An asymmetry efSect is known to exist in the estimation of interpersonal distance, depending on whether the point of reference for the estimation is the subject ('How far are the others from you?') or the others CHow far are you from the others?'). It looks as though, through the eSfect of a self-centring schema, subjects feel that others occupy their own space more than they occupy the space of others.
A self-centring schema has also been found in many other processes involving judgment or comparison of oneself and others. It is generally interpreted as a sign of the affirmation and defence of personal identity.
The three experiments reported here attempt to relate the asymmetries in the distances perceived between persons represented on a map to the following three areas in which one 's sense of personal or group identity is involved: ( I ) in the perception of one's own specificity with respect to others (or of the specificity of the group to which one belongs with respect to other groups) (experiment I), (2) in one's ability to put oneselfin the place of others (exocentrism) (experiment 2). and (3) in the individuation of oneself by others (experiment 3). The results of these three experiments lead us to believe that it is indeed the processes of identification and affirmation of personal and group identityalong with the underlying categorization processes -that are the source of the asymmetries observed in interpersonal distance estimation.
The consistency of the data obtained in different situations also validates the technique used for estimating interpersonal distance.