Atlas of Pediatric Surgery: Principles and Treatment

✍ Scribed by Ahmed H. Al-Salem

• Publisher: Springer
• Tongue: English
• Leaves: 896
• Category: Library

✦ Synopsis

This book provides a practical guide to the congenital and acquired problems related to pediatric surgery and urology. A range of topics are covered, including; abdominal wall hernias, hemangioma and vascular malformations, gastrochesis, achalasia, congenital gastric outlet obstruction, renal and liver tumors, intestinal malrotation, and hydronephrosis.

The book aims to be a quick reference text for the diagnosis and treatment of pediatric surgery conditions and presents information relevant to general surgeons, pediatricians, pediatric surgeons, and medical trainees.

✦ Table of Contents

Preface
Acknowledgments
Contents
1: Intravenous Fluids, Electrolytes, Blood, and Blood Products
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Indications for Intravenous Fluids
1.3 Maintenance Fluid Requirements
1.4 Fluid Deficit
1.5 Ongoing Fluid Losses
1.6 Fluid Therapy During the First Week of Life
1.7 Electrolytes Disturbances (Table 1.7)
1.7.1 Sodium
1.7.2 Potassium
1.7.3 Calcium
1.8 Blood and Blood Products Transfusion
1.9 Platelets Transfusion
1.9.1 Types of Platelets
1.9.1.1 Platelets Apheresis Pediatric Leucocyte Depleted (PAPLD)
1.9.1.2 Platelets Pooled in T-Sol Leucocyte Depleted
1.9.2 Dose of Platelets Transfusion
1.10 Fresh Frozen Plasma
1.11 Cryoprecipitate Transfusion
1.12 Complications of Blood and Platelets Transfusion
1.13 Albumin Transfusion
1.14 Factor VIII Transfusion
1.15 Granulocytes Transfusion
Further Reading
2: Nutrition for Infants and Children
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Important Terms to Be Remembered
2.3 Indications for Total Parenteral Nutrition
2.4 Goals and Characteristics of Parenteral Nutrition for Infants and Children
2.5 Caloric Requirements for Infants and Children
2.5.1 Carbohydrate (Dextrose)
2.5.2 Protein (Amino Acids)
2.5.3 Intralipids
2.5.4 Electrolytes, Vitamins and Minerals
2.5.5 Vitamins
2.6 Complications Associated with the Use of Parenteral Nutrition
Further Reading
3: Venous Access for Infants and Children
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Types of Catheters
3.3 Indications for Central Venous Catheters
3.4 Peripheral Catheters (Percutaneous Peripheral Catheters)
3.5 Umbilical Vascular Access
3.6 Peripheral Venous Cutdown Catheters
3.6.1 Intraosseous Catheters
3.6.2 Peripherally Inserted Central Catheters (PICC)
3.7 Central Venous Catheters (CVCs)
3.8 Implantable Vascular-Access Devices
3.9 Complications for Central Vascular Access
3.9.1 Long-Term Catheter Complications
Further Reading
4: Dermoid Cysts
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Head and Neck Dermoid Cysts
Further Reading
5: Sternocleidomastoid Tumor and Torticollis
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Etiology
5.3 Clinical Features
5.4 Treatment
Further Reading
6: Thyroglossal Cyst
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Embryology (Fig. 6.2)
6.3 Histology
6.4 Clinical Features
6.5 Investigations
6.6 Treatment
Further Reading
7: Branchial Cysts, Sinuses, and Fistulae
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Embryology
7.3 Branchial Grooves (Clefts) and Membranes
