Atomically Precise Electrocatalysts for Electrochemical Energy Applications

✍ Scribed by Kumar A., Gupta R.K. (ed.)

• Publisher: Springer
• Year: 2024
• Tongue: English
• Leaves: 458
• Category: Library

✦ Synopsis

This book offers a comprehensive overview of atomically precise electrocatalysts, including single-atom, dual-atom, and multi-atom catalysts, which are considered to be superior electrode materials for fuel cells and water electrolyzers. By presenting a systematic examination of these materials in ascending order of metal atom number, the book provides a deep understanding of their synthesis processes, energy applications, and potential for improving their performance. Unlike any contemporary book on the topic, this book explores the reaction mechanisms and structure-performance relationships in catalytic processes at atomic level. Essentially, by driving the development of fuel cells and water electrocatalyzers, this book helps meet the world's growing energy demands.
With its cutting-edge insights, this book is an indispensable resource for researchers, engineers, and students working in the field of renewable energy.

✦ Table of Contents

Cover
Half Title
Atomically Precise Electrocatalysts for Electrochemical Energy Applications
Copyright
Contents
Introduction and Principle of Atomically Precise Electrocatalysts
1. Introduction
2. Atomically Precise Metal Nanoclusters for Electrocatalytic Applications
3. Electrochemical Catalysis with Atomically Precise Metal NCs
4. Principle, Design of Atomically Precise Electrocatalysts for ORR
5. Atomically Precise Binuclear Site Active in Electrocatalytic CO2 Reduction
6. Electrochemical Catalytic Applications of Metal Nanoclusters
6.1 Hydrogen Evolution Reaction (HER)
6.2 Electrochemical Sensing
6.3 Electrocatalytic Applications of Atomically Precise Gold Nanoclusters
6.4 ORR
6.5 OER
6.6 HER
6.7 CO2RR
6.8 N2RR
7. Future Perspective and Conclusion
References
Atomically Precise Electrocatalysts: Single/Dual/Multi-atom Catalysts
1. Introduction
2. Details Explanation of Various Types of Atom Catalysts
2.1 Single-Atom Crystal
2.2 Dual Atom Catalyst
2.3 Multi-atom Catalyst
3. Challenges in Atom Catalyst
4. Summary and Conclusion
References
Role of Electrocatalysts in Electrochemical Energy Conversion and Storage Devices
1. Introduction
2. Catalytic Applications
3. Single-Atom Catalysts
3.1 Metal Nodes
3.2 Organic Linkers
3.3 Guest Space
4. MOF-Derived Single-Atom Catalysts
4.1 Direct Pyrolysis
4.2 Mixed-Metal Approach
4.3 Mixed-Ligand Approach
4.4 Spatial Confinement Approach
4.5 Other Approaches
5. Dual-Atom Catalysts
6. MOF-Derived Dual-Atom Catalysts
6.1 Isolated Dual-Metal Atom Pairs
6.2 Binuclear Homolog Dual-Metal Atom Pairs
6.3 Binuclear Heterolog Dual-Metal Atom Pairs
7. Atomic Cluster Catalysts
8. MOF-Derived Metal Clusters
9. Prospects and Future Directions in Electrochemical Energy Conversion and Storage Catalysts
References
Electrocatalytic Properties of Atomically Precise Electrocatalysts
1. Introduction
2. Types of Electro-Catalyst Materials
2.1 Homogeneous Electro-Catalyst
2.2 Heterogeneous Electro-Catalysts
3. Atomically Precise Metal Nanocluster Electrochemistry
3.1 Electro-Catalytic Properties of Atomically Precise Metal Nanoclusters
4. Electrochemical Applications of Metal Nanoclusters
4.1 Electro-Catalytic Applications of Metal Nanoclusters
5. Atomically Precise Nanoclusters
6. Conclusion
References
Electrochemical Energy Conversion and Storage Strategies
1. Introduction
1.1 Global Energy Demands and Energy Storage
1.2 Electrochemical Energy Conversion and Storage Technologies
1.3 The Content of the Chapter
2. Electrochemical Energy Conversion and Storage Strategies
2.1 Electrochemical Energy Conversion and Storage Devices
2.2 Conventional Approaches for EES
2.3 Novel and Unconventional EES Technologies
2.4 Decentralized Renewable Energy Systems
2.5 Integration to Develop Multifunctional Energy Storage Devices
2.6 Modeling and Optimization of Electrochemical Conversion Technologies
2.7 Materials for Energy Storage and Conversion
2.8 Integration at the Level of Materials
2.9 Scaling up EES Designs for Field Applications
3. Challenges and Limitations with EES Devices, Methods and Materials
