Background The prerequisites necessary for attributing lung carcinoma to asbestos, represent a controversial issue. Methods Three parameters (occupational history, pleural plaques, and lung asbestos bodies) were investigated in 414 consecutive cases of lung carcinoma, examined at necropsy at the Hospital of Monfalcone, Italy. Occupational data were obtained from the patients' relatives by personal or telephone interviews. Pleural plaques were classiยฎed into three classes (small, moderate, large). Routine lung sections were examined for asbestos bodies in all cases; isolation and counting were performed in 408 cases.
Results
The series included 353 men, and 61 women, aged between 38 and 97 years. The male patients had worked in industries in 74% of cases (60% in shipbuilding). Men showed pleural plaques in 82% of cases (moderate or large plaques in 58.7%). Asbestos bodies were observed in routine lung sections in 34.8%, and in 31% exceeded the value of 5,000 bodies per gram of dried tissue. Among women the principal features were: history or domestic exposure to asbestos in 36% of the cases, prevalence of pleural plaques 34% (moderate or large plaques 15%), asbestos bodies in routine lung sections in 3.3% and there was no case with an asbestos body burden over 5,000/g. The fraction of asbestosrelated carcinomas among male patients varied between 24.7 and 61%, depending on the criteria used for attribution. Conclusions Different criteria indicated about 60% of the present lung carcinomas among men as plausibly attributable to asbestos.