7.4 Branchial Remnants
7.5 Clinical Features
7.5.1 First Branchial Remnants
7.5.2 Second Branchial Remnants
7.5.3 Third and Fourth Branchial Remnants
7.5.4 Branchial Cystic Remnants
7.6 Branchial Fistulae Remnants
7.6.1 Treatment
7.6.2 Pathology
7.7 Congenital Midline Cervical Cleft
Further Reading
8: Infantile Fibromatosis
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Infantile Fibromatoses
8.3 Treatment
8.4 The Prognosis
8.5 Fibromatosis Colli
Further Reading
9: Epulis
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Treatment
Further Reading
10: Ranula
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Treatment
Further Reading
11: Abdominal Wall Defects
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Embryology (Figs. 11.1, 11.2, and 11.3)
11.3 Pathogenesis
11.4 Omphalocele (Fig. 11.14)
11.5 Gastroschisis (Fig. 11.15)
11.6 Hernia of the Umbilical Cord (Fig. 11.16)
11.7 Urachal Remnants and Omphalomesenteric Duct Malformations (Figs. 11.17, 11.18, and 11.19)
11.8 Bladder Exstrophy (Figs. 11.20, 11.21, and 11.22)
11.9 Prune-Belly Syndrome (Fig. 11.23)
11.10 Cloacal Exstrophy (Fig. 11.24)
Further Reading
12: Abdominal Wall Hernias and Hydroceles
12.1 Introduction: Abdominal Wall Hernias
12.2 Inguinal Hernia
12.3 Etiology
12.4 Clinical Features
12.5 Variants of Inguinal Hernia
12.5.1 Indirect Inguinal Hernia
12.5.2 Direct Inguinal Hernia
12.5.3 Littre’s Hernia
12.5.4 Sliding Inguinal Hernia
12.5.5 Richter’s Hernia
12.5.6 Busse’s Hernia
12.5.7 Maydl’s Hernia
12.5.8 Amyand’s Hernia
12.6 Complications of Inguinal Hernias
12.6.1 Incarceration
12.6.2 Strangulation
12.7 Treatment
12.8 Complications of Inguinal Herniotomy
12.9 Hydrocele
12.10 Embryology
12.11 Classification of Hydroceles (Fig. 12.20)
12.12 Treatment
12.13 Femoral Hernia
12.14 Etiology
12.15 Diagnosis
12.16 Treatment
12.17 Umbilical Hernia
12.18 Paraumbilical Hernia
12.19 Epigastric Hernias
12.20 Diastasis Recti
12.21 Congenital Lumbar Hernia
12.22 Spigelian Hernia
12.23 Incisional Hernias
12.24 Other Rare Abdominal Wall Hernias
Further Reading
13: Umbilical Abnormalities in Infants and Children
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Embryology
13.3 Abnormalities of the Umbilicus
13.4 Umbilical Granuloma
13.4.1 Treatment
13.5 Umbilical Polyp
13.6 Umbilical Infection (Omphalitis)
13.6.1 Treatment
13.7 Umbilical Hernia
13.7.1 Treatment
13.8 Omphalomesenteric Remnants
13.9 Urachal Remnants
Further Reading
14: Hemangiomas and Vascular Malformations
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Classification
14.3 Vascular Malformations
14.4 Hemangiomas
14.4.1 Clinical Features
14.5 Pathological and Developmental Changes in Hemangiomas
14.6 Complications
14.7 Investigations
14.8 Hepatic Hemangiomas
14.9 Treatment
14.10 Prognosis
Further Reading
15: Lymphangiomas
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Classifications
15.3 Lymphangioma Circumscriptum
15.4 Cavernous Lymphangioma
15.5 Cystic Hygroma
15.6 Sites
15.7 Etiology
15.8 Complications
15.9 Diagnosis
15.10 Treatment
Further Reading
16: Undescended Testes (Cryptorchidism)
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Embryology and Etiology
16.3 Classification of Abnormal Testes
16.4 Effects of Undescended Testes
16.5 Investigations
16.6 Treatment
16.7 Hormonal Treatment