4. Characterization Methodologies
5. Concluding Remarks and Future Outlook
References
Role of Electrocatalysts for Water Electrolysis
1. Introduction
2. Water Electrolysis
2.1 Alkaline Electrolysis
2.2 PEM (Proton Exchange Membrane) Electrolysis
2.3 Solid Oxide Electrolysis (SOE)
2.4 Polymer Anion Exchange Membrane (AEM) Electrolysis
2.5 Electrochemical Reactions in Water Electrolysis
3. Electrocatalysts for OER
3.1 Noble-Metals
3.2 Transition Metal Electrocatalysts
3.3 Carbon Nanotube-Based Metal/Metal Oxides
3.4 Carbon Nanotube-Based Metal-Free Electrocatalysts
3.5 Perovskite Oxides
4. Conclusion
References
Oxygen Reduction Reaction; Fuel Cells
1. Introduction
2. Fundamental Understanding of ORR Mechanism
2.1 Importance of ORR in Fuel Cell
2.2 Electrochemical Kinetics and Mechanism
3. Electrocatalysts for ORR
3.1 Platinum and Platinum Alloy
3.2 Carbon Based Materials
3.3 Transition Metal Macrocyclic Complexes
4. Conclusion
References
Single-Atom Catalysts for Oxygen Reduction Reaction
1. Introduction
2. Noble Metal SACs
2.1 Pt–N–C
2.2 Pd–N–C
3. Transition Metal Catalysts
3.1 Fe–N–C
3.2 Co–N–C
3.3 Ni–N–C
3.4 Cu–N–C
3.5 Zn–N–C
3.6 Mn–N–C
4. Double Metal SACs
4.1 Fe/Ni–N–C
4.2 Fe/Co–N–C
5. Conclusion and Outlook
References
Activity Descriptors for Atomically Precise Oxygen Reduction Reaction (ORR) Electrocatalysts
1. Introduction
2. New Insights into Oxygen Redox Reactions Through a Descriptor-Based Approach
2.1 Bulk-Property-Based Descriptors
3. Activity Descriptors for ORR Electrocatalysts
3.1 Binding Energies of Reaction Intermediates
3.2 Electronic Structure and Density of States
4. Significant Advancements Have Been Made in Descriptive Approaches to Oxygen Electrocatalysis in Recent Times
4.1 Disrupting Linear Scaling Relationships for ORR
4.2 Hybrid Materials: Unveiling Synergistic Effects via Interface Engineering
4.3 Investigating the Variability of Catalysts: The Importance of Employing Multiple Descriptors
5. Computational Approaches for Activity Descriptors
5.1 Density Functional Theory (DFT) Calculations
5.2 Machine Learning and Data-Driven Approaches
5.3 Computational Framework for Catalyst Design
6. Implications for Electrochemical Energy Applications
6.1 Fuel Cells: Advancing Efficiency Through Computational Insights
6.2 Metal-Air Batteries
6.3 Lithium-Air Batteries: Computational Strategies
7. Challenges and Opportunities
7.1 Scalability and Cost-Effectiveness
7.2 Catalyst Poisoning and Mitigation
7.3 Integration into Practical Devices
8. Analysis of Oxygen Electrocatalysis Evolution and Future Directions
9. Conclusion
References
Single-Atom Catalysts for Oxygen Evolution Reaction
1. Introduction
2. General Mechanism for OER
3. A Brief Description of the Characterization of OER SACs
4. OER Activity of SACs
4.1 Noble Metal-Based SACs for OER
4.2 Non-Noble Metal-Based SACs for OER
5. Stability of the SACs in OER
6. General Considerations for in Situ and Operando Spectroscopic Studies of SACs
7. Theoretical Calculations and Their Limitations
8. Conclusion and Perspective
References
Multi-atom Catalysts for Oxygen Evolution Reaction
1. Introduction
2. Fundamentals of Electrochemical Water Splitting
2.1 Mechanism of OER:
3. Multi-atom Catalytic Materials for OER
3.1 Synthesis and Characterization
3.2 Electrochemical Analysis for OER
4. Advantages of Multi-Atom Catalysts for OER
5. Challenges and Future Perspectives
6 Conclusion
References
Dual-Atom Catalysts for Oxygen Evolution Reaction
1. Introduction
2. Oxygen Evolution Reaction
3. OER Catalysts
3.1 Dual-Atom Catalysts
4. Catalytic Mechanism of Dual-Atom Catalysts for OER
4.1 Electronic Modulation
4.2 Cooperation
4.3 Bifunction Mechanism
5. Conclusion
References
Spin-State Controlled Atomically Precise Catalysts for Efficient Oxygen Evolution Reaction Design and Mechanism
1. Introduction
2. Mechanism of Oxygen Evolution Reaction and Spin-State
2.1 Mechanism of Oxygen Evolution Reaction
2.2 Spin State of Oxygen Evolution Reaction
2.3 Spin State of Oxygen Evolution Electrocatalysts
3. Spin-State Controlled Atomically
3.1 Spin State Regulation of Single-Atom Catalysts
3.2 Spin State Regulation of Other Catalysts
4. Summary and Outlook
