiment......Page 228
7.3.2 The results of the second experiment......Page 232
7.3.3 Observation......Page 239
Overall performance......Page 240
Limitations of the MMCC™ barcode decoding algorithm......Page 242
Colour matching failure......Page 243
Camera resolution and image fidelity......Page 245
Flexibility of an interactive reading software......Page 247
7.5 Summary......Page 248
Appendix A Barcode applications......Page 250
Appendix B Automatic identification technologies......Page 252
Appendix C Barcode history timeline......Page 254
Appendix D MicroPDF417 data capacity and error correction capability......Page 256
Appendix E QR Code symbol version and data capacity......Page 258
Appendix F Data Matrix data capacity and error correction capability......Page 263
Appendix G An image under the every-other-line effect......Page 265
Appendix H Colour susceptibility and distance between colours......Page 266
Appendix I MMCC™ encoding and decoding......Page 268
Appendix J First-read-rate test samples......Page 270
Appendix K Subsampling method......Page 279
References......Page 280
Index......Page 284
The colour plate section is to be found between pp. 182 and 183.......Page 195