16.8 Surgical Treatment
16.9 Nonpalpable Testis
16.10 Complications of Orchidopexy
Further Reading
17: Acute Scrotum
17.1 Introduction
17.2 Torsion of Testes
17.2.1 Introduction
17.2.2 Classification
17.2.3 Etiology
17.2.3.1 Intravaginal Torsion
17.2.3.2 Extravaginal Torsion
17.2.4 Effects of Torsion of Testes
17.2.5 Clinical Features
17.2.5.1 Intravaginal Torsion
17.2.5.2 Extravaginal Torsion
17.2.6 Investigations and Treatment
17.3 Torsion of the Testicular or Epididymal Appendage
17.3.1 Introduction
17.3.2 Embryology
17.3.3 Clinical Features
17.3.4 Investigations and Treatment
17.4 Epididymitis, Orchitis, and Epididymo-orchitis
17.4.1 Introduction
17.4.2 Etiology
17.4.3 Clinical Features
17.4.4 Investigations and Treatment
17.5 Idiopathic Scrotal Edema
17.6 Testicular Trauma
17.7 Other Causes of Acute Scrotum
17.8 Algorithm
Further Reading
18: Varicocele
18.1 Introduction
18.2 Etiology
18.3 Classification
18.4 Grading of Varicocele
18.5 Clinical Features
18.6 Investigations
18.7 Treatment
18.8 Complications of Varicocelectomy
Further Reading
19: Pediatric Abdominal and Thoracic Trauma
19.1 Introduction
19.2 Abdominal Trauma in Children
19.3 Thoracic Trauma in Children
19.4 Airway Injuries
19.5 Rib Fractures, Hemothorax, and Pneumothorax
19.6 Pulmonary Contusion (Figs. 19.17 and 19.18)
19.7 Diaphragm Rupture
Further Reading
20: Omphalocele
20.1 Introduction
20.2 Etiology
20.3 Classification
20.4 Associated Anomalies
20.5 Management and Outcome
20.6 Hernia of the Umbilical Cord
Further Reading
21: Gastroschisis
21.1 Introduction
21.2 Etiology
21.3 Diagnosis
21.4 Clinical Features
21.5 Associated Anomalies
21.6 Management and Outcome
Further Reading
22: Biliary Atresia
22.1 Introduction
22.2 Etiology
22.3 Associated Congenital Anomalies
22.4 Classification
22.5 Clinical Features
22.6 Investigations
22.7 Biliary Hypoplasia
22.8 Treatment
22.9 Complications and Outcome
Further Reading
23: Choledochal Cysts
23.1 Introduction
23.2 Etiology
23.3 Classification
23.4 Forme Fruste Choledochal Cyst
23.5 Clinical Features
23.6 Investigations
23.7 Treatment
Further Reading
24: Congenital Pancreatic Cyst
24.1 Introduction
24.2 Classification
24.3 Etiology
24.4 Clinical Features
24.5 Diagnosis
24.6 Treatment
Further Reading
25: Pancreatitis and Pancreatic Pseudocyst
25.1 Introduction
25.2 Etiology
25.3 Pancreatic Divisum
25.4 Pathophysiology
25.5 Clinical Features
25.6 Acute Hemorrhagic Pancreatitis
25.7 Investigations
25.8 Management
25.8.1 Medical Management
25.8.2 Surgical Management
25.9 Pancreatic Pseudocysts
25.9.1 Management of Pancreatic Pseudocysts
25.10 Prognosis of Acute Pancreatitis
Further Reading
26: Cholelithiasis and Choledocholithiasis
26.1 Introduction
26.2 Types of Gallstones
26.3 Etiology of Cholelithiasis
26.4 Complications of Cholelithiasis
26.5 Clinical Features
26.6 Investigations
26.7 Acute Cholecystitis (Fig. 26.17)
26.8 Cholangitis
26.9 Choledocholithiasis (Figs. 26.18 and 26.19)
26.10 Treatment
26.11 Postcholecystectomy Syndrome
Further Reading
27: Nesidioblastosis: Persistent Hyperinsulinemic Hypoglycemia of Infancy (PHHI)
27.1 Introduction
27.2 Etiology and Pathogenesis
27.3 Clinical Features
27.4 Investigations
27.5 Pathology
27.6 Histologically, congenital hyperinsulinism is divided into two types:
27.7 Management
Further Reading
28: The Spleen and Splenic Disorders
28.1 Introduction
28.2 Embryology
28.3 Functions of the Spleen
28.4 Disorders of the Spleen
28.4.1 Splenomegaly
28.4.2 Massive Splenomegaly
28.4.3 Splenic Rupture
28.4.4 Splenosis
28.4.5 Accessory Spleen
28.4.6 Asplenia
28.4.7 Hepatolienal Fusion
28.4.8 Polysplenia
28.4.9 Splenogonadal Fusion
28.4.9.1 Introduction
28.4.9.2 Classification
28.4.9.3 Etiology
28.4.9.4 Clinical Features
28.4.9.5 Associated Anomalies
28.4.9.6 Treatment
28.4.10 Splenorenal Fusion
28.4.11 Wandering Spleen
28.4.12 Splenic Cysts
28.4.13 Splenic Abscess
28.4.14 Massive Splenic Infarction
28.4.15 Congestive Splenomegaly
28.5 Immunizations and Splenectomy
28.6 Partial Splenectomy
Further Reading
29: Acute Appendicitis
29.1 Introduction
29.2 Pathophysiology
29.3 Classification and Staging of Acute Appendicitis
29.4 Clinical Features
29.5 Diagnosis
29.6 Management
29.6.1 Appendectomy
29.7 Complications of Acute Appendicitis
Further Reading
30: Minimal Invasive Surgery in the Pediatric Age Group
Further Reading
31: Congenital Lobar Emphysema
31.1 Introduction
31.2 Etiology
31.3 Pathophysiology
31.4 Sites
31.5 Clinical Features
31.6 Diagnosis
31.7 Treatment
Further Reading
32: Congenital Cystic Adenomatoid Malformation
32.1 Introduction
32.2 Etiology and Pathophysiological Changes
32.3 Classification
32.4 Clinical Features
32.5 Prognosis
32.6 Investigations
32.7 Treatment
Further Reading
33: Bronchopulmonary Sequestration
33.1 Introduction
33.2 Etiology and Pathophysiology
33.3 Classification
33.4 Diagnosis
33.5 Complications
33.6 Pathophysiology
33.7 Treatment and Prognosis
Further Reading
34: Bronchogenic Cyst
34.1 Introduction
34.2 Etiology
34.3 Sites
34.4 Clinical Features
34.5 Cyst-Related Complications
34.6 Diagnosis
34.7 Histopathological Features
34.8 Treatment
Further Reading
35: Meckel’s Diverticulum
35.1 Introduction
35.2 Embryology
35.3 Symptoms
35.4 Diagnosis
35.5 Treatment
Further Reading
36: Intussusception
36.1 Introduction
36.2 Etiology
36.3 Classification
36.4 Clinical Features
36.5 Diagnosis
36.6 Treatment
Further Reading
37: Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia
37.1 Introduction
37.2 Etiology and Pathophysiology
37.3 Associated Anomalies
37.4 Clinical Features
37.5 Investigations
37.6 Treatment
37.7 Long-Term Outcomes and Prognosis
37.8 Agenesis of Diaphragm
37.9 Traumatic Diaphragmatic Hernia
Further Reading
38: Congenital Morgagni Hernia
38.1 Introduction
38.2 Embryology
38.3 Site
38.4 Herniated Viscera
38.5 Associated Anomalies
38.6 Clinical Features
38.7 Investigations
38.8 Treatment
Further Reading
39: Congenital Paraesophageal Hernia
39.1 Introduction
39.2 Anatomy and Pathophysiology
39.3 Etiology
39.4 Classification
39.5 Clinical Features
39.6 Diagnosis
39.7 Treatment
Further Reading
40: Eventration of Diaphragm
40.1 Introduction
40.2 Etiology and Classification
40.3 Clinical Features
40.4 Diagnosis
40.5 Management
Further Reading
41: Esophageal Atresia and Tracheoesophageal Fistula
41.1 Introduction
41.2 Classification
41.3 Associated Anomalies
41.4 Clinical Features
41.5 Diagnosis
41.6 Management
41.7 Esophageal Atresia Without Tracheoesophageal Fistula
41.8 Prognosis
41.9 Postoperative Complications
41.10 Esophageal Replacement
41.11 Congenital Short Esophagus