References
Activity Descriptors for Atomically Precise HER Electrocatalysts
1. Introduction
2. Hydrogen Evolution Reaction Mechanism
3. The Common Activity Descriptors for Hydrogen Evolution Reaction
3.1 Thermodynamic Based Description
3.2 Electronic Structure-Based Description
3.3 Geometric Structure-Based Descriptors
4. Conclusions and Final Remarks
References
Single-Atom Catalysts for Hydrogen Evolution Reaction
1. Introduction
2. Intrinsic Properties of Single-Atom Catalysts (SACs)
3. Synthesis of SACs
4. Characterization for SAC
5. Electrochemical HER Application of SACs
6. Challenges and Outlook
References
Dual-Atom Catalysts for Hydrogen Evolution Reaction
1. Introduction
2. Synthesis and Characterization Techniques of DACs
2.1 Synthesis Methods
2.2 Characterization of DACs
3. Application of DACs for Electrocatalytic HER
4. Conclusions and Outlook
References
Multi-atom Catalysts for Hydrogen Evolution Reaction
1. Introduction
2. Multi-atom Catalysts for HER
2.1 Multi-atom Alloys
2.2 Multi-atom Compounds
2.3 Multi-atom Composites
3. Conclusions and Outlook
References
Metal–Organic Frameworks (MOFs) Derived Electrode Electrocatalyst for Lithium-Ion Batteries
1. Introduction
1.1 Evolution of Metal Ion Batteries
1.2 Composition and Working Principle of Li-Ion Batteries
1.3 Electrode Material for Li-Ion Batteries
2. Applications of MOFs-Based Electrode Materials in Li-Ion Batteries
3. Pristine MOF as Electrode Materials for Li-Ion Batteries
4. MO Derived Electrode Materials for Li-Ion Batteries
5. MOF Derived Carbonaceous Materials as Electrode Materials for Li-Ion Batteries
6. MOF Composites with Carbonaceous Materials
7. Conclusions
8. Future Prospects
References
Dual-Atom Catalysts for Metal-Air Batteries
1. Introduction
2. Dual Metal-Atoms Catalyst for Zn-Air Batteries
2.1 Fe-Based Dual Atom Catalysts
2.2 Other Metal Dual Atom Catalysts
3. Conclusions
References
Multi-atom Catalysts for Metal-Air Batteries
1. Introduction
2. Fundamentals of Metal-Air Batteries
3. Catalysis in Metal-Air Batteries
3.1 Single-Atom Catalysts
3.2 Multi-atom Catalysts and Catalytic Mechanisms in Metal-Air Batteries
4. Commercialization of MABs with Multi-atom Catalysts
5. Conclusion
References
Single-Atom Catalysts for Metal-Sulfur Batteries
1. Introduction
2. Construction and Operational Principles of Lithium-Sulfur Batteries
3. Catalytic Mechanism of a Single-Atom Catalyst for Lithium-Sulfur Batteries
4. Recent Progress of Single-Atom Catalysts for Lithium-Sulfur Batteries
4.1 Different Strategies for Synthesizing Single-Atom Catalysts for Lithium-Sulfur Batteries
4.2 Characterization Techniques for Single-Atom Catalysts for Lithium-Sulfur Batteries
4.3 Improved Electrochemical Performance by Single-Atom Catalysts for Lithium-Sulfur Batteries
5. Conclusion and Future Challenges
References
Dual-Atom Catalysts for Metal-Sulfur Batteries
1. Introduction
2. Fe–Co Based DAC
3. Pt–Ni DACs
4. Pd–Co Based DAC
5. Co–W Based DAC
6. Mo–P Based DAC
7. Zn–Co DACs
8. Conclusion
References
Multi-atom Catalysts for Metal-Sulfur Batteries
1. Introduction
2. Synthesis Methods for Sulfur-Based Multi-atom Catalysts
2.1 Precursor Selection and Preparation
2.2 Chemical Vapour Deposition (CVD)
2.3 Atomic Layer Deposition (ALD)
2.4 Wet Chemical Synthesis
2.5 Sol–Gel Synthesis
2.6 Hydrothermal/Solvothermal Synthesis
2.7 Other Emerging Synthesis Techniques
3. Catalytic Mechanisms in Metal-Sulfur Batteries
3.1 Discharge Phase
3.2 Charge Phase
4. Fundamental Principles of Catalyst Design
4.1 Catalytic Mechanisms in Metal-Sulfur Batteries
4.2 Optimizing Catalysts for Enhanced Metal-Sulfur Battery Performance
4.3 Variables Affecting Catalyst Performance in Metal-Sulfur Batteries
4.4 Conceptions of Structures in Metal-Sulfur Batteries
5. Applications in Metal-Sulfur Batteries (MSBs)
5.1 Scope and Future Directions
6. Conclusion
References
Single-Atom Catalysts for Alcohol Oxidation Reactions
1. Introduction
2. Characterization of SACs
3. SACs in Fuel Cells: Overview for Nanoparticles-Free FCs
4. SACs for Methanol and Ethanol Fuels
5. SACs for Glycerol, Ethylene Glycol and Other Polyalcohols
6. SACs for Formic Acid and Non-alcoholic Fuels
7. Conclusions
8. Perspectives
References