41.12 Congenital Esophageal Diverticulum
41.13 Foregut Duplications
41.14 Congenital Bronchopulmonary Foregut Malformations
41.15 Esophageal Duplications (Figs. 41.66, 41.67, and 41.68)
41.16 Laryngotracheoesophageal Cleft
Further Reading
42: Congenital Esophageal Stenosis
42.1 Introduction
42.2 Etiology and Embryogenesis
42.3 Classification
42.4 Clinical Features
42.5 Diagnosis
42.6 Treatment
Further Reading
43: H-Type Tracheoesophageal Fistula
43.1 Introduction
43.2 Embryology
43.3 Classification
43.4 Clinical Features
43.5 Diagnosis
43.6 Treatment
Further Reading
44: Achalasia
44.1 Introduction
44.2 Etiology
44.3 Clinical Features
44.4 Diagnosis
44.5 Management
44.6 Allgrove (AAA) Syndrome
Further Reading
45: Infantile Hypertrophic Pyloric Stenosis
45.1 Introduction
45.2 Etiology
45.3 Clinical Features
45.4 Investigations and Diagnosis
45.5 Management
Further Reading
46: Gastric Volvulus
46.1 Introduction
46.2 Etiology
46.3 Classification
46.4 Clinical Features
46.5 Diagnosis
46.6 Treatment
Further Reading
47: Congenital Gastric Outlet Obstruction
47.1 Introduction
47.2 Etiology
47.3 Classification
47.4 Clinical Features
47.5 Diagnosis
47.6 Treatment
47.7 Prognosis
Further Reading
48: Congenital Duodenal Obstruction
48.1 Introduction
48.2 Embryology and Etiology
48.3 Classification
48.4 Associated Anomalies
48.5 Clinical Features
48.6 Investigations and Diagnosis
48.7 Management
48.8 Postoperative Early and Long-Term Complications
Further Reading
49: Congenital Intestinal Atresia and Stenosis
49.1 Introduction
49.2 Jejunoileal Atresia and Stenosis
49.2.1 Introduction
49.2.2 Etiology and Pathogenesis
49.2.3 Classification
49.2.4 Associated Anomalies
49.2.5 Clinical Features
49.2.6 Investigations and Diagnosis
49.2.7 Treatment and Outcome
49.2.8 Short-Bowel Syndrome
49.3 Colonic Atresia and Stenosis
49.3.1 Introduction
49.3.2 Etiology
49.3.3 Classification
49.3.4 Associated Anomalies
49.3.5 Clinical Features
49.3.6 Diagnosis
49.3.7 Treatment
49.4 Chilaiditi Syndrome
Further Reading
50: Intestinal Malrotation
50.1 Introduction
50.2 Embryology
50.3 Associated Anomalies
50.4 Clinical Features
50.5 Investigations
50.6 Management and Prognosis
50.7 Complications
Further Reading
51: Gastrointestinal Duplications
51.1 Introduction
51.2 Etiology
51.3 Clinical Features
51.4 Investigations
51.5 Treatment
Further Reading
52: Necrotizing Enterocolitis
52.1 Introduction
52.2 Incidence of NEC
52.3 Pathology of NEC
52.4 Etiology and Pathogenesis of NEC
52.5 Clinical Features
52.6 Spontaneous Intestinal Perforation (SIP)
52.7 Stages of NEC
52.8 Diagnosis of NEC
52.9 Treatment
52.10 Operative Considerations
52.11 Outcome
Further Reading
53: Meconium Ileus
53.1 Introduction
53.2 Etiology
53.3 Classification
53.4 Clinical Features
53.5 Diagnosis
53.6 Management
53.7 Meconium Peritonitis
53.8 Meconium Ileus Equivalent
53.9 Complications Associated with Cystic Fibrosis and Meconium Ileus
Further Reading
54: Hirschsprung’s Disease
54.1 Introduction
54.2 Etiology and Pathogenesis
54.3 Associated Conditions
54.4 Clinical Features
54.5 Investigations and Diagnosis (Table 54.1)
54.6 Management
54.7 Hirschsprung’s Enterocolitis
54.8 Postoperative Complications and Outcome
Further Reading
55: Congenital Rectal Stenosis and Atresia
55.1 Introduction
55.2 Classification
55.3 Clinical Features
55.4 Diagnosis
55.5 Treatment
Further Reading
56: Congenital Segmental Dilatation of the Intestines
56.1 Introduction
56.2 Clinical Features
56.3 Associated Anomalies
56.4 Etiology
56.5 Sites
56.6 Diagnosis
56.7 Treatment
Further Reading
57: Meconium Plug Syndrome
57.1 Introduction
57.2 Clinical Features
57.3 Diagnosis
57.4 Management
Further Reading
58: Neonatal Small Left Colon Syndrome
58.1 Introduction
58.2 Etiology and Pathogenesis
58.3 Clinical Features
58.4 Investigations
58.5 Treatment and Outcome
Further Reading
59: Megacystis Microcolon Intestinal Hypoperistalsis Syndrome (Berdon Syndrome)
59.1 Introduction
59.2 Etiology
59.3 Clinical Features
59.4 Associated Anomalies
59.5 Diagnosis
59.6 Treatment and Prognosis
Further Reading
60: Intestinal Polyps and Polyposis Syndromes
60.1 Introduction
60.2 Clinical Features
60.3 Classification of Intestinal Polyps and Polyposis Syndromes
60.4 Juvenile Polyps
60.5 Juvenile Polyposis Syndrome (JPS)
60.6 Peutz-Jeghers Syndrome (PJS)
60.7 Familial Adenomatous Polyposis (FAP)
60.8 Attenuated Familial Adenomatous Polyposis (AFAP)
60.9 mutY Homologue (MYH)-Associated Polyposis (MAP)
60.10 Gardner Syndrome
60.11 Turcot Syndrome
60.12 Cowden Syndrome
60.13 Bannayan-Zonana Syndrome (BRR Syndrome)
60.14 Cronkhite-Canada Syndrome
60.15 Hereditary-Mixed Polyposis Syndrome
60.16 Gorlin Syndrome (GS)
60.17 Lymphoid Polyposis
60.18 Ruvalcaba-Myhre-Smith Syndrome
Further Reading
61: Anorectal Malformations
61.1 Introduction
61.2 Anatomy and Embryology
61.3 Classifications
61.4 Krickenbeck Classification (2005)
61.5 The Most Common Malformations
61.6 Associated Malformations
61.7 Clinical Features
61.8 Investigations
61.9 Management
61.10 Outcome
61.11 The Pouch Colon Syndrome
Further Reading
62: Perianal Abscess and Fistula-in-Ano
62.1 Introduction
62.2 Anatomy
62.3 Classification
62.4 Etiology
62.5 Clinical Features
62.6 Treatment
Further Reading
63: Cloacal Anomalies
63.1 Introduction
63.2 Associated Anomalies
63.3 Classification
63.4 Clinical Features
63.5 Investigations
Further Reading
64: Cloacal Exstrophy
64.1 Introduction
64.2 Etiology and Pathogenesis
64.3 Associated Anomalies
64.4 Clinical Features and Management
Further Reading
65: Renal Tumors: Wilms Tumor (Nephroblastoma)
65.1 Introduction
65.2 Pathology
65.3 Renal Blastema and/or Nephroblastomatosis (Nephrogenic Rests)
65.4 Clinical Features
65.5 Investigations
65.6 Staging
65.7 Treatment (Table 65.1)
65.7.1 Management of Lung Metastasis
65.8 Surgical Considerations
65.8.1 Radical Nephrectomy
65.8.2 Partial Nephrectomy
65.8.3 Bilateral Wilms’ Tumor (Fig. 65.47)
65.9 Surgical Complications
65.10 Prognosis and Outcome (Table 65.2)
65.11 Extrarenal Wilms’ Tumors
65.12 Clear Cell Sarcoma of the Kidney
65.12.1 Treatment
65.12.2 Prognosis
65.13 Malignant Rhabdoid Tumor of the Kidney
65.13.1 Histology
65.13.2 Treatment
65.14 Mesoblastic Nephroma
65.14.1 Pathology
65.14.2 Treatment
Further Reading
66: Neuroblastoma
66.1 Introduction
66.2 Embryology and Anatomy
66.3 Cystic Neuroblastoma
66.4 Perinatal Neuroblastoma
66.5 Etiology, Chromosomal and Molecular Markers
66.6 Clinical Features
66.7 Diagnosis
66.8 Histology
66.9 Shimada Histopathologic Classification System
66.10 Staging
66.11 Screening
66.12 Treatment
66.12.1 Intermediate-Risk Group Treatment
66.12.2 High-Risk Group Treatment
66.13 Refractory and Relapsed Neuroblastoma
66.14 Complications and Prognosis
Further Reading
67: Liver Tumors
67.1 Introduction
67.2 Hepatoblastoma
67.2.1 Introduction
67.2.2 Etiology and Associated Anomalies
67.2.3 Histologic Classification of Hepatoblastoma
67.2.4 Clinical Features
67.2.5 Diagnosis
67.2.6 Staging
67.2.7 Management
67.2.8 Liver Transplantation
67.2.9 Surgical Considerations
67.3 Hepatocellular Carcinoma (HCC)
67.4 Hepatic Metastases
67.5 Other Primary Malignant Tumors of the Liver
67.6 Undifferentiated Embryonal Sarcoma
67.7 Infantile Choriocarcinoma of the Liver
67.8 Benign Liver Tumors
67.9 Hepatic Hemangiomas
67.9.1 Management
67.10 Hemangioendothelioma
67.11 Mesenchymal Hamartomas
67.12 Focal Nodular Hyperplasia
67.13 Hepatic Adenoma
Further Reading
68: Rhabdomyosarcoma
68.1 Introduction
68.2 Etiology
68.3 Histology
68.4 Classification
68.5 Staging
68.6 Clinical Features
68.7 Investigations
68.8 Risk Classification
68.9 Treatment
Further Reading
69: Lymphomas in Children
69.1 Introduction
69.2 Classifications
69.3 Hodgkin’s Lymphoma
69.3.1 Etiology and Pathophysiology
69.3.2 Clinical Features
69.3.3 Staging
69.3.4 Investigations
69.3.5 Histologic Classification of Hodgkin’s Disease
69.3.6 Management
69.4 Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma
69.4.1 Etiology
69.4.2 Burkitt Lymphoma
69.4.2.1 Clinical Features
69.4.3 Investigations
69.4.4 Management
69.4.5 Prognosis and Outcome
Further Reading
70: Ovarian Cysts and Tumors
70.1 Introduction
70.2 Classification
70.3 Ovarian Cysts in the Fetus
70.4 Diagnosis
70.5 Management and Outcome
70.6 Ovarian Cysts in Neonates
70.7 Management
70.8 Ovarian Cysts in Infants and Prepubertal Girls
70.9 Investigations
70.10 Management and Outcome (Fig. 70.12)
70.11 Ovarian Cysts in Adolescents
70.12 Management and Outcome
70.12.1 Follicular Cysts
70.12.2 Corpus Luteum Cysts
70.13 Ovarian Tumors
70.13.1 Introduction
70.13.2 Fibromas
70.13.3 Thecoma
70.13.4 Ovarian Cystadenoma
70.13.5 Germ Cell Tumors
70.13.6 Ovarian Teratoma
70.13.7 Epithelial Ovarian Tumors
70.13.8 Dysgerminoma
70.13.9 Clinical Manifestations of Ovarian Tumors
70.13.10 Investigations
70.13.11 Staging
70.13.12 Treatment
Further Reading
71: Thyroid Tumors in Children
71.1 Introduction
71.2 Etiology
71.3 Histopathology
71.4 Classification of Thyroid Tumors
71.5 Clinical Features
71.6 Diagnosis
71.7 Staging
71.8 Treatment
71.9 Differentiated Thyroid Carcinoma
71.10 Medullary Thyroid Carcinoma (MTC)
71.11 Prognosis
Further Reading
72: Testicular Tumors
72.1 Introduction
72.2 Classification
72.3 Histologic Classification of Seminomas
72.4 Etiology
72.5 Clinical Features
72.6 Investigations
72.7 Staging
72.8 Treatment
72.9 Yolk Sac Tumor
72.10 Teratoma
72.11 Mixed Germ Cell Tumor
72.12 Stromal Tumors
72.13 Testicular Cyst
72.14 Paratesticular Rhabdomyosarcoma
72.15 Prognosis and Outcome
Further Reading
73: Teratomas
73.1 Introduction
73.2 Sacrococcygeal Teratoma
73.2.1 Introduction
73.2.2 Pathogenesis
73.2.3 Classification
73.2.4 Histology
73.2.5 Clinical Features
73.2.6 Investigations
73.2.7 Treatment
73.2.8 Surgical Consideration
73.2.9 Fetal Intervention
73.2.10 Outcomes
73.2.11 Complications of Sacrococcygeal Teratoma
73.3 Gastric Teratoma
73.3.1 Clinical Features
73.3.2 Treatment
73.4 Ovarian Teratomas
73.4.1 Introduction
73.4.2 Staging of Malignant Teratoma
73.4.3 Clinical Features
73.4.4 Investigations
73.4.5 Histopathology
73.4.6 Treatment
73.5 Testicular Teratoma
73.5.1 Introduction
73.5.2 Clinical Features
73.5.3 Treatment
73.6 Intra-Abdominal Teratoma
73.7 Mediastinal Teratoma
73.7.1 Clinical Features
73.7.2 Investigations
73.7.3 Treatment
73.8 Cervical Teratoma
73.8.1 Introduction
73.8.2 Primary Thyroid Teratoma
73.8.3 Management
Further Reading
74: Persistent Müllerian Duct Syndrome (Hernia Uteri Inguinalis)
74.1 Introduction
74.2 Embryology and Etiology
74.3 Clinical Features
74.4 Management
74.5 Follow-Up
Further Reading
75: Hypospadias
75.1 Introduction
75.2 Embryology
75.3 Classification
75.4 Associated Anomalies
75.5 Etiology
75.6 Treatment
Further Reading
76: Epispadias and the Exstrophy-Epispadias Complex
76.1 Introduction
76.2 Embryology
76.3 Epispadias
76.3.1 Introduction
76.3.2 Etiology
76.3.3 Classification
76.3.4 Treatment
76.3.5 Female Epispadias
76.4 Bladder Exstrophy
76.4.1 Introduction
76.4.2 Radiological Evaluation
76.4.3 Management
Further Reading
77: Hydrocolpos, Vaginal Agenesis, and Atresia
77.1 Introduction
77.2 Vaginal Atresia
77.3 Classification
77.4 Associated Anomalies
77.5 Embryology
77.6 Clinical Features
77.7 Investigations
77.8 Management
Further Reading
78: Pelviureteric Junction Obstruction
78.1 Introduction
78.2 Embryology and Etiology
78.3 Clinical Features
78.4 Associated Anomalies
78.5 Investigations and Diagnosis
78.6 Treatment
Further Reading
79: Hydronephrosis in Infants and Children
79.1 Introduction
79.2 Classification
79.3 Pathophysiology
79.4 Etiology
79.5 Clinical Features
79.6 Investigations and Diagnosis
79.7 Treatment
Further Reading
80: Vesicoureteric Reflux
80.1 Introduction
80.2 Classification
80.3 Clinical Features
80.4 Diagnosis
80.5 Management
Further Reading
81: Posterior Urethral Valve
81.1 Introduction
81.2 Etiology and Pathophysiology
81.3 Classification
81.4 Diagnosis
81.5 Clinical Features
81.6 Management
Further Reading
82: Disorders of Sexual Development
82.1 Introduction
82.2 Embryology and Physiology of Sex Development
82.3 Classification
82.4 Classification of Disorders of Sexual Development (Fig. 82.9)
82.5 Evaluation of a Newborn with DSD
82.6 Diagnosis and Investigations
82.7 Management of Patients with DSD
82.8 Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia (CAH)
82.9 Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome (Testicular Feminization Syndrome)
82.10 Partial (Incomplete) Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome
82.11 Deficiency of MIS (Persistent Müllerian Duct Syndrome)
82.12 Alpha-Reductase Deficiency
82.13 Gonadal Dysgenesis
82.14 Deficient Testosterone Biosynthesis
82.15 Ovotestis Disorders of Sexual Development
82.15.1 Presentation
82.15.2 Investigations
82.15.3 Management
82.16 Other Rare Disorders of Sexual Development
82.16.1 17β-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase Deficiency
82.16.2 Aromatase Deficiency
82.16.3 Turner Syndrome
82.16.4 Klinefelter Syndrome
82.16.5 Triple X Syndrome
82.16.6 Aphallia
82.16.7 Diphallia
82.16.8 Micropenis
82.16.9 Uterus Didelphys
82.17 Algorithms
Further Reading